CONTENTS

 Mobile evolution

 Edge technology

 GPRS

 EDGE system performance

 Channel coding and frame structure

 Applications

 Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION

In just a few years the Internet has transformed the way we

access information, communication and entertainment services
at home and at work. Broadband connections have made the
Internet experience richer for millions of people and in the
coming years, millions more will turn to wireless technology to
deliver their broadband experience. This paper aims to cut
through the confusion and hype surrounding the relative merits
of various wireless broadband technologies and get to the real
issues that will influence the mass-market success of mobile
broadband – and its ability to deliver broadband for all and
everywhere.
while there are a host of technologies competing to deliver
commercial mobile broadband services – the most recent being
Mobile WiMAX – 3G networks based on well established WCDMA
(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) and HSPA(High Speed
Packet Access) technologies offer the best way forward in terms
ofglobal acceptance, economies of scale and spectrum
efficiency.
HSPA is the undisputed leader in mobile broadband services, as
it provides:• an ecosystem of unrivalled breadth and depth,
covering both traditional mobile terminals and personal
consumer devices such as notebooks, ultra mobile PCs,
cameras, portable game consoles and music players
 • unmatched economies of scale that benefit all players in the
ecosystem, which are uniquely available to a technology that is
part of the 3GPP family ofstandards, currently serving over two
billion subscribers ever-improving performance, with
commercially-proven transmission bit-rates of up to 14Mbps
today and up to 42Mbps in the near future highly economic
urban and rural coverage, with up to 200km cell range and
measured speeds in excess of 2Mbps at the cell border a
clearly defined and easily adopted evolution path.
Mobile WiMAX does not offer any technology advantage over
HSPA.
HSPA low cost embedded modules are already available and
with over 100 commercial networks in operation, HSPA is the
clear and undisputed choice for mobile broadband services.
• Enhanced data for global evolution(EDGE) is a high speed
mobile data standard,intended to enable second generation
global system for mobile communication (GSM) and time
division multiple access(TDMA).

• Transmits data at up to 384 kilobits per second(Kbps)

Today, the Internet is a true global marketplace, where people can find the products and services
they desire. It is also a global ‘town square’, where people can meet,chat and blog. It is a global
library and information repository that is unprecedented inthe history of mankind. The Internet is our
doctor, lawyer, banker, government official– providing us with a direct channel to government
authorities, health services and local communities. It is becoming the entertainment channel of
choice; offering us anunparalleled selection of music, TV, video and news at our fingertips.
The Internet will continue to develop as the place for information, communication,interaction and
media consumption.
However, to enjoy the complete benefits of the Internet, people need a broadband connection. As a
consequence, Internet broadband connectivity has become one of the most widespread
communications developments ever and the growth in demand for high-speed Internet connections is
set to continue. Today there are over 250 million broadband users: by 2012 this figure is forecast to
grow to over 1.8 billion. Most people today experience broadband via a PC connected over a fixed
line (usually DSL or cable). However, for many of the broadband users expected to get
online over the next few years, a fixed line is simply not an option and wireless networks will be their
primary broadband access method (as shown in Figure 1).

