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Department of Animal Health and ProductionODMP SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENTCOMPONENT 12 – ASSESSMENT OF THE FEASIBILITY OFPROVIDING LIVESTOCK WATERING POINTS IN THESANDVELD AREAS TO REDUCE LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFEINTERACTIONS IN THE OKVANGO DELTA RAMSAR SITE,BOTSWANAFINAL REPORTSeptember 2007Ministry of AgricultureAndOkavango Delta Management Plan, Project Secretariat
 
GEOTECHNICAL CONSULTING SERVICES (PTY) LTDP.O.Box:201675, Gaborone, Botswana
 
 Assessment of the Feasibility of Providing Livestock Watering Points in the Sandveld Areas in the Okavango Delta Final Report 
Geotechnical Consulting Services
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................11.1 Background....................................................................................................11.2 Project Objective............................................................................................21.3 Project Tasks..................................................................................................21.4 Outline of Approach......................................................................................32 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT..............................................................................52.1 Location and Access......................................................................................52.2 Physiography..................................................................................................52.3 Climate...........................................................................................................73 GEOLOGICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETTING.................................93.1 Regional Geology..........................................................................................93.1.1 Stratigraphy............................................................................................93.1.2 Structures.............................................................................................103.2 Hydrogeology..............................................................................................123.2.1 Previous Work.....................................................................................123.2.2 Aquifers................................................................................................123.2.3 Recharge..............................................................................................143.3 Hydrology....................................................................................................144 PROJECT ACTIVITES.......................................................................................154.1 Identification of Livestock – Wildlife Interaction.......................................154.1.1 Methodology........................................................................................154.1.2 Conservation Zones and Wildlife Management..................................154.1.3 Wildlife Numbers and their Distribution.............................................174.1.4 Identification of ‘Hot Spots” in the Ramsar Site.................................244.2 Location and Types of Different Water Sources.........................................374.3 Ground and surface water potential in the Project Area..............................374.4 Potential Areas for Development of Livestock/Wildlife Watering points...424.5 Range Carrying Capacity for the Identified Areas......................................444.5.1 Understanding of the Carrying Capacity Concept...............................444.5.2 Carrying Capacity of the Study Area...................................................454.6 Cost Estimate for Infrastructural Development, running and maintenance of a Borehole................................................................................................................474.7 Cost benefit Analysis...................................................................................484.7.1 Development of Boreholes and Requisite Infrastructure.....................494.7.2 Potential Benefit to Livestock Production...........................................494.8 Review of Tovera Livestock Watering Scheme..........................................504.9 Integration with other Components of the ODMP.......................................51
 
 Assessment of the Feasibility of Providing Livestock Watering Points in the Sandveld Areas in the Okavango Delta Final Report 
Geotechnical Consulting Services
II
5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY AND PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS...............535.1 Methodology................................................................................................535.2 Analysis of Data...........................................................................................535.2.1 Awareness of Livestock and Wildlife Conflict....................................545.2.2 Tovera Livestock Watering Scheme: Knowledge and Effectiveness..595.3 Other Issues: Poverty, HIV/AIDS, Gender, and Mogau..............................625.3.1 Poverty.................................................................................................625.3.2 HIV/AIDS............................................................................................635.3.3 Gender..................................................................................................645.3.4 Mogau (
 Dichapetalum Cymosum
).......................................................656 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................676.1 Conclusions..................................................................................................676.2 Recommendations........................................................................................697 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................71
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