MEDIA OWNERSHIPandDEMOCRACYin theDIGITALINFORMATION AGE
Promoting Diversity with First AmendmentPrinciples and Market Structure Analysis
MARK COOPER
Director of Research, Consumer Federation of AmericaCenter for the Internet & Society, Stanford Law SchoolAssociated Fellow, Columbia Institute for Tele-information
Center for Internet & SocietyStanford Law School
Acknowledgments
Many of the concepts in this book are the result of a twenty-year Vulcan mind-meldwith Gene Kimmelman of Consumers Union. Steve Cooper provided the initialdrafts of most of the material in Chapters 3 and 4 and reviewed numerous drafts ofthe entire document. Dean Alger provided materials for Chapters 2 and 3 as part ofcomments filed by the Consumer Federation (et al.) at the Federal CommunicationsCommission. Bob Brandon and Melanie Wyne relentlessly demanded simple En-glish in a series of documents which make up most of the chapters of this book.Susan Punnett tirelessly edited the manuscript. The Ford Foundation provided sig-nificant support for the research through its funding of the Consumer Federation ofAmerica’s
Digital Society Project
. Cover design by Jeff Middour.
Mark Cooper1424 16th Street, N.W.Washingtion, D.C. 20036mcooper@consumerfed.orgISBN 0-9727460-9-9
Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Toview a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/1.0/ or send aletter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Contents
The Current Debate Over Media Ownership Limits.......................................3The Expanding Debate Over Media Reform and Justice.................................7
............................................................................................................8N
Democratic Debate v. Commercial Media Markets.......................................11Participation in Democratic Debate...............................................................14Information Dissemination, not Entertainment............................................17Limits on Ownership to Promote Diversity..................................................18
Demographic Changes....................................................................................22Technological Change.....................................................................................25
Competition, Democracy and the Shortcomings of Mass Media...................33An Economic Theory of Discrimination........................................................35The Impact of Market Failure on Civic Discourse.........................................39
Bias-Bashing Among the Most Prominent American Journalistic Icons......45Systematic Evidence on Systematic Bias.......................................................47Direct Financial Interests Affects Coverage..................................................48
Happy News at the Lowest Cost....................................................................50Minority Communities and Unpopular Points of View are Under served...52
iii
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