• In 1st G AMPS(Advanced Mobile system) developed in U.S in

1983

• In 2nd G there was introduction of CDMA,TDMA and GSM

• Between 2nd and 2.5th G of GPRS

• Between 2.5th and 3rd G there was an introduction EDGE

TECHNOLOGY

THE STAGES OF EDGE

 Network architecture
The IEEE 802.16 standardization only covers basic connectivity up to Media AccessControl
(MAC) layer; the WiMAX Forum also addresses network architecture issues for WiMAX networks.
Figure 6: Overview of WiMAX Forum Network Reference Architecture. The first WiMAX Forum
network reference architecture specification (release 1.0) is focused on delivering a wireless Internet
service, with mobility, as the first step (Figure 6). Release 1.5 will add support for telecom-grade
mobile services, supporting full IMS interworking, carrier-grade VoIP, broadcast applications like
mobile TV and over-the-air provisioning.
In comparison 3GPP handles GSM and WCDMA standardization for a complete mobile
system, including terminal aspects, radio access networks, core networks, and parts of the service
network. 3GPP networks already support IMS-based services, carrier-grade voice, regulatory
requirements like E911 and lawful intercept, broadcast applications like mobile TV and over-the-air
provisioning for user terminals.
The overall complexity of the different network architectures is very similar – which is not
surprising as the goal is to deliver the same functionality (as can be seen in Figure 7).
Mobile evolution
• 1st generation mobile communication
• 2nd generation mobile communication
• 2.5th generation mobile communication
• 3rd generation mobile communication
• 3G and above
EDGE Technology
• Evolutionary path to 3G services for GSM and TDMA
operators
• Builds on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) air
interface and networks
 • Phase 1 (Release’99 & 2002 deployment) supports
best effort packet data at speeds up to about 384
kbps
• Phase 2 (Release’2000 & 2003 deployment) will add
Voice over IP capability
• Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

Coverage
HSPA is a Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) technology, in
which the uplink and
downlink are in separate frequency channels (usually denoted as
2x5MHz). Mobile
WiMAX is a Time Division Duplex (TDD) technology, in which there
is just one
frequency channel that is shared between the uplink and the
downlink. The ratio
between the uplink and the downlink defines how they share the
frequency channel
in time. A 1:1 ratio indicates time split 50/50 between the uplink
and the downlink as
outlined

3GPP evolution
HSPA is at least four years ahead of other mobile broadband
technologies. It supports the delivery of mobile broadband and
fixed wireless broadband services in any of the mobile spectrum
bands (850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, 1900MHz, 2.1GHz and
2.6GHz) and during 2007 it is expected that at least five of these
bands will carry commercial traffic. However, HSPA is only one
step in the evolution of mobile broadband. Delivering peak rates of
14Mbps in the downlink and 5.8Mbps in the uplink today, its
evolution adds support for MIMO and 64QAM that will deliver
42Mbps in the downlink and 11.5Mbps in the uplink. In parallel,
LTE will deliver further enhancements in peak
rates (exceeding 100Mbps), in addition to scalable channel
bandwidths using OFDMA with both TDD and FDD operation. LTE
and HSPA-evolved offer maximum spectrum flexibility while
delivering true high-speed, high-quality 4G performance.
Technology
EDGE/EGPRS is implemented as a bolt-on enhancement for
2G and 2.5G GSM and GPRS networks, making it easier for existing
GSM carriers to upgrade to it. EDGE/EGPRS is a superset to GPRS
and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it,
provided the carrier implements the necessary upgrade.
Although EDGE requires no hardware or software changes to be
made in GSM core networks, base stations must be modified.
EDGE compatible transceiver units must be installed and the base
station subsystem needs to be upgraded to support EDGE. New
mobile terminal hardware and software is also required to
decode/encode the new modulation and coding schemes and carry
the higher user data rates to implement new services.
Transmission techniques
In addition to Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), EDGE
uses higher-order PSK/8 phase shift keying (8PSK) for the upper
five of its nine modulation and coding schemes. EDGE produces a
3-bit word for every change in carrier phase. This effectively
triples the gross data rate offered by GSM. EDGE, like GPRS, uses
a rate adaptation algorithm that adapts the modulation and coding
scheme (MCS) according to the quality of the radio channel, and
thus the bit rate and robustness of data transmission. It introduces
a new technology not found in GPRS, Incremental Redundancy,
which, instead of retransmitting disturbed packets, sends more
redundancy information to be combined in the receiver. This
increases the probability of correct decoding.
 EDGE can carry data speeds up to 236.8 kbit/s for 4 timeslots
(theoretical maximum is 473.6 kbit/s for 8 timeslots) in packet
mode and will therefore meet the International
Telecommunications Union's requirement for a 3G network, and
has been accepted by the ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G
standards. It also enhances the circuit data mode called HSCSD,
increasing the data rate of this service.
Classification
Whether EDGE is 2G or 3G depends on implementation. While
Class 3 and below EDGE devices clearly are not 3G, class 4 and
above devices perform at a higher bandwidth than other
technologies conventionally considered as 2G as 1xRTT). Because
of the variability, EDGE is generally classified as 2.75G network
technology.

