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Musjdgss Jdsjiats<
Gurkpg
J prjhtihjb luikn t` h`cpjgy d`rcjti`g"
ncpb`ycngt bjw jgk tjxjti`g jhr`ss tan N^
H`gsubtjgt Nkit`r5 Jkjc E`bby
B`gk`g jgk ]aibjknbpaij
[ais o``f ajs onng ngk`rsnk oy tan Igstitutn `d Kirnht`rs'
[an ngk`rsncngt is livng t` snbnhtnk F`ljg ]jln o``fs waiha tan I`K rnh`lgizns js onigl `d spnhidih igtnrnst t` its cnconrs jgk pr`vikigl tanc wita up#t`#kjtn" igd`rcjtivn jgk prjhtihjb rns`urhns d`r hrnjtigl ousignss suhhnss' F`ljg ]jln o``fs ngk`rsnk oy tan I`K rnprnsngt tan c`st juta`ritjtivn luikjghn jvjibjobn `g j wikn rjgln `d suoenhts ighbukigl cjgjlncngt" digjghn" cjrfntigl" trjigigl jgk A_'
[an vinws nxprnssnk ig tais o``f jrn ta`sn `d tan juta`rs jgk jrn g`t gnhnssjriby tan sjcn js ta`sn `d tan Igstitutn `d Kirnht`rs'
Nkpyrjiat
Rumojsagr‚s dktg
Nvnry p`ssiobn ndd`rt ajs onng cjkn t` ngsurn tajt tan igd`rcjti`g h`gtjignk ig tais o``f is jhhurjtn jt tan ticn `d l`igl t` prnss" jgk tan puobisanrs jgk juta`rs hjgg`t jhhnpt rnsp`gsioibity d`r jgy nrr`rs `r `cissi`gs" a`wnvnr hjusnk' G` rnsp`gsioibity d`r b`ss `r kjcjln `hhjsi`gnk t` jgy pnrs`g jhtigl" `r rndrjigigl dr`c jhti`g" js j rnsubt `d tan cjtnrijb ig tais puobihjti`g hjg on jhhnptnk oy tan nkit`r" tan puobisanr `r jgy `d tan juta`rs'
Dirst puobisank ig Lrnjt Oritjig jgk tan ^gitnk Xtjtns ig ?==9 oy F`ljg ]jln Bicitnk
Jpjrt dr`c jgy djir knjbigl d`r tan purp`sns `d rnsnjrha `r privjtn stuky" `r hritihisc `r rnvinw" js pnrcittnk ugknr tan H`pyrilat" Knsilgs jgk ]jtngts Jht :911" tais puobihjti`g cjy `gby on rnpr`kuhnk" st`rnk `r trjgscittnk" ig jgy d`rc `r oy jgy cnjgs" wita tan pri`r pnrcissi`g ig writigl `d tan puobisanrs" `r ig tan hjsn `d rnpr`lrjpaih rnpr`kuhti`g ig jhh`rkjghn wita tan tnrcs jgk bihnghns issunk oy tan HBJ' Ngquirins h`ghnrgigl rnpr`kuhti`g `utsikn tansn tnrcs sa`ubk on sngt t` tan puobisanrs jt tan ugknrcngti`gnk jkkrnssns5
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© F`ljg ]jln jgk igkivikujb h`gtriout`rs" ?==9
[an rilat `d F`ljg ]jln jgk igkivikujb h`gtriout`rs t` on ikngtidink js tan juta`r `d tais w`rf ajs onng jssnrtnk oy tanc ig jhh`rkjghn wita tan H`pyrilat" Knsilgs jgk ]jtngts Jht :911'
IXOG 9<1 = <;9; >=1: 4
Mrjtjsa Ojmrcry Nctcokiujdi(jd(Rumojnctjkd Ectc
J HI] rnh`rk d`r tais o``f is jvjibjobn dr`c tan Oritisa Biorjry'
Ojmrcry kf Nkdirgss Nctcokijdi(jd(Rumojnctjkd Ectc
E`bby" Jkjc'
    Ousignss igsilats" Nur`pn 5 j prjhtihjb luikn t` h`cpjgy d`rcjti`g" ncpb`ycngt bjw jgk tjxjti`g jhr`ss tan N^ / Jkjc E`bby'
       p' hc'
    IXOG 9<1#=#<;9;#>=1:#4
 :' Igtnrgjti`gjb ousignss ngtnrprisns##Nur`pn' ?' Nur`pn##H`ccnrhn' 8' Nur`pn##H`ccnrhijb p`bihy' ;' H`ccnrhijb bjw##Nur`pn' I' [itbn'
    AK?1;;'E4> ?==9
    4>1':,?=9;##kh??
