Appendix B Operator Identities Here we prove some simple operator identities which are used in the main body of the text. Identity 1 If |y)) and |) are two orthogonal states and € is a parameter, then coetgy = $ EWDOD fa = [: + Srv \0 = 18) + Sov x = |e) (B.1) Similarly, (pled! = (4) (B2) Identity 2 If, however, in the same equation |g) = |), then sey) = I) +5 Swycvlv cot 107108 APPENDIX B. OPERATOR IDENTITIES (B.3) Similacly, lel = (We Identity 3 If we have a set of orthogonal states |y),), where j ranges from 1 to n, one of whose members is |v), then (Wyle) = dye, and (Exp bs d(val)" EDIaWIGlyy = a Ue) = [ +ESE wes Ws) =I) + Shay valor) = Ely). (B35) Similarly, (Wales Ries N01 = (oul (B6) Identity 4 Thus clearly EE Iaa WF yy] = Sock) (64] = =ED Ws N6sh (B.7) cat109 and Silonite! = ¥ pelt =e zy los @s) Identity 5 From Chapter 3 of Louisell [48] we know that if A and B are two fixed non-commuting operators, then [Aa+S 444+, 6 2 Ages b+e(4 848 Be =B+e [A B+ 5 [ and that [4,a!] = 1. We consider the case where A = ala and B = @. Now: [a'a, a] = (aaa - aa'a) = (B.10) (B.11)110 APPENDIX B. OPERATOR IDENTITIES and thus that efile 8 = 6 (B.12)