GPRS
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented
Mobile Data Service available to users of Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) and IS-136 mobile phones. It provides data
rates from 56 up to 114 kbps.
GPRS can be used for services such as Wireless Application
Protocol (WAP) access, Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication
services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data
transfer is typically charged per megabyte of throughput, while
data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per
minute of connection time, independent of whether the user
actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state. GPRS is a
best-effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit
switching, where a certain Quality of Service (QoS) is guaranteed
during the connection for non-mobile users.
2G cellular systems combined with GPRS is often described
as "2.5G", that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third
(3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate speed
data transfer, by using unused Time division multiple access
(TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. Originally there
was some thought to extend GPRS to cover other standards, but
instead those networks are being converted to use the GSM
standard, so that GSM is the only kind of network where GPRS is in
use. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases.
It was originally standardized by European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI), but now by the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP).

EDGE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

Multiprotocol support
Today the 2G base station backhaul networks use TDM while
the 3G networks are based on the combination of TDM and
packettechnology. As Ethernet transport becomes more widely
available with the promise of cost savings, operators need a
solution for merging the existing networks into Ethernet. The
Tellabs 8600 system provides a solution that helps the operator to
migrate the existing networks to packet technology cost-
effectively. The Tellabs 8600 system has all of the common TDM
(PDH, SDH, SONET) interfaces as well as Ethernet interfaces. TDM,
ATM, Frame Relay and HDLC are forwarded using MPLS
pseudowires, which can be carried over Ethernet, SDH or SONET
network. This provides flexibility for choosing the optimal network
technology for transport.

Moving from TDM to packet

Packet networks provide an optimal solution for bursty
dataservices. Packet switches save aggregate bandwidth by
means of statistical multiplexing. This is based on an assumption
that the average bandwidth of a connection is much less than the
peak rate. The averaging of the bandwidth increases the queuing
delay, especially if the bursts arrive at the same time from several
sources. This is, however, usually accepted for data services. Voice
and other TDM services require constant bandwidth and minimal
delay and jitter over the network. This is achieved by assigning
these services the highest priority. The Tellabs 8600 packet
scheduling supports both the real-time and data services in the
same network. Delay-critical services will be assigned highest
priority to guarantee the best performance. At the same time, data
services can utilize statistical multiplexing witha high overbooking
factor, which saves transmission bandwidth in

THE GSM EDGE SYSTEM

In the GSM EDGE system the transmitted data sequence is

8PSK modulated and passed through a Gaussian pulse shaping
filter to adjust the signal to the GSM system’s bandwidth. The
pulse shaping filter causes Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) to the
signal ranging 5 symbol periods To compensate for the ISI, an
efficient channel equalizer is needed in the GSM EDGE system.
However, the optimal equalization with
maximumlikelihoodsequence estimation (MLSE) is
computationally too complex, due to the high level modulation and
the mobile radio channel conditions. The performance of
suboptimum equalizers are studied], where promising results are
found in the class of reduced-state trellis-based equalizers:
Delayed Decision-Feedback Sequence Estimation (DDFSE) and
Reduced-State Sequence Estimation (RSSE), a generalization of
DDFS. create a minimum-phase overall impulse response, should
be used to trade performance for complexity. Another promising
method for equalization, with low computational requirement and
near optimal performance, is to use iterative optimization for the
equalization process Channel coding is used in 8PSK EDGE to
achieve satisfactory bit error rate (BER) performance For
NFSK/LPSK the channel coding schemes will require modifications
of the 8PSK EDGE schemes and possibly creation of new ones.
IMPROVING THE GSM EDGE SYSTEM
By replacing the 8PSK modulation with a combined2FSK/8PSK
modulation scheme, the improved EDGE system can transmit 4
bits/symbol (compared to 3 bits/symbolof 8PSK) in the same
bandwidth as the original EDGE system with similar BER
performance. The 2FSK/8PSK modulation can easily be changed to
other NFSK/LPSK schemes to trade between performance and
speed (e.g. 2FSK/4PSK or 2FSK/16PSK). The combined 2FSK/8PSK
modulation scheme requires the receiver to work at 2 samples per
symbol to detect the information in the FSK and PSK parts. When
the 2FSK/8PSK modulation method is implemented in the EDGE
system, the use of suboptimum equalization with prefiltering is
required. For the 2FSK/8PSK, we have used a RSSE8 equalizer,
where no set partitioning is used, and modified it to handle signal
sets of the 2FSK/8PSK modulation. For obtaining a minimum-phase
overall impulse response we suggest the use of a MMSE-DFE
feedforward filter. By using the EDGE transmit filter, the
2FSK/8PSK signal will suffer from severe ISI and, in practice, some
symbol sequences cannot be distinguished from one another. This
could be compensated by using a different transmit filter or by a
suitable channel coding scheme. The newtransmit filter should be
designed so that the ISI caused by the filter would be eased,
compared to the present EDGE transmit filter, without breaking
the spectral requirements of the standard , when used with the
2FSK/8PSK modulation. On the other hand, similar channel coding
schemes,as those used in the current GSM EDGE, should be
designedfor 2FSK/8PSK EDGE to take into consideration
theproperties of the combined odulation scheme.