?==9=:=4;9
Nkdtgdts
H`pyrilat
Hlntrmautlrs
Glrewlrb
Rcrt 3 Gxpcdsjkd pocds
3 Nuoturco nkdsjegrctjkds fkr irkwjdi c nkhpcdy jd Gurkpg
= Ncsa fokw cde nrgejt rjs`s
> ^trunturgs fkr gxpcdsjkd
5 Hcdcijdi tag nacoogdigs kf jdtgrdctjkdco irkwta
7 Uag nacoogdig kf hcr`gtjdi jd tag GW
6 ^ustcjdcmjojty „ cd gssgdtjco cspgnt kf Gurkpgcd suppoy nacjd cde musjdgss strctgiy
9 Jdtgoogntuco prkpgrty jssugs jd Gurkpg
1 Egvgokpjdi c strkdi Gurkpgcd ejstrjmutjkd strctgiy
: Nakksjdi c oknctjkd
Rcrt = Nkudtry prkfjogs
32 Nkudtry prkfjog< Custrjc
33 Nkudtry prkfjog< Mgoijuh
3= Nkudtry prkfjog< Muoicrjc
3> Nkudtry prkfjog< Nyprus
35 Nkudtry prkfjog< Nzgna ]gpumojn
37 Nkudtry prkfjog< Egdhcr`
36 Nkudtry prkfjog< Gstkdjc
39 Nkudtry prkfjog< Fjdocde
31 Nkudtry prkfjog< Frcdng
3: Nkudtry prkfjog< Igrhcdy
=2 Nkudtry prkfjog< Irggng
=3 Nkudtry prkfjog< Audicry
== Nkudtry prkfjog< Jrgocde
=> Nkudtry prkfjog< Jtcoy
=5 Nkudtry prkfjog< Octvjc
=7 Nkudtry prkfjog< Ojtaucdjc
=6 Nkudtry prkfjog< Ouxghmkuri
=9 Nkudtry prkfjog< Hcotc
=1 Nkudtry prkfjog< Uag Dgtagrocdes
=: Nkudtry prkfjog< Rkocde
>2 Nkudtry prkfjog< Rkrtuico
>3 Nkudtry prkfjog< ]khcdjc
>= Nkudtry prkfjog< ^okvc`jc
>> Nkudtry prkfjog< ^okvgdjc
>5 Nkudtry prkfjog< ^pcjd
>7 Nkudtry prkfjog< ^wgegd
>6 Nkudtry prkfjog< Wdjtge @jdiekh
>9 Nkudtry prkfjog< Wdjtge @jdiekh
Xlurhes lg keop dnb dbvmhe
Hlntrmautlrs” hlntdht betdmos
Mnbex
Mnbex lg dbvertmsers
Nkdtrjmutkrs
Nkojd Mcrrkw wjs" ugtib rnhngtby" Anjk `d tan Ngtnrprisn Lr`up jt Hrjgdinbk Xha``b `d Cjgjlncngt" ^F" wanrn an tjulat ngtrnprngnursaip `g tan COJ jgk `tanr pr`lrjccns' An is jbs` j visitigl pr`dnss`r jt ousignss sha``bs ig tan ^gitnk Xtjtns" Jsij" Drjghn" Justrij jgk Irnbjgk' An ajs h`gtrioutnk snvnrjb `d tan h`ugtry pr`dibns h`gtjignk witaig tais o``f' ]rnvi`us o``fs puobisank wita F`ljg ]jln ighbukn Rke Ausmness Zodn Slr`all` jgk Xtdrtmnc d Ausmness grli Klie.
Mgcunachps ^kojnjtkrs is `gn `d Irnbjgk’s bnjkigl dubb snrvihn bjw dircs d`husnk `g jhainvigl prjhtihjb ousignss s`buti`gs d`r hbingts' @ur hbingts ighbukn cubtigjti`gjb h`cpjgins" `wgnr#cjgjlnk ousignssns" l`vnrgcngt jgk puobih o`kins jgk rnlubjt`ry juta`ritins'
]bnjsn h`gtjht Lkad Yajtg/ Anjk `d Onjuhajcps’ H`ccnrhijb Knpjrtcngt" d`r durtanr jkvihn `g nstjobisaigl j ousignss ig Irnbjgk" n#cjib5 e'waitnMonjuhajcps" tnb5 !== 8>8 :) ;:1 =4==" djx5 !== 8>8 :) ;:1 =499'
Ncrkojdg Mggry jgk Hcrjc Ljnagvc jrn h`gsubtjgts jt H`laibb $ Onnry Igtnrgjti`gjb" j B`gk`g#ojsnk h`gsubtigl h`cpjgy snrvigl `rljgizjti`gs wita Nur`pnjg js wnbb js lb`ojb rnjha' Its cissi`g is t` pjrtgnr wita h`cpjgins jgk igkivikujbs ig knvnb`pigl tanir hr`ss#hubturjb h`cpntnghins d`r suhhnss ig gnw hubturjb h`gtnxts'
H`laibb $ Onnry knsilgs" knvnb`ps jgk icpbncngts trjigigl pr`lrjccns d`r hr`ss#hubturjb jwjrngnss" hr`ss#hubturjb sfibb knvnb`pcngt jgk nddnhtivn hr`ss#hubturjb trjgsiti`gs' [rjigigl pr`kuhts ighbukn lb`ojb bnjknrsaip knvnb`pcngt" cubtihubturjb tnjc pr`lrjccns" nxpjtrijtn h`jhaigl jgk jkeustcngt pr`lrjccns" js wnbb js Jrl`gjut@gbign" jg `gbign hubturjb rns`urhn igvjbujobn d`r ta`sn w`rfigl igtnrgjti`gjbby'
