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channels 12 kHz
16 kHz
f
20 kHz
local loop
subscriber line
• Automatic routing
• Universal dial-tone
• Voltage and tone signaling
• Circuit switching (route is maintained for duration of call)
last mile
PSTN Network
subscriber line
digital
signals
analog
signals
Numerical example: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
0
transitions no transitions
Y(J)S SONET Slide 13
Comparing clocks
0 64 kbps
* 30 * 24
* 24
1 E1 2.048 Mbps T1 1.544 Mbps J1 1.544 Mbps
* 4 * 4 * 4
2 E2 8.448 Mbps T2 6.312 Mbps J2 6.312 Mbps
* 4 * 7 * 5
3 E3 34.368 Mbps T3 44.736 Mbps J3 32.064 Mbps
* 4 * 6 * 3
4 E4 139.264 Mbps T4 274.176 Mbps J4 97.728 Mbps
The FAS is part of the frame overhead (which also includes "C-bits", OAM, etc.)
Each layer in PDH hierarchy adds its own overhead
For example
E1 – 2 overhead bytes per 32 bytes – overhead 6.25 %
Rate limitations
Copper interfaces defined
Many other proposals were merged into 1987 draft document (rate 49.920)
In summer of 1986 CCITT express interest in cooperation
needed a rate of about 150 Mbps to carry E4
wanted byte oriented mux
Compromise!
US would use basic rate of 51.84 Mbps, 9 rows * 90 columns
CEPT would use three times that rate - 155.52 Mbps, 9 rows * 270 columns
ATM
packet data
path
line line line
section section section section
framing
…
9 rows
Transport
Overhead Section overhead is 3 rows * 3 columns = 9 bytes = 576 kbps
TOH framing, performance monitoring, management
Line overhead is 6 rows * 3 columns = 18 bytes = 1152 kbps
protection switching, line maintenance, mux/concat, SPE pointer
SPE is 9 rows * 87 columns = 783 bytes = 50.112 Mbps
Similarly, STM-1 has 9 (different) columns of section+line overhead !
Y(J)S SONET Slide 36
STM-1 frame structure
270 columns
RSOH
…
MSOH
Section
Overhead
SOH
STM-1 has 9 (different) columns of transport overhead !
RS overhead is 3 rows * 9 columns
Pointer overhead is 1 row * 9 columns
MS overhead is 5 rows * 9 columns
SPE is 9 rows * 261 columns
Y(J)S SONET Slide 37
9*N Even higher rates
columns
9 rows
270*N columns
...
run continuously on ATM payload bytes (suspended for 5 bytes of cell tax)
Z-43
Y(J)S SONET Slide 40
STS-1 Overhead
A1 A2 J0 The STS-1 overhead consists of
section B1 E1 F1 3 rows of section overhead
overhead – frame sync (A1, A2)
D1 D2 D3 – section trace (J0)
– error control (B1)
H1 H2 H3 – section orderwire (E1)
B2 K1 K2 – Embedded Operations Channel (Di)
6 rows of line overhead
D4 D5 D6 – pointer and pointer action (Hi)
line – error control (B2)
overhead D7 D8 D9
– Automatic Protection Switching signaling (Ki)
D10 D11 D12 – Data Channel (Di)
– Synchronization Status Message (S1)
S1 M0 E2 – Far End Block Error (M0)
– line orderwire (E2)
AU pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 res
– reserved for
D4 D5 D6 national use
D7 D8 D9
MSOH
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2
SOH
A2 = 00101000
E1 – section orderwire
64 kbps voice link for technicians
from regenerator to regenerator
offset unchanged
offset unchanged
E2 – line orderwire
64 kbps voice link for technicians
from line mux to line mux
We saw that the pointer the line overhead points to the STS path overhead POH
(after re-arranging) POH is one column of 9 rows (9 bytes = 576 kbps)
J1
B3
C2 1 column of overhead for path (576 Kbps)
G1 POH is responsible for
F2 – path type identification
H4 – path performance monitoring
F3 – status (including of mapped payloads)
K3
– virtual concatenation
– path protection
N1
– trace
POH
G1 – path status
conveys status and performance back to originator
4 MSBs are path FEBE, 1 bit RDI, 3 unused
H4=XXXXXX00
V1 pointer
125 V5
µ sec VC11 – 25B
VC12 – 34B
H4=XXXXXX01
V2 pointer
J2
500
µH4=XXXXXX10
sec V3 pointer
N2
H4=XXXXXX11 V4 pointer
VC11 – 27B K4