CONCLUSION

In this paper we propose a power and spectral

efficientNFSK/LPSK modulation scheme to be used in EDGE for
improved terrestrial mode and satellite communications. The
preliminary simulation results verify the feasibility of the
NFSK/LPSK modulation as an efficient modulation method to be
used in the EDGE system. We showed that by changing the 8PSK
modulation in EDGE to 2FSK/8PSK, in the AWGN channel the data
transmission speed can be increased without loss of performance.
In the case of FSK/8PSK the one extra bit can be used to increase
the data transmission speed or lower the transmitter power, by
using the extra bit for improving channel coding.The main focus of
our future work is on designing a new Gaussian transmit filter and
suitable coding schemes for NFSK/LPSK EDGE to combat ISI so that
spectral and power efficiency of the existing EDGE can be
improved.

CHANNEL CODING AND FRAME STRUCTURE

Although EDGE is a highly sophisticated radio technology, it uses
the same radio
channels and timeslots as any GSM and GPRS system, so it does
not require additional
spectral resources except to accommodate loading. By deploying
EDGE, operators can
use their existing spectrum more efficiently. Most new GSM
networks deployed today
include EDGE. For many GSM/GPRS networks in areas such as the
Americas, EDGE was
mostly a software upgrade to the Base Transceiving Station (BTS)
and the BSCs, as the
transceivers in these networks are already EDGE capable. Some
carriers have reported
the cost of upgrading to EDGE from GSM/GPRS to be as low as $1
to $2 per POP26. The
same packet infrastructure supports both GPRS and EDGE. An
increasing number of
GPRS terminals support EDGE, thus making EDGE available to
more subscribers.
Many operators that originally planned to use only UMTS for next-
generation data
services have deployed or are now deploying EDGE as a
complementary 3G technology.
There are multiple reasons for this, including:
1. EDGE provides a high-capability data service in advance of
UMTS.
2. EDGE provides average data capabilities for the “sweet spot” of
approximately
100 kbps, enabling many communications-oriented applications.
3. EDGE has proven itself in the field as a cost-effective solution
and is now a
mature technology.
4. EDGE is very efficient spectrally, allowing operators to support
more voice and
data users with existing spectrum.
5. Operators can maintain their EDGE networks as a
complementary service
offering, even as they deploy UMTS/HSPA.
6. EDGE provides a cost-effective wide-area data service that
offers continuity and
that is complementary with a UMTS/HSDPA network deployed in
high traffic
areas.
It is important to note that EDGE technology is continuing to
improve. For example,
Release 4 significantly reduced EDGE latency (network round-trip
time)—from the
typical 500 to 600 msec to about 300 msec. Release 7 will also
include significant new
features for EDGE.
Devices themselves are increasing in capability. Dual Transfer
Mode (DTM) devices,
already available from vendors, will allow simultaneous voice and
data communications
with both GPRS and EDGE devices. For example, during a voice
call users will be able to
retrieve e-mail, do multimedia messaging, browse the Web, and
do Internet
conferencing. This is particularly useful when connecting phones
to laptops via cable or
Bluetooth and using them as modems.
DTM is a 3GPP-specified technology that enables new applications
like video sharing while providing a consistent service experience
(service continuity) with UMTS. Typically, a DTM end-to-end
solution requires only a software upgrade to the GSM/EDGE radio
network.