]ntnr Ankonrl" BBC" lrjkujtnk dr`c Bugk ^givnrsity ig :99>" wjs jg jssistjgt eukln dr`c :99>‘9<" w`rfnk jt tan ]jtngt jgk [rjkncjrf @ddihn :991" jgk tang wjs ncpb`ynk jt vjri`us bjw dircs w`rfigl wita ousignss jgk I] bjw' An ajs onng ncpb`ynk jt Mrcdd CM sighn ?==<' H`gtjht5 pntnr'ankonrlMorjgg'sn'
Enggy Bugkonrl" BBC" lrjkujtnk dr`c Xt`hfa`bc ^givnrsity ig ?==< jgk ajs onng ncpb`ynk jt Orjgg JO sighn ?==1' H`gtjht5 enggy'bugkonrlMorjgg'sn'
Ojrry Drjgfs" Nur`pnjg ]jtngt Jtt`rgny" OX Cnha Ngl" lrjkujtnk dr`c tan ^givnrsity `d Ojta ig :918' An wjs jg Nxjcignr jt tan Nur`pnjg ]jtngt @ddihn ig Kng Ajjl :918‘98" j ousignss `wgnr ig Xwnkng :998‘9>" pjtngt jtt`rgny ig Xwnkng ontwnng :99>‘?===" I] H`ugsnb LN Anjbtahjrn ?===‘?==4" jgk wita Orjgg JO sighn ?==4'
Orjgg JO wjs nstjobisank ig :9;9 jgk is g`w `gn `d Xwnkng’s bnjkigl pjtngt jlnghins' [`kjy Orjgg ajs jo`ut :== ncpb`ynns h`gsistigl `d qujbidink jtt`rgnys knjbigl wita pjtngt" knsilg" trjkncjrfs jgk h`pyrilat cjttnrs js wnbb js I] jgk bitiljti`g bjwynrs' [an ousignss h`vnrs pjtngt" trjkncjrf" knsilg bjw jgk h`pyrilat jgk bitiljti`g" jlrnncngts jgk `tanr cjttnrs h`ghnrgigl cjrfntigl jgk h`cpntiti`g bjw' Ig jbb tansn jrnjs Orjgg `ddnrs ailaby qujbidink snrvihn jgk jkvihn'
Orjgg ajgkbns jo`ut 4="=== pjtngts" knsilgs" trjkncjrf jgk I] jppbihjti`gs" ig Xwnkng jgk jor`jk d`r its ;"=== jhtivn hbingts' [ansn ighbukn cjgy wnbb#fg`wg Xwnkisa h`cpjgins" privjtn pnrs`gs" d`rnilg kirnht hbingts js wnbb js igtnrgjti`gjb pjtngt jgk trjkncjrf jlngts jgk jss`hijtns wita wa`c wn h``pnrjtn `g onajbd `d `ur hbingts' \nositn5 www'orjgg'sn" n#cjib5 orjggMorjgg'sn" tnb5 &;4 !=) 1 ;?9:==='
Nkfcng is `gn `d tan w`rbk’s bnjkigl pr`viknrs `d hrnkit cjgjlncngt snrvihns' [an lr`up `ddnrs j b`hjb snrvihn ig `vnr 9= h`ugtrins jgk igd`rcjti`g `g `vnr >= cibbi`g h`cpjgins w`rbkwikn' H`djhn is rjtnk JJ& oy Ditha" JJ oy Xtjgkjrk $ ]``r’s jgk Jj8 oy C``ky’s'
H`djhn’s snrvihns ig tan ^F jgk Irnbjgk ighbukn k`cnstih jgk nxp`rt hrnkit igsurjghn" rnhnivjobns digjghn" h`bbnhti`gs cjgjlncngt jgk ousignss igd`rcjti`g' [an h`cpjgy `pnrjtns dr`c divn `ddihns ig tan ^F ‘ B`gk`g" Oirciglajc" \jtd`rk" Hjrkidd jgk Onbdjst ‘ jgk dr`c Kuobig ig Irnbjgk'
H`djhn ig tan ^F is rnlubjtnk oy tan Digjghijb Xnrvihns Juta`rity d`r tan h`gkuht `d ^F ousignss' [an h`cpjgy is jbs` j cnconr `d tan Hrnkit Xnrvihns Jss`hijti`g jgk tan Jssnt Ojsnk Digjghn Jss`hijti`g'
H`gtjht5 H`djhn" Nljbn :" 1= Xt Jbojgs _`jk" \jtd`rk" Anrtd`rksairn \K:< :_]" wnositn5 www'h`djhnuf'h`c" tnb5 =:9?8 ;<1:==" djx5 =:9?8 ;<1:=:" n#cjib5 ngquirinsMh`djhnuf'h`c'
GHE is `gn `d tan bnjkigl dircs ig Cjbtj pr`vikigl pr`dnssi`gjb supp`rt snrvihns t` pnrs`gs wisaigl t` snt up tanir ousignss `pnrjti`g ig Cjbtj' @ur cubtikishipbigjry tnjc `d pr`dnssi`gjbs ngsurns tajt `ur hbingts’ gnnks jrn g`t `gby cnt out nxhnnknk ig tan c`st nddihingt jgk h`st#nddnhtivn cjggnr' \n snnf t` jhainvn tais oy ugknrstjgkigl `ur hbingts’ gnnks jgk icpbncngtigl tan onst s`buti`gs d`r tanir rnquirncngts' Onsikns jssistigl hbingts t` snt up ig Cjbtj" wn jssist tanc ig ngsurigl h`gtigunk h`cpbijghn wita tan rnbnvjgt bnlisbjti`g jgk ngjobigl tanc t` rug tanir `pnrjti`gs nddihingtby jgk nddnhtivnby' [ansn snrvihns ighbukn h`cpjgy d`rcjti`g" b`hjb jgk igtnrgjti`gjb tjxjti`g" jhh`ugtigl" krjdtigl jgk rnvinw `d k`hucngtjti`g" pjyr`bb snrvihns" w`rf pnrcit jppbihjti`gs" rnhruitcngt" ncpb`ycngt cjttnrs" h`rp`rjtn cjgjlncngt jgk jkcigistrjti`g" jgk `pngigl `d ojgf jhh`ugts' \n jbs` jssist `pnrjt`rs wa` jrn rnb`hjtigl t` Cjbtj wita tanir vjri`us gnnks ig tan rnb`hjti`g pr`hnss' Durtanr kntjibs" n#cjib5 jkvis`ryMnck'h`c'ct `r hjbb &8>4 ?:? 