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ñÊ×achine language
ñÊ×agnetic core memory

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ñʦomputers big and clumsy
ñÊÔlectricity consumption is high
ñÊÔlectric failure occurred regularly  computers not very reliable
ñÊarge air conditioners was necessary because the computers generated heat
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± John
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mathematical and logical problems and a memory which could be written to and read. ÷× in
modern terms which would store programs and data.

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± 3maller ± No warmup time ± ess energy

± ess heat ± Faster ± ×ore reliable
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ñÊ ¦omputers became smaller ñÊ Venerate less heat
ñÊ Ôlectricity consumption lower ñÊ ×ore reliable and faster
ñÊ ¦ore memory developed ñÊ ×agnetic tapes and disks used
ñÊ First operating systems developed ñÊ  new processing method was needed.
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± Digital introduces the first successful minicomputer ± the PDP. It was about as large as a fridge
and used transistors and magnetic core memory.
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IB× developed a realtime computerised ticket reservation system for merican irways.
± It was smaller than 3VÔ and was called 3BÔ ÷3emiutomatic Businesselated Ônvironment
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± It consisted of processors and

 peripheral units. ×ore than  computers per month were
ordered.
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, B3I¦ ÷programming language

±  programming language was necessary that could be used in a timesharing environment and that
could serve as a training language.

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± Ôlectronic circuit on small silicon chip ± eliability
± ¦ompactness ± ow cost
± Inexpensive ± massproduced

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was founded ÷,3cegrated ectronics.
± They developed more sophisticated memory chips.

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microchip.
± The first 2 bit × microchips, and later the first b × ÷ 2
byte chips, caused the
disappearance of ×agnetic ¦ore ×emory that was used since the mid
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4$5/replaced their 3ystem/3  with the 3ystem/3 that only used integrated
circuits.

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± Veneralpurpose processor on a chip

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± Digital watches ± Pocket calculators

± Personal computers ± ¦ars

± ¦opy machines ± Television sets

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ñÊIntel developed the first microprocessor ± a ¦PU on a microchip.

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and consisted of 22 transistors capable of processing
bits at a rate of
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± The first operating system for microcomputers was developed by Vary ildall and John Torode.
± Torode developed hardware to connect a diskette ÷floppy disk to the ¦PU.

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was released  it made the development of the microcomputer possible.
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developed a processor

± the . which could perform all the functions of the .

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ñÊIntelligent robots that could µsee¶ their environment ÷visual input  e.g. a video camera and could be
programmed to carry out certain tasks and should be able to decide for itself how the task should be
accomplished, based on the observations it made of its environment.
ñÊIntelligent systems that could control the route of a missile and defencesystems that could fend off

attacks.
ñÊoord processors that could be controlled by means of speech recognition.

ñÊPrograms that could translate documents from one language to another.

ñÊ3ome technological developments that could make the development of fifthgeneration computers

possible, include:
ñÊParallelprocessing  many processors are grouped to function as one large group processor.

ñÊ3uperconductors  a superconductor is a conductor through which electricity can travel without any

resistance resulting in faster transfer of information between the components of a computer.

ñÊÔxpert 3ystems helps doctors to reach a diagnosis by following the logical steps of problem solving

just as if the doctor would have done it himself.

ñÊ3peech recognition systems, capable of recognising dictation and entering the text into a word

processor, are already available.Ê