EDGE Evolution

Recognizing the value of the huge installed base of GSM

networks, 3GPP is currently working to improve EDGE capabilities
for Release 7. This work is part of the GERAN Evolution effort,
which also includes voice enhancements not discussed in this
paper. Although EDGE today already serves many applications,
such as wireless e-mail, extremely well, it makes good sense to
continue to evolve EDGE capabilities. From an economic
standpoint, it is less costly than upgrading to UMTS because most
enhancements are designed to be software based, and highly
asset efficient because it involves less long-tem capital
investments to upgrade an existing system. With 82 percent of the
world market using GSM, which is already equipped for simple
roaming and billing, it is easy to offer global service to subscribers.
Evolved EDGE offers higher data rates and system capacity; cable
modem speeds are realistically achievable. Evolved EDGE mobiles
will be much less expensive and offer greater talk and standby
times than UMTS mobiles. UMTS mobile stations also incorporate
GSM capability, and two radios are more expensive and consume
more power than one radio.
Evolved EDGE also provides better service continuity
between EDGE and HSPA, meaning that a user will not have a
hugely different experience when moving between
environments. Although GSM and EDGE are already highly
optimized technologies, advances in radio techniques enable
further efficiencies. Some of the objectives of Evolved

EDGE include:
A 100-percent increase in peak data rates. A 50-percent increase
in spectral efficiency and capacity in C/I-limited scenarios. A
sensitivity increase in the downlink of 3 dB for voice and data
Reduction of latency for initial access and round-trip time,
enabling support for
conversational services such as VoIP and PoC Achieving
compatibility with existing frequency planning, thus facilitating
deployment in existing networks Coexisting with legacy mobile
stations by allowing both old and new stations to share the same
radio resources Avoiding impacts on infrastructure by enabling
improvements through a software upgrade
Applicability for DTM (simultaneous voice and data) and the A/Gb
mode interface. The A/Gb mode interface is part of the 2G core
network, so this goal is required for full backward compatibility
with legacy GPRS/EDGE The methods being standardized in
Release 7 to achieve these objectives include: Adding 16
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) and a new set of
modulation/coding schemes that will increase maximum
throughput per timeslot by 38 percent. Currently, EDGE uses 8-
PSK modulation. Simulations indicate a realizable 25 percent
increase in user-achievable peak rates. Allowing reception on two
distinct radio channels to increase the number of simultaneous
timeslots. A type 2-enhanced EDGE device (which can
simultaneously transmit and receive) will be able to receive up to
16 timeslots in two radio channels as well as transmit on up to
eight timeslots in one radio channel. Mobile Broadband: EDGE,
HSPA, LTE Page 21 � Reducing the Transmission Time Interval
(TTI) to reduce overall latency. This will have a dramatic effect on
application throughput for many applications. � Downlink
diversity reception of the same radio channel to increase the
robustness in interference and improve the receiver sensitivity.
Sensitivity gains of 3 dB and a decrease in required C/I of up to 18
dB for a single co-channel interferer are shown in simulations.
Significant increases in system capacity can be achieved, as
explained below. Dual-Carrier Receiver A key part of the evolution
of EDGE is the utilization of more than one radio frequency carrier.
This overcomes the inherent limitation of the narrow channel
bandwidth of GSM. Using two radio-frequency carriers requires
two receiver chains in the downlink, as shown in the following
figure. Using two carriers enables the reception of twice as many
radio blocks simultaneously or, alternatively, the original number
of radio blocks can be divided between the two carriers, thus
reducing the transmission time by half, and avoiding the potential
need for simultaneous transmission and reception. Channel
capacity with dual-carrier reception improves greatly, not by
increasing basic efficiencies of the air-interface but because of
statistical improvement in the ability to assign radio resources,
which increases trunking efficiency. As network loading increases,
it is statistically unlikely that contiguous timeslots will be available.
With today’s EDGE devices, it is not possible to change radio
frequencies when going from one timeslot to the next. However,
with an Evolved EDGE dual receiver this becomes possible, thus
enabling contiguous timeslots across different radio channels.
Figure 7 shows a dual-radio receiver approach optimizing the
usage of available
Higher Order Modulation Schemes