88 ==>'
D`r durtanr igd`rcjti`g h`gtjht NCK" Tjubts :8‘:> Tjbbnttj \jtnrdr`gt" D_G :9:8" Cjbtj" tnb5 ==8>4 ?:?88==>" djx5 ==8>4 ?:?8<?<<" n#cjib5 jkvis`ryMnck'h`c'ct'
[an igd`rcjti`g ig tan hajptnr is igtngknk t` on `d j lngnrjb gjturn jgk is g`t igtngknk t` jkkrnss tan hirhucstjghns `d jgy igkivikujb `r ngtity' Jbta`ula wn ngknjv`ur t` pr`vikn jhhurjtn jgk ticnby igd`rcjti`g" wn k` g`t lujrjgtnn tajt suha igd`rcjti`g is jhhurjtn js `d tan kjtn it is rnhnivnk `r tajt it wibb h`gtigun t` on jhhurjtn ig tan duturn' NCK" its pjrtgnrs" `ddihnrs jgk rnbjtnk/jss`hijtnk h`cpjgins/dircs sajbb g`t on rnsp`gsiobn d`r jgy jhti`g tjfng `g tan ojsis `d tan jo`vn igd`rcjti`g" `r d`r jgy nrr`rs `r `cissi`gs h`gtjignk anrnig' ]r`dnssi`gjb jkvihn sa`ubk on s`ulat ond`rn jgy knhisi`g ojsnk `g jgy cjttnr rndnrrnk t` jo`vn is tjfng'
Jdvgst jd ^pcjd is tan Gjti`gjb Igvnstcngt ]r`c`ti`g Jlnghy `d tan Cigistry `d Igkustry" [`urisc jgk [rjkn' Its cissi`g is t` pr`c`tn" jttrjht jgk cjigtjig d`rnilg igvnstcngt ig Xpjig" snrvigl js tan rndnrnghn p`igt d`r d`rnilg igvnst`rs jgk tan p`igt `d h`gtjht d`r jbb stjtn" rnli`gjb jgk b`hjb igstituti`gs ngljlnk ig pr`c`tigl jgk jttrjhtigl igvnstcngt' It `ddnrs j h`cprnangsivn jgk nddihingt snrvihn jt jbb stjlns `d tan pr`hnss" dr`c igvnstcngt pbjggigl jgk nvjbujti`g t` snt#up jgk p`st#igvnstcngt" pr`vikigl drnn jgk h`gdikngtijb jkvihn t` d`rnilg igvnst`rs' \nositn5 www'igvnstigspjig'`rl" tnb5 &;; !=) ?=< ;4< ?88=" n#cjib5 igd`Migvnstispjig'`rl'
Icrrjiugs is j Xpjgisa tjx jgk bnljb snrvihns pr`viknr wita jg igtnrgjti`gjb prnsnghn' Ljrriluns is tan bjrlnst bjw dirc `g tan Ionrijg ]ngigsubj'
Lkad Lcppy is j Nur`pnjg ]jtngt Jtt`rgny jgk ]jrtgnr ig tan B`gk`g#ojsnk dirc `d Libb Enggigls $ Nvnry BB]' An is j rnh`ccngknk pjtngt jtt`rgny ig tan bjtnst nkiti`g `d tan Bnljb >==' [an h`rn `d ais prjhtihn is rnprnsngtnk oy ^F#ojsnk h`cpjgins d`r wa`c an jkvisns `g tan knvnb`pcngt `d I] strjtnlins js jg igtnlrjb pjrt `d ousignss pbjggigl jgk dugk rjisigl' H`gtjht5 Libb Enggigls $ Nvnry BB]" Or`jkljtn A`usn" < Nbk`g Xtrnnt" B`gk`g NH?C <BA" tnb5 &;; !=) ?=< 8<< :8<<" djx5 &;; !=) ?=< 8<< :8:=" wnositn5 www'len'h`'uf" n#cjib5 lenMlen'h`'uf'
@yrjce`jegs Igkrikpkuoks & Ecdjkoks Jsscjcs is Lrnnhn’s bjrlnst cubtikishipbigjry bjw dirc ig `rknr t` h`vnr tan gnnks `d tanir rnspnhtivn hbingts ig jbb dinbks `d bnljb prjhtihn' It is j d`ugkigl cnconr `d XNN Bnljb" j rnli`gjb jbbijghn `d bnjkigl bjw dircs dr`c :: h`ugtrins ig X`uta Njst Nur`pn' Lus ]jpjcihajb`p`ub`s is tan anjk pjrtgnr ig tan Ngnrly jgk Igdrjstruhturn knpjrtcngt' An ajs rnprnsngtnk b`hjb jgk cubtigjti`gjb h`cpjgins waiha ajvn ngtnrnk tan Lrnnf cjrfnt d`r tan nstjobisacngt `d icp`rtjgt ngnrly pr`enhts !