Biometrics; Identity Verification in a Networked World

An insight into the biometric industry and the steps for successful deploymentBiometrics technologies verify identity through characteristics such as fingerprints, voices, and faces. By providing increased security and convenience, biometrics have begun to see widespread deployment… (More)

Sections

Introduction
Increased Security
Increased Convenience
Increased Accountability
Benefits of Biometrics in Identification Systems
Fraud Detection
Fraud Deterrence
Conclusion: Evaluating the Benefits of Biometric Systems
Definitions
Discussion: Verification and Identification
When Are Verification and Identification Appropriate?
Between Verification and Identification: 1:Few
Logical versus Physical Access
How Biometric Matching Works
Enrollment and Template Creation
Templates
Biometric Matching
Conclusion
False Match Rate
Importance of FMR
When Are False Matches Acceptable?
Single False Match Rate versus System False Match Rate
False Match Rate in Large-Scale Identification Systems
False Nonmatch Rate
➣Changes in a user’s biometric data
Importance of FNMR
Changes in a User’s Biometric Data
Changes in User Presentation
Changes in Environment
Real-World False Nonmatch Rates
Single FNMR versus System FNMR
False Nonmatch Rates in Large-Scale Identification Systems
Failure-to-Enroll (FTE) Rate
Importance of FTE Rates
Relation of Failure-to-Enroll to False Nonmatch Rate
FTE Across Different Populations
Single FTE Rates versus System FTE Rates
FTE in Large-Scale Identification Systems
Derived Metrics
Equal Error Rate (EER)
Ability-to-Verify (ATV) Rate
Components
How Finger-Scan Technology Works
Image Acquisition
Image Processing
Location of Distinctive Characteristics
Template Creation
Template Matching
Competing Finger-Scan Technologies
Optical Technology
Silicon Technology
Ultrasound Technology
Feature Extraction Methods: Minutiae versus Pattern Matching
Finger-Scan Deployments
Finger-Scan Strengths
Proven Technology Capable of High Levels of Accuracy
Range of Deployment Environments
Ergonomic, Easy-to-Use Devices
Ability to Enroll Multiple Fingers
Finger-Scan Weaknesses
Inability to Enroll Some Users
Performance Deterioration over Time
Association with Forensic Applications
Need to Deploy Specialized Devices
Finger-Scan: Conclusion
How Facial-Scan Technology Works
Distinctive Characteristics
Competing Facial-Scan Technologies
Eigenface
Feature Analysis
Neural Network
Automatic Face Processing
Facial-Scan Deployments
Facial-Scan Strengths
Ability to Leverage Existing Equipment and Imaging Processes
Ability to Operate without Physical Contact or User Complicity
Ability to Enroll Static Images
Facial-Scan Weaknesses
Acquisition Environment Effect on Matching Accuracy
Facial-Scan: Conclusion
How It Works
Distinctive Features
Template Generation
Deployments
Iris-Scan Strengths
Resistance to False Matching
Stability of Characteristic over Lifetime
Suitability for Logical and Physical Access
Iris-Scan Weaknesses
Difficulty of Usage
False Nonmatching and Failure-to-Enroll
User Discomfort with Eye-Based Technology
Need for a Proprietary Acquisition Device
Iris-Scan: Conclusion
Data Acquisition
Data Processing
Voice-Scan Strengths
Ability to Leverage Existing Telephony Infrastructure
Resistance to Imposters
Lack of Negative Perceptions Associated with Other Biometrics
Voice-Scan Weaknesses
Effect of Acquisition Devices and Ambient Noise on Accuracy
Perception of Low Accuracy
Lack of Suitability for Today’s PC Usage
Large Template Size
Voice-Scan: Conclusion
Hand-Scan
Hand-Scan Strengths
Hand-Scan Weaknesses
Retina-Scan
Retina-Scan Strengths
Retina-Scan Weaknesses
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS)
How AFIS and Finger-Scan Differ
Signature-Scan
Signature-Scan Strengths
Signature-Scan Weaknesses
Keystroke-Scan
Keystroke-Scan Strengths
Keystroke-Scan Weaknesses
Defining the Seven Biometric Applications
Capacities in Which Individuals Use Biometric Systems
Introduction to IBG’s Biometric Solution Matrix
How Well Can Biometrics Solve the Authentication Problem?
Are Biometrics the Only Possible Authentication Solution?
Criminal Identification
Today’s Criminal Identification Applications
Future Criminal Identification Trends
Related Biometric Technologies and Vertical Markets
Cost to Deploy Biometrics in Criminal Identification
Citizen Identification
Typical Applications
Future Trends in Citizen Identification
Related Biometric Technologies and Vertical Markets
Cost to Deploy Biometrics in Citizen Identification
Issues Involved in Deployment
Surveillance
Today’s Surveillance Applications
Future Trends in Surveillance
Cost to Deploy Biometrics in Surveillance
PC/Network Access
Today’s PC/Network Access Applications
Future Trends in PC/Network Access
Costs to Deploy Biometrics in PC/Network Access
Physical Access/Time and Attendance
Today’s Physical Access/Time and Attendance Applications
Future Physical Access/Time and Attendance Trends
E-Commerce/Telephony
Today’s E-Commerce/Telephony Applications
Future E-Commerce/Telephony Trends
Costs to Utilize Biometrics in E-Commerce/Telephony
Retail/ATM/Point of Sale
Today’s Retail/ATM/Point-of-Sale Applications
Future Retail/ATM/Point-of-Sale Trends
Cost to Deploy Biometrics in Retail/ATM/POS
Five Primary Biometric Vertical Markets
Law Enforcement
Technologies Used in Law Enforcement
Typical Law Enforcement Deployments
Government Sector
Technologies Used in the Government Sector
Typical Government-Sector Deployments
Financial Sector
Technologies Used in the Financial Sector
Typical Financial-Sector Deployments
Healthcare
Technologies Used in Healthcare
Typical Healthcare Deployments
Travel and Immigration
Technologies Used in Travel and Immigration
Typical Travel and Immigration Deployments
Additional Biometric Verticals
Biometric Deployments on a Privacy Continuum
Informational Privacy
Personal Privacy
Privacy-Sympathetic Qualities of Biometric Technology
Overt versus Covert
Opt-in versus Mandatory
Verification versus Identification
Public Sector versus Private Sector
Personal Storage versus Storage in Template Database
Behavioral versus Physiological Biometric Technology
Template Storage versus Identifiable Data Storage
BioPrivacy Technology Risk Ratings
BioPrivacy Best Practices: Scope and Capabilities
Limit System Scope
Do Not Use Biometrics as a Unique Identifier
Limit Retention of Biometric Information
Evaluate a System’s Potential Capabilities
Limit Storage of Identifiable Biometric Data
Limit Collection and Storage of Extraneous Information
Make Provisions for System Termination
IBG BioPrivacy Best Practices: Data Protection
Protect Postmatch Decisions
Limit System Access
BioPrivacy Best Practices: User Control of Personal Data
Make System Usage Voluntary and Allow for Unenrollment
Enable Anonymous Enrollment and Verification
Make Provisions for Third-Party Auditing and Oversight
Hold Operators Accountable for System Use and Misuse
Fully Disclose Audit Findings
Disclose the System Purpose and Objectives
Disclose Whether Enrollment Is Optional or Mandatory
Why Standards?
Application Programming Interfaces
BioAPI
BAPI
Deployers, Developers, and Biometric APIs
Information Security for Financial Services
Additional Efforts
Fingerprint Template Interoperability

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09/09/2010

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9780471264781

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