The addition of higher order modulation schemes enhances

EDGE network capacity with little capital investment by extending
the range of the existing wireless technology. More bits per
symbol mean more data transmitted per unit time. This yields a
fundamental technological improvement in information capacity
and faster data rates. Use of higher order modulation exploits
localized optimal coverage circumstances, thereby taking
advantage of the geographical locations associated with
probabilities of high C/I ratio and enabling very high data transfer
rates whenever possible.
These enhancements are only now being considered because
factors such as processing power and variability of interference
and signal level made higher order modulations impractical for
mobile wireless systems just a few years ago. However, newer
techniques for demodulation, such as advanced receivers and
receive diversity, help enable their use. Realization of 16-QAM is
planned for Release 7. Advanced equalizer research has shown
that 32 and 64-QAM are also possible, and this is currently being
studied for future releases. Table 3 shows the theoretical peak
throughput for four slots and considers only fundamental
improvements, shown in the new Evolved EDGE Modulation and
Coding Scheme (MCS) 10 and MCS 11.

EDGE Deployment and Migration

GSM operators first enhanced their networks to support data
capability through the addition
of GPRS infrastructure, with the ability to use existing cell sites,
transceivers, and
interconnection facilities. Operators more recently deploying GSM
installed GSM and GPRS
simultaneously; these included AT&T Wireless (now part of
Cingular), Cingular Wireless,
Rogers Wireless, and Telecom Personal. Lately, operators have
been upgrading their PRSnetworks to EDGE, with extremely good
results.Operators are now deploying UMTS worldwide. Although
UMTS involves a new radio-accessnetwork, several factors
facilitate deployment. Firstly, most UMTS cell sites can be
collocated in GSM cell sites enabled by multi-radio cabinets that
can accommodate GSM/EDGE as well as UMTS equipment.
secondly, much of the GSM/GPRS core network can
be used. While the SGSN needs to be upgraded, the mobile
switching center needs only a
simple upgrade and the GGSN can stay the same.
New features such as HSDPA, HSUPA, and MBMS (discussed
earlier) are being designed so
the same upgraded UMTS radio channel can support a mixture of
terminals, including those
based on 3GPP Release 99, Release 5, and Release 6. In other
words, a network supporting
Release 5 features (e.g., HSDPA) can support Release 99, Release
5, and Release 6
terminals (e.g., HSUPA) operating in a Release 5 mode.
Alternatively, a network supporting
Release 6 features can support Release 99, Release 5, and
Release 6 terminals. This
flexibility assures the maximum degree of forward and backward
compatibility. Note also
that most UMTS terminals today support GSM, facilitating use
across large coverage areas
and multiple networks.

Advantages
Downlink peak data rates up to 100 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth
� Uplink peak data rates up to 50 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth
� Operation in both TDD and FDD modes
� Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz, covering 1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz,
5 MHz, 10 MHz,
15 MHz, and 20 MHz in the study phase. 1.6 MHz wide channels
are under
consideration for the unpaired frequency band, where a TDD
approach will be
used
� Increase spectral efficiency over Release 6 HSPA by a factor of
two to four
� Reduce latency to 10 msec round-trip time between user
equipment and the base
station and to less than 100 msec transition time from inactive to
active
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