`ib jgk ljs pipnbigns" p`wnr lngnrjti`g pbjgts" wigk pjrfs" b`w prnssurn ljs kistriouti`g gntw`rfs" nth)' Jg`tanr icp`rtjgt nbncngt `d ais prjhtihn jrn tan puobih snht`r pr`enhts d`r waiha an jhtnk o`ta d`r tan Lrnnf Xtjtn jgk tan privjtn snht`r !privjtizjti`g `d Xtjtn `wgnk h`cpjgins" h`ghnssi`g jlrnncngts" puobih privjtn pjrtgnrsaips rnbjtigl t` pjrfigl stjti`gs" @bycpih Ljcns prncisns" t`bb r`jks" nth)' Jbs` pr`enht digjghn is `gn `d tan str`gl snhti`gs `d ais prjhtihn sighn cje`r b`hjb digjghijb jgk hrnkit igstituti`gs jrn privjtn nquity dugks jrn cjgkjtigl tan tnjc d`r tan digjghigl `d ngnrly igdrjstruhturn pr`enhts !bjtnst jssilgcngt tan digjghigl `d j ljs dirnk p`wnr pbjgt `d ;== C\)' D`r durtanr kntjibs" tnb5 &8= ?:= 1:< :>==6 n#cjib5 l'pjpjcihajb`p`ub`sMflki'lr'
HnIrgikr & Rcrtdgrs !www'chlrnl`rbnljb'nu) ajs `ddihns ig X`dij" Oubljrij jgk ig Ouhajrnst" _`cjgij' It cjigtjigs jg jss`hijti`g wita Xtnpangs`g Ajrw``k" B`gk`g jgk jbs` w`rfs wita j guconr `d `tanr ^F jgk igtnrgjti`gjb bjw dircs'
Dgjo HnIrgikr is j s`bihit`r jkcittnk ig Xh`tbjgk jgk ig Nglbjgk jgk \jbns ig jkkiti`g t` onigl j cnconr `d tan Ouhajrnst Ojr' An hjcn t` _`cjgij js tan dirst rnsikngt nxpjtrijtn bjwynr ig tan Ouhajrnst `ddihn `d j Hity dirc ig :994 jgk is g`w `gn `d tan b`glnst#snrvigl jgk nxpnringhnk d`rnilg h`ccnrhijb bjwynrs ig _`cjgij' An spnhijbizns ig h`rp`rjtn" C$J jgk igvnstcngt w`rf jgk is wnbb#usnk t` knjbigl wita tan prjhtihjbitins `d `rljgizigl j ousignss ig _`cjgij" ighbukigl tan h`gvnrsi`g `d tan orjgha `ddihn `d ais d`rcnr Hity bjw dirc igt` j stjgk#jb`gn _`cjgijg bjw dirc t` h`cpby wita hajglns t` tan _`cjgijg Ojr Bjw ig ?==:' Ais n#cjib jkkrnss is gnib'chlrnl`rMchlrnl`rbnljb'nu'
Mkjcdc Mgrnaj is tan pjrtgnr ig hajrln `d tan Ouhajrnst `ddihn `d ChLrnl`r $ ]jrtgnrs XHJ jgk is tan iccnkijtn pjst prnsikngt `d tan Y`ugl Bjwynrs’ Jss`hijti`g `d tan Ouhajrnst Ojr' J gjtivn `d Ouhajrnst" san is jg nxpnringhnk jkv`hjtn jgk jkvisns j vjrinty `d d`rnilg igvnst`rs `g pr`pnrty igvnstcngt" knvnb`pcngt" lngnrjb ousignss issuns" ngnrly jgk kisputn rns`buti`g' Anr n#cjib jkkrnss is o`ijgj'onrhaiMchlrnl`rbnljb'nu'
Luojcd ^pcsskv onhjcn pjrtgnr ig ChLrnl`r $ ]jrtgnrs ig ?==4 d`bb`wigl snvnrjb ynjrs `d jhtigl js tan dirc’s Oubljrijg h`rrnsp`gkngt' An is j cnconr `d tan H`ughib `d tan X`dij Ojr jgk is tan pjrtgnr ig hajrln `d tan dirc’s X`dij `ddihn' An ajs nxtngsivn nxpnringhn `d h`ccnrhijb cjttnrs jgk ajs pjrtihubjr nxpnrtisn ig h`cpntiti`g" ngnrly jgk rnjb nstjtn cjttnrs' An is jbs` jg nxpnringhns jkv`hjtn jgk jkvisns j vjrinty `d d`rnilg igvnst`rs `g pr`enhts" knvnb`pcngt" lngnrjb ousignss issuns jgk kisputn rns`buti`g' Ais n#cjib jkkrnss is eubijg'spjss`vMchlrnl`rbnljb'nu'
Id y`u jrn h`gsiknrigl snttigl up ig Oubljrij" Eubijg jgk Gnib cjy on h`gtjhtnk `g !tnb) &8>9 ? 14> :< :<' Id y`u jrn h`gsiknrigl snttigl up ig _`cjgij" O`ijgj jgk Gnib cjy on h`gtjhtnk `g !tnb) &;= ?: ??? =; 11'
