IVAN PAVLOV’S CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ~tie 1H3 # SEAN TRACY ANG re MONICADEANG @ @ CARLO ANGELO MAGS@ JANINA OBIAS FRANCESCA PILARESi . ae? avant Petrovich. Pavlov was sn ee 14, 184 where his father, in Dmitrie ee was a villag | = ies educated first at the o Lin ane and . a * eminent of the Russia iterary critics of the 1860's and |. M. Sechenoyv, the father of issian physiology, were spreading, ie eo? a his religious career and decided to devote hi: e@ scie! 8 e enrolled i in the physics and mathemagi ic! i, Li que: science: } | e i e became passionat@y absorbed with physiology, whicheinfac® — — remain of such fund&mental importance toehim throughout COE Wasenchuning= thi? first course hat Ke py6duced, ih i O n first_learned aa reati ferves. This agole medal for it.oa Ay + P Wvan Petrovic Pavlov was born on Bde ber 8 where his father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, was a vi was educated first at the ch Cas seminary there. — ——— ~~. Inspired by the progressive ie Ne Dr 1s ae __“seminent of the Russian literary “criti Sechenov, the father ussian physiology, were spread abandoned his religious career and decided to devote his life science. In 1870 he enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty to take the course in nati \ science. N A assionatel y absorbed with physiology, whiclgj Pies 5 fundamental importance to him t@roughout veg first course that i r student, Afanasyev, first leaf ped a work on if iology of the pancre Ic nerveyNehis | widely acclaimed id he was awarded a gold medal Tome,TAY 11875 Pavlov completed his course with an outstanding record a SS ‘degree of f Candidate of Natural Sciences. However, impelled by h \. interest in physiology, he decided to i his studies and pi Academy of Medical Surgery to take the third course there. He co 1879 and was again awarded a gold medal. After a competitive lov won a fellowship at the Acadet BI irector of the Physiological Laboratory at c clinician, S. P. Botkin, enabl cd him to a his research wo presented his doctor's thesis on the subject of «The centrifugal nerves of the heart». In this work he developed his idea of nervism, using as example the eae nerve of the heart which he had discovered, and furthermore laid basic pansies on th trophic function of the nervous system. In np @ ere ‘mainly from his research in the laborato@at ee 1d that there existed a basic pattern, igi Mine reflex — oa organs. 2 Pavlov was invited to =. and direct the Dapartintt of Physiology pt EE! Ee Psimenntialehdedi@Pe. Under his dire ion, | which cofftinued oval d Gessppeatt ty the end of Gs life, i taycentt qs @| (OYsiologica LJ= — > as .* TY In 1890 Pavlov was appointed Professor of Pharmacology at the Sasser ‘and five years later. A T ited to the then Physiology, vic held tll 1925. e F * “+ it i icine in the years 1 Pe i of seeson a developed tl Cael ‘method of the experiment ae ms istulas, which enabled the functioi continuously under relatively normal cot ditions. This discov in the development of physiology, for until then the pineal e a been that of (acute) vivisection, and the function of an ah m had only been arrived at by a process of anal is. This meant that research into the functioning of any organ necessitated disruption of the normal interrelation between the organ and * environment: Such a method was inadequate as a means of determining sons of an organ were regulated or of discovering the laws gove@ips. ‘ole under normal conditions - problems which had I@npered Be ent all ar science. With his method of res@gych, Pavlov opened the way @ vances in theoretical and practical qedicineWith extreme clarity | “i ® ed@yat the nervous system played the @ miner pena) the digestive pro “oan ind this discovery is in fact the basis ofayOdPyie Wy,0f digestion. Pavlov Magle known the results of his research in Mittal importance in ical medicine, in lectures which € delivered) APRETRRIC TN ti ote glam pishgftevaritlnyteh so in ) (9897).SS we . e = . ¢ s yh Pavlov's research into the physiology of digestion led him. = "science of conditioned Paces In eee of the digestive glands, Pavlov paid special attention to the ~ apsychic secretion», which is caused by food stimuli at a distance _ By employing the method - developed by his colleague D. D. Gli ~~ establishing fistulas in the ducts of the salivary glands, Pavlov was a experiments on the nature of these la ds. A series of these expe aviov to reject the subjective interpretation of «psychic» salivar on the basis of Sechenov's hypothesis that psychic acti to .conclude that even here a reflex - though not a permanent conditioned one - was involved. . Ay s Cs This discovery of the function of conditioned reflexes made it possible to study all psychic activity objectively, instead of resorting to subjective methods as had e # been necessary; it was now possible to investigate by experimental m@ays @ e re "6 interrelations between an organism and_ its al Pei iy es sad eS i e e In 1903, at the 14th Internal Medical Congress in Madrid, PAPlov reaca/papee , perimental Psycholfy and Psychopathology of Anigfals». In thus\kaper { ion of ponder and@ther reflexes was given andsit was showmtliciver an elemehtary fisychological | one. tt followed from this" anism, bf, fhesmost highly their as) and it5 = - ee Subsequently, in 2. matic pro} Sechenov theoretical attempt to discover the activity into an experimentally proven theory of condi — © * e , | As guiding principles of materialistic teaching on the laws governi --. living organisms, Pavlov deduced three principles for the theory o principle of determinism, the principle alysis and synthesis, a = Of structure.” +. \\ *\ ™ a - ee ' PA's The developmer - of these principles by Pavlov and his school he ly towards the building-up of scientific theory of medicine and towards the discovery of laws governing the functioning of the organism as a whole. iments carried out by Pavlov and his pupils showed that conditioned ref] e e cerebral cortex, which acts as the «prime distributor and iMG of sae organism» and which is responsible for the lelicate a with its environment. In 1905 it was establid@ed that any inci ng in time with an ordinary refl@, become the. ie ation of a new conditioned refl@. In conneetof, discovery of this eral postulate Pavlov procee@ed to ingiatisale dj conditioned reflexes. R@earch in Pavlov's laboratorig’ over a plumber revealed the first time tie basic laws governing the funcliohing of the df Rehionastes. Many ph ists were drawn toghe problem ol opitiiige OV Basic laws ir érebfum, As a result ic i. theseean. higher erly “stages of a "recognition. In 1901 he was el Academy of Sciences, in 1904 he was awarded a Nobel Prize, an elected Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences; in 191: _____ honorary doctorate at Cambridge University and in the following -membership of various scientific societies abroad. Final lem ts he was award recommendation of the Medical Academy he Legion of Honour (191: e \ . AP : bs a After the October Revolution, a special government decree, signed’b on January 24, 1921, noted «the outstanding scientific services of Academician ae which are of enor! \e significance to the working class of the whole world. f N \ _ oe &. Song Party and the Soviet Government saw to it that Pager @ collaborai el n unlimited scope for scientific research. The & Union became a promit re for the study of physiology, and the Pe, the 15th International Physiol; ngress of August 9-17, 1935, was in Lenidgradr and Moscow clearly shows Mig et assuch. S . bn es all his indefatigal™ energy towards scientific feforms ME CevoIee, off iforeforminmsthe Physiological institutions beaded by him int ebeeammet Selene Knowle@&e, and it is g lly acknowledged that he dereimtltis-ahdeavour. »Pavlov. nurtufed.”a./ereat school oF physiologists, which pi a distinguished pupils. He left the ho would continue: ee the ideas of heir master an i all over thi world,” A - i. * In 1881, Pavlov married Seraphima (Sara) Vasilievna Karchevskaya) a teacher, the daughter of a doctor in the Black Sea fleet. She first had a miscarriage, said to be o “ tg her having to run after her very fast-walking husband. Subsea gy @ e ir Or who died very suddenly as a child; three sons, Vla whom was a well-known physicist and professon@f rad in 1925, ani eo Vera. { ~ died in E-Weed on Meg uary27, 1936. Ate Nre a > sciassleal conditioningile, a reniexive br Silence type of lean "stimulus eons the capacity ae response that was origin another stimulus. ¥ “ ' ae psychology “learning” ce as a relatively permane acquisition of, knowledge or behaviour. 5 Cd The key term here is “relatively” because 1 te, we tend to hold onto what we learn, it can be changed a later date. ‘ a a @°®@ For exam jend teaches you how to play tennis, but we® geta qualified i areas hagnodifies | vg improves your technique. learn can also 1, cee time, especially if we Seles PKG ills or ees ony a acquired. i am ill fareet what yom had p oe sq would need to y © C— ae a i he fof several years)=—— Fe E> ae a BWA a ~ Classical conditioning is a term used to describe learning wh acquired through experience. Pea ae 7 best known ena of classical conditioning ca with the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov and his Sap inerae In these experiments, Pavlov trained his dogs to salivate when they heard “~e them to salivat e es ad bell ring. In order to do this he first showed them food, the sightpof aie: > a a ‘ge Later vavion wel ell every time he would bring the @od outpuntil e x oe” salivate just by ri ngs the bel/ane b \ ~ Pavlov showed fiow a reflex ecomd _canditioned (ad). té ent? external S I ee ereating lend Feilex/responst’, .=. components a ; a. Conditioning _Oe _ The Unconton ed stimulus a “An ee a ait a hing which Tesponse) witget rior an = ** aS." For example, when “ eats some food aN pau ilonipes mouth to salivate. Cs a) ry fore ae food is an aneendnioned sana becausgy e@ x response (salivation) automatical oo ne learn how to salivate.as does not create a response w os a 7 a — ae 4 sen ROW eerible. when Pavlov rang a bell and caused the salivate, this was conditioned stimulus because ‘the dogs learnt to sssocite the bell with food. . @ e@ associate the bell with feo? they en the bell was rung - - Dy!ar oo An unconditioned | reer is. 1 ena 4 automatically -withou you having to think abi your mouth salivating when you eat. i a ad ra Reflex — nse that happens’ Oe 9,° you: Bryante how todo it. e= conditioned reflex is a associate with something. N For example, the dogs a when Pavlov bl a bell, when e ees (without cond icone the bell would not cause ye @® log: i ‘Oe a e a Reflex — A@eflex that can be evokgd in respohse « — 9 ditigned stimulus%g previously neutral Stimules) _ee a Important Features Of Classical Cond bra gmk NU AN > re QR : ” . as ‘The word conditioning is us 1 t0 mean a type of = @ceurs. without you having ‘think about it, automatic type of learning. Phe later on this reinforced by reflecting upon that experience. ¥ 5 Ca For example, sometimes you will see a dog flinch when you raise our hand. This flinching is a conditioned reflex, and can be see e eg: ee been mistreated by their owners. The samego@e found in ‘er: are beaten by their husbands. e te i e later example sh@Ws ¢ - Classical conditioning? is notys6lely d to animals, as ey ist as easily occur in faumans. eo Y : /, eepeitionect "orn means they thi SN } automatically and ink abodeltsThere - are “three main. behavioural. Ne which ar e with classical conditionin - Pa * Extinction. ee 6 ol generalisation.bh a Extinction occurs Bich a ditioned Pe a mpben a oe sone a ee si a For “eS it we ri have a conditioned sti \ A @ © MvOvegi we keep ringing that bell without giving any foo sl fence stimulus), eee th on: has Bi anyeerfect}on fhe dog. ‘