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Laboratory Exam Normal Value Details and IndicationsComplete BloodCount
y
 
R
BC count (varies with altitude):
o
 
M
ale: 4.7 to 6.1 million cells/mcL
o
 
F
emale: 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mcL
y
 
W
BC count: 4,500 to 10,000 cells/mcL
y
 
H
ematocrit (varies with altitude):
o
 
M
ale: 40.7 to 50.3 %
o
 
F
emale: 36.1 to 44.3 %
y
 
H
emoglobin (varies with altitude):
o
 
M
ale: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL
o
 
F
emale: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL
y
 
M
CV: 80 to 95 femtoliter
y
 
M
C
H
: 27 to 31 pg/cell
y
 
M
C
H
C: 32 to 36 gm/dL(cells/mcL = cells per microliter; gm/dL = grams perdeciliter; pg/cell = picograms per cell)Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightlyamong different laboratories.A complete blood count (CBC) is aseries of tests used to evaluatethe composition andconcentration of the cellularcomponents of blood.It measures the following:
y
 
T
he number of red bloodcells (
R
BCs)
y
 
T
he number of whiteblood cells (
W
BCs)
y
 
T
he total amount of hemoglobin in the blood
y
 
T
he fraction of the bloodcomposed of red bloodcells (hematocrit)
y
 
T
he mean corpuscularvolume (
M
CV)  the sizeof the red blood cells
H
igh numbers of 
R
BCs or a highhematocrit may be due to:
y
 
Dehydration (such as fromsevere diarrhea)
y
 
K
idney disease with higherythropoietin production
y
 
Low oxygen level in theblood:
y
 
P
olycythemia vera
y
 
S
mokingLow numbers of 
R
BCs or lowhematocrit indicates anemia,which can result from:
y
 
Autoimmune/collagen-vascular diseases such aslupus erythematosus orrheumatoid arthritis
y
 
Blood loss
y
 
Bone marrow failureErythropoietin deficiency(usually secondary tokidney disease)
y
 
H
emolysis (red blood celldestruction)
y
 
Leukemia
y
 
M
alnutrition
y
 
M
ultiple myelomaA lower-than-normal white bloodcell count is called leukopenia. Adecreased
W
BC count may be dueto:
y
 
Autoimmune/collagen-vascular diseases (such assystemic lupus
 
erythematosus)
y
 
Bone marrow failureDisease of the liver orspleen
H
igh numbers of 
W
BCs is calledleukocytosis. It can result from:
y
 
Infectious diseases
y
 
Inflammatory disease(such as rheumatoidarthritis or allergy)
y
 
Leukemia
y
 
S
evere emotional orphysical stress
y
 
T
issue damage (such asburns)Low hemoglobin values mayindicate:
y
 
Anemia (various types)
y
 
Blood loss
F
asting Blood
S
ugarNormal fasting blood sugar levels are below 100.
T
he normalrange is between 70 to 100 mg/L (milligrams perdecaliter). InEurope, the measurement is given in milileters andthecorresponding numbers are 3.5 to 5.5 mmol/L.Blood glucose tests are done to:
y
 
Check for diabetes.
y
 
M
onitor treatment of diabetes.
y
 
Check for diabetes thatoccurs during pregnancy(gestational diabetes).
y
 
Determine if anabnormally low bloodsugar level (hypoglycemia)is present. A test tomeasure blood levels of insulin and a protein calledC-peptide may be donealong with a blood glucosetest to determine thecause of hypoglycemia.Urinalysis Calcium <7.3 mmol/dayChloride 110-250 mmol/dayCreatinine 6.2-17.7 mmol/dayOsmolality 100-1200 mOsm/kg
P
otassium 25-120 mmol/day
P
rotein<0.15 g/day
S
odium25-260 mmol/dayUrinalysis performs to analyzethe urine physical color andappearance, microscopicappearance, and chemicalappearance.Urine potassium may be orderedin the workup of hypokalemia. Incase of GI loss of potassium, theurine potassium will be low. Incase of renal loss of potassium,the urine potassium levels will behigh. Increased levels of potassium are also seen inhypoaldosteronism and adrenalinsufficiency.
 
T
he sodium levels are frequentlyordered during the workup of acute renal failure.
T
he presence of nitrites in urineindicate the presence of coliformbacteria.
W
BC in urine are a marker of infection if present for greaterthan 5 wbc per high power field.
S
mall amounts of protein orketoacidosis tend to elevateresults of the specific gravity.
S
pecific gravity is an expression of the weight of a substance relativeto the weight of an equal volumeof water.
S
tool Gram stain A normal result means only normal or "friendly"bacteria were seen on the stained slide. Everyonehas friendly bacteria in their intestines.Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightlyamong different laboratories.A stool Gram stain is a laboratorytest that uses different stains todetect and identify bacteria in astool sample.
T
he Gram stain method issometimes used to rapidlydiagnose bacterial infections.
S
tool Ova and
P
arasites Exam
T
here are no parasites or eggs in the stool sample.Normal value ranges may vary slightly amongdifferent laboratories.
S
tool ova and parasites exam is alaboratory test to determine if astool sample contains parasites oreggs (ova) that are associated withintestinal infections.Blood UreaNitrogen7 - 20 mg/dL.Note that normal values may vary among differentlaboratories.
T
he
blood urea nitrogen
(BUN,pronounced "B-U-N") test is ameasure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the formof urea, and a measurement of renal function.
Urea
is a substancesecreted by the liver, andremoved from the blood by thekidneys.A
greatly elevated BUN
 (>60 mg/dL) generally indicates amoderate-to-severe degree of renal failure. An
elevated BUN
inthe setting of a
relatively normalcreatinine
may reflect aphysiological response to arelative decrease of blood flow tothe kidney without indicating anytrue injury to the kidney.
W
hen the
ratio of BUN tocreatinine (BUN:Cr)
is greaterthan 20, the patient is suspectedof having prerenal azotemia.
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