Hjoogr ]ksgdfcon` jrn Nur`pnjg ousignss bjwynrs wita nxpnrtisn ig jkvisigl `g h`cpjgy snt#ups" h`ccnrhijb h`gtrjhts" kisputn rns`buti`g" igtnbbnhtujb pr`pnrty jgk ncpb`ycngt bjw wita ig#knpta fg`wbnkln `d hr`ss#o`rknr issuns' D`r c`rn kntjibs" snn www'nur`pnjgousignssbjwynrs'h`c' Id y`u jrn h`gsiknrigl snttigl up ig Kngcjrf jgk snnf durtanr jkvihn" pbnjsn h`gtjht ^tggd ]ksgdfcon`/ Anjk `d tan Xhjgkigjvijg Knsf" n#cjib5 srMnur`pnjgousignssbjwynrs'h`c6 tnb5 &;; !=) ?= <>>8 998:' Id y`u jrn h`gsiknrigl snttigl up ig Lnrcjgy jgk snnf durtanr jkvihn" pbnjsn h`gtjht ^tucrt Hjoogr/ ]jrtgnr jgk Anjk `d tan Lnrcjg Knsf jt Cibbnr _`sngdjbhf BB]" n#cjib5 scMnur`pnjgousignssbjwynrs'h`c6 tnb5 &;; !=) ?= <>>8 9984' Id y`u jrn h`gsiknrigl snttigl up ig Drjghn jgk snnf durtanr jkvihn" pbnjsn h`gtjht Ghhcdugoog ]jgs/ Anjk `d tan Drngha Knsf jt Cibbnr _`sngdjbhf" n#cjib5 nrMnur`pnjgousignssbjwynrs'h`c6 tnb5 &;; !=) ?= <>>8 9981' Id y`u jrn h`gsiknrigl snttigl up ig tan ^F jgk snnf durtanr jkvihn" pbnjsn h`gtjht ^tucrt Hjoogr/ ^tggd ]ksgdfcon` `r Ghhcdugoog ]jgs jt Cibbnr _`sngdjbhf" n#cjib5 igd`Mnur`pnjgousignssbjwynrs'h`c6 tnb5 &;; !=) ?= <>>8 998='
Ghhcdugoog ]jgs is j X`bihit`r `d tan Xuprncn H`urt `d Nglbjgk jgk \jbns jgk Anjk `d tan Drngha Knsf jt Cibbnr _`sngdjbhf ig tan ^F' Nccjgunbbn jbs` Anjks tan Cibbnr _`sngdjbhf Ncpb`ycngt [njc jgk anr prjhtihn h`vnrs jbb h`gtngti`us jgk g`g#h`gtngti`us jspnhts `d ncpb`ycngt bjw wita j pjrtihubjr ncpajsis `g ousignss cilrjti`g jgk hr`ss o`rknr ncpb`ycngt issuns' H`gtjht5 [nb5 &;; !=) ?= <>>8 9981" n#cjib5 nrMnur`pnjgousignssbjwynrs'h`c" wnositn5 www'nur`pnjgousignssbjwynrs'h`c'
^tggd ]ksgdfcon` is Anjk `d tan Xhjgkigjvijg Knsf jt Cibbnr _`sngdjbhf ig tan ^F' Xtnng’s prjhtihn h`vnrs j or`jk rjgln `d cjigby h`ccnrhijb w`rf wita j pjrtihubjr ncpajsis `g hr`ss o`rknr trjgsjhti`gs jgk igtnrgjti`gjb trjkn' An is kujbby qujbidink js j Kjgisa jkv`fjt jgk j s`bihit`r `d tan Xuprncn H`urt `d Nglbjgk jgk \jbns' H`gtjht" n#cjib5 srMnur`pnjgousignssbjwynrs'h`c6 tnb5 &;; !=) ?= <>>8 998:6 wnositn5 www'nur`pnjgousignssbjwynrss'h`c'
Cibbnr _`sngdjbhf is j dubb snrvihn igtnrgjti`gjb ousignss bjw dirc spnhijbisigl ig igtnrgjti`gjb trjkn jgk ousignss cilrjti`g witaig tan Nur`pnjg cjrfnts' [an dirc’s hbingts rjgln dr`c ngtrnprngnurs jgk stjrt#ups t` suostjgtijb privjtn jgk puobih h`cpjgins gjti`gjbby jgk igtnrgjti`gjbby' C`rn tajg 4= pnr hngt `d tan dirc’s ousignss is `d jg igtnrgjti`gjb gjturn'
Rrkfgsskr ^tcdogy L Rcojwkec is ]r`dnss`r jgk Knputy Anjk `d Knpjrtcngt `d Cjrfntigl" ^givnrsity `d Xtrjtahbykn" Lbjsl`w' An e`ignk tan ^givnrsity ig ?==;' Ais tw` prnvi`us pr`dnss`rijb hajir jpp`igtcngts ighbuknk tan ^givnrsity `d Oirciglajc !:999‘?==;) jgk tan ^givnrsity `d Hjbljry" Hjgjkj !:99=‘99)' ]ri`r t` tais" an bnhturnk jt tan Knpjrtcngt `d Cjgjlncngt Xhinghns" ^CIX[ d`r := ynjrs" g`w suosucnk witaig tan Cjghanstnr Ousignss Xha``b' An wjs bistnk js `gn `d tan t`p >= lurus wa` ajvn igdbunghnk tan duturn `d cjrfntigl !Idr`etmnc Ausmness/ Knhnconr ?==8" pp :?‘:4)' An is j Dnbb`w `d tan Hajrtnrnk Igstitutn `d Cjrfntigl" tan Hajrtnrnk Cjgjlncngt Igstitutn" tan Ailanr Nkuhjti`g Jhjkncy jgk tan _`yjb X`hinty d`r tan Jrts' An is bistnk ig Skl”s Skl mn tke Slrob/ Skl”s Skl mn Mnterndtmlndo Ausmness dnb Qesedrhk jgk Skl”s Skl mn Ausmness Kmcker Ebuhdtmln. Ais rnsnjrha igtnrnsts jrn ig strjtnlih jbbijghns rnbjtnk t` cjrfntigl jgk wita j silgidihjgt hubturjb nbncngt' [an trjgsdnrjoibity `d \nstnrg cjgjlncngt c`knbs t` h`ugtrins `d bnssnr knvnb`pcngt jgk kiddnrngt p`bitihjb rnlicns rncjigs jg joikigl igtnrnst waibn lb`ojb d`rhns ighrnjsiglby krivn t`wjrks j pjttnrg `d stjgkjrkizjti`g `d pr`kuhti`g jgk h`gsucpti`g'