VC12 – 36B
Similarly
V5 consists of
BIP (2b)
REI (1b)
RFI (1b)
Signal label (3b) (uneq, async, bit-sync, byte-sync, test, AIS)
RDI (1b)
J2 is path trace
N2 is the network operator byte
– may be used for LOP tandem connection monitoring (LO-TCM)
K4 is for LO VCAT and LO APS
J1
B3
C2
G1 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
*3
AUG TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
*3
E3 34.368 M
STM-0 AU-3 VC-3 C3 T3 44.736 M
ATM 48.384 M
*7
*7
T2 6.312 M
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C2 ATM 6.874M
*3
E1 2.048 M
TU-12 VC-12 C12 ATM 2.144 M
*4
T1 1.544 M
TU-11 VC-11 C11 ATM 1.6 M
*N E3 34.368 M
STS-1 STS-1 SPE T3 44.736 M
ATM 48.384 M
*7
VTG
T2 6.312 M
VT6 VT6 SPE ATM 6.874M
*3
E1 2.048 M
VT-2 VT2 SPE ATM 2.144 M
pointer processing
*4
T1 1.544 M
VT1.5 VT1.5 SPE ATM 1.6 M
64*(270-9) = 16704
columns
J1
protection channel
head-end NE tail-end NE
Y(J)S SONET Slide 69
How does it work?
channel A
channel B
May be at any layer (only OC-n level protects against fiber cuts)
working channel
extra traffic
protection channel
In order to save BW
we allocate 1 protection channel for every N working channels
N limited to 14
4 bits in K1 byte from tail-end to head-end
– 0 protection channel
– 1-14 working channels
– 15 extra traffic channel
working channels
protection channel
A-B B A-B B
B-C
B-A
A A
C-B
B-A C
Two-fiber version
half of OC-N capacity devoted to protection
only half capacity available for traffic
Four-fiber version
full redundant OC-N devoted to protection
twice as many NEs as compared to two-fiber
Example
recovery from unidirectional fiber cut
Y(J)S SONET Slide 78
VCAT
and
LCAS
…
9 rows
270 columns
…
9 rows
9 columns of 1 column of
260 columns of SPE
H4
1st
frame
of
4 E1s
TS0
each E1 time
frames
of an
E1 …
TS0
For HOP SDH VCAT and PDH VCAT (H4 byte or PDH VCAT overhead)
The basic multiframe is 16 frames
So we need 256 multiframes in a superframe (256*16=4096)
The MultiFrame Indicator is divided into two parts:
MFI1 (4 bits) appears once per frame
– and counts from 0 to 15 to sequence the multiframe
MFI2 (8bits) appears once per multiframe
– and counts from 0 to 255
16 frame multiframe
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
CRC-8 bits 1-4 0 1 1 0
CRC-8 bits 5-8 0 1 1 1
MST bits 1 0 0 0
more MST bits 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 RS-ACK 1 0 1 0
reserved fields
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
SQ bits 1-4 1 1 1 0
SQ bits 5-8 1 1 1 1
Y(J)S SONET Slide 96
H4 format – some comments
CRC-8 (when using K4 it is CRC-3)
– covers the previous 14 frames (not sync’ed on multiframe)
– polynomial x8 + x2 + x + 1
MST
– each VCG member carries the status of all members
– so we need 256 bits of member status
– this is done by muxing MST bits
– there are MST bits per multiframe
– and 32 multiframes in an MST multiframe
– no special sequencing, just MFI2 multiframe mod 32
GID
– single bit indentifier
– all members of VCG share the same bit
– cycles through 215-1 LFSR sequence
– different VCGs use different phase offsets of sequence
Y(J)S SONET Slide 97
LCAS – adding a member (1)
When more/less BW is needed, we need to add/remove VCAT members
Adding/removing VCAT members first requires provisioning (management)
LCAS handles member sequence numbers assignment
LCAS ensures service is not disrupted
Example: to add a 4th member to group “1”
GID=g SQ=1 CTRL=NORM
Initial state: GID=g SQ=2 CTRL=NORM
GID=g SQ=3 CTRL=EOS
PoS is BW efficient
but POS has its disadvantages
BW must be predetermined
HDLC BW expansion and nondeterminacy
BW allocation is tightly constrained by SONET/SDH capacities
– e.g. GBE requires a full OC-48 pipe
POS requires removing the Ethernet headers
– so lose RPR, VLAN, 802.1p, multicasting, etc
POS requires IP routers