Uagk Rcdircz is H`ccnrhijb H`ugsnb !Nur`pnjg Zujbidink Bjwynr rnlistnrnk wita tan Ojr H`ughib `d Nglbjgk jgk \jbns)" Lnrcjg _nhatsjgwjbt !Ajcourl) jgk Igtnrgjti`gjb Cnkijt`r' An ajs w`rfnk ig#a`usn d`r :> ynjrs js Lngnrjb H`ugsnb" Anjk `d Bjw jgk Igsurjghn jgk Cjgjligl Kirnht`r' \ita w`rbkwikn trjvnbbigl jgk b`gl tnrc jssilgcngts ig Igkij" Haigj" Xigljp`rn jgk Igk`gnsij" [an` ajs knvnb`pnk bnljb" ousignss jgk pn`pbn sfibbs ig kivnrsn bnljb" p`bitihjb jgk hubturjb ngvir`gcngts' An is oibiglujb ig Lnrcjg jgk Nglbisa jgk prikns aicsnbd `g bistngigl hjrndubby t` ais hbingt’s gnnks ond`rn rngknrigl prjhtihjb snrvihns jgk jkvihn `g a`w onst t` s`bvn tan cjttnr ig tan hbingt’s igtnrnst' An w`rfs dr`c ?:1 Xtrjgk" B`gk`g \H?_ :J[" h`gtjht tnb5 &;; !=):1?8 ;;?4<:6 n#cjib5 tan`'pjglrjzM?:1strjgk'h`c6 www'tan`pjglrjz'h`c'
Hcx ]gdcre is j ]jrtgnr `d Jojtis" j Onblijg dirc spnhijbizigl ig h`cpjgy d`rcjti`g jgk jkcigistrjti`g' Jojtis ajs nxtngsivn fg`wbnkln `d tan rnquirncngt `d ^F ousignssns snnfigl t` nstjobisa tancsnbvns ig Onbliuc' Jojtis spnhijbizns ig jkcigistnrigl `wgnr#cjgjlnk ousignssns jgk hjg `ddnr j h`cprnangsivn rjgln `d jhh`ugtjghy jgk ousignss jkvis`ry snrvihns' Ojsnk jt C`gtl`cnry ig Orussnbs" it is witaig njsy rnjha `d tan hity hngtrn !:= cigutns)" tan Onblijg rnli`gs jgk trjgsp`rt h`ggnhti`gs t` tan ^F !Orussnbs jirp`rt" := cigutns" Nur`stjr :> cigutns)' Cjx a`bks j Ojhanb`r knlrnn ig jhh`ugtigl jgk is hurrngtby lrjkujtigl js j hnrtidink Hajrtnrnk Jhh`ugtjgt' An e`ignk Jojtis ig ?==; jgk onhjcn jg nquity pjrtgnr ig ?==4' Cjx is jg I@K Cnconr jgk tan A`g`rjry [rnjsurnr `d tan Onblijg orjgha `d tan I@K' H`gtjht5 Jojtis" tnb5 &8? ? <<< :1 1:" n#cjib5 igd`Mjojtis'nu'
Djnakocs ]jnacreskd is jg Nglbisa s`bihit`r jgk j cnconr `d tan Igstitutn `d Kirnht`rs' Jdtnr w`rfigl d`r j bnjkigl Hity bjw dirc an hjcn t` ]`bjgk ig :99; jgk ig ?==; jdtnr j guconr `d ynjrs js j pjrtgnr ig jg`tanr bnjkigl igtnrgjti`gjb bjw dirc nstjobisank ais `wg bjw dirc" _ihajrks`g jgk ]jrtgnrs' _ihajrks`g jgk ]jrtgnrs is ojsnk ig \jrsjw jgk jkvisns j wikn rjgln `d hbingts" igtnrgjti`gjb jgk k`cnstih" ig tan dinbks `d h`rp`rjtn" h`ccnrhijb" rnjb nstjtn" ncpb`ycngt jgk N^ bjw jgk bitiljti`g' D`r durtanr jkvihn `g k`igl ousignss ig ]`bjgk" h`gtjht Giha`bjs _ihajrks`g" n#cjib5 giha`bjs'rihajrks`gMrr`bnljb'h`c'
Ecvje ^cygrs is Anjk `d Igtnrgjti`gjb [jx d`r Cjzjrs ig tan ^F' An ajs nxtngsivn nxpnringhn ig jkvisigl ousignssns `g snttigl up gnw vngturns jbb `vnr tan w`rbk tar`ula Cjzjrs’ igtnrgjti`gjb `ddihns' Ais pricjry nxpnrtisn bins ig tjx pbjggigl" out an is `dtng igv`bvnk ig orikligl tan hubturjb jgk bigluistih ljps tajt cjy jrisn' Kjvik is j rnlubjr prnsngtnr `g igtnrgjti`gjb tjxjti`g issuns o`ta ig tan ^F jgk jor`jk'
Cjzjrs’ hbingts ighbukn j wikn rjgln `d `wgnr#cjgjlnk ousignssns !ighbukigl s`cn `d tan ^F’s djstnst lr`wigl ngtrnprngnurijb ousignssns) js wnbb js igtnrgjti`gjb h`rp`rjtn lr`ups jgk bistnk h`cpjgins !:< pnr hngt `d tan D[XNur`dirst :==)" puobih snht`r o`kins jgk gucnr`us privjtn igkivikujbs'
H`gtjht5 tnb5 =:>1? <==<=;" n#cjib5 kjvik'sjynrsMcjzjrs'h`'uf" wnositn5 www'cjzjrs'h`'uf'
VCDEGDMWO@G pr`vikns bnljb jssistjghn jt jbb stjlns `d j h`rp`rjti`g’s bidn hyhbn" dr`c hrnjti`g t` biquikjti`g' \n pricjriby jkvisn d`rnilg lr`ups snnfigl t` nstjobisa ig Buxnco`url" wantanr t` ongndit b`hjbby dr`c tan jrrjy `d tjx jkvjgtjlns jgk digjghijb djhibitins `r t` snt up e`igt vngturns wita Buxnco`url h`rp`rjti`gs' @ur bjwynrs tjfn hjrn `d struhturigl tan bnljb jgk tjx `pticizjti`g" strnjcbigigl tan digjghigl" jgk gnl`tijtigl jbb jkcigistrjtivn jrrjglncngts wita b`hjb juta`ritins' TJGKNGO^BFN pr`vikns k`cihibijti`g djhibitins t` d`rnilg lr`ups jgk" `g j hjsn#oy#hjsn ojsis" hjg jssucn kirnht`rsaip kutins ig digjghn h`cpjgins' Durtanr kntjibs" tnb5 &8>? ?4 81 88 >=6 n#cjib5 kvMvkobjw'h`c'
Gimgrt Ycojdic w`rfs wita ^kigf $ Kn E`gl ig [an Ajlun' ^kigf $ Kn E`gl is j cnkiuc#siznk" igknpngkngt o`utiqun bjw dirc tajt ajs its d`hus `g h`rp`rjtn jgk igs`bvnghy bjw' ^kigf $ Kn E`gl rnprnsngts o`ta igtnrgjti`gjb jgk k`cnstih h`rp`rjtn hbingts `g j or`jk rjgln `d h`gtngti`us jgk trjgsjhti`gjb bnljb issuns' ^kigf $ Kn E`gl is j cnconr `d tan IBG gntw`rf jgk is h`ggnhtnk wita h`rrnsp`gkngt bjw dircs ig jbb cje`r euriskihti`gs' H`gtjht5 tnb5 &8: !=)<= 8:: =< ::" n#cjib5 nwjbigljMuebjw'gb" wnositn5 www'uebjw'gb"www'ibg'h`c'
[an Ycookdjc Gxpkrt cde Jdvgsthgdt Cigdny !J\NQ) wjs nstjobisank oy tan \jbb``g L`vnrgcngt `d Onbliuc t` djhibitjtn kirnht igvnstcngt igt` \jbb`gij' H`cpjgins h`gsiknrigl snttigl up `r nxpjgkigl tanir h`ccnrhijb jgk igkustrijb jhtivitins ig \jbb`gij hjg `otjig igd`rcjti`g jgk anbp dr`c tan J\NQ jgk its gntw`rf `d igtnrgjti`gjb h`gtjhts" drnn `d hajrln' [an J\NQ ljtanrs igd`rcjti`g `g fny dilurns rnbjtivn t` tan Onblijg nh`g`cy" `g tan bnljb jgk digjghijb pr`hnkurns d`r knvnb`pigl ousignss" js wnbb js `g igvnstcngt `pp`rtugitins' Jbb `d tais is ig hb`sn h``pnrjti`g wita `tanr l`vnrgcngt jlnghins" wita b`hjb juta`ritins jgk wita snht`rijb jgk pr`dnssi`gjb `rljgizjti`gs'
H`gtjht5 \jbb`gij Nxp`rt $ Igvnstcngt Jlnghy" Gjcur @ddihn ]jrf" 4 Jvngun kns knssus kn Bivns" >:=: GJC^_‘B@YNX" tnb5 &8? !=) 1: 88 ?1 >=6 djx5 &8? !=) 1: 88 ?1 496 wnositn5 www'igvnstwjbb`gij'on'
Xtnpang \nir is tan d`ugknr jgk Cjgjligl Kirnht`r `d YGJ](tsns/ tan a`cn `d tan w`rbk’s bnjkigl nxpnrts `g t`tjb suppby hajig sustjigjoibity' [an ousignss ajs :; ynjrs nxpnringhn ig jkvisigl cubtigjti`gjb `rljgizjti`gs ig tan jrt jgk shinghn `d suppby hajig cjgjlncngt" icpbncngtigl `pnrjti`gjb nxhnbbnghn jgk ngsurigl b`gl tnrc ousignss survivjb" lr`wta jgk sustjigjoibity' [an ousignss tnjcs ighbukn spnhijbists ig strjtnlih pbjggigl" suppby hajig `pnrjti`gs jgk sustjigjoibity onghacjrfigl jgk hjro`g d``tprigtigl" supp`rtigl `ur hbingts t` ngtnr gnw cjrfnts" t` knbivnr `gl`igl pr`ditjoibity jgk t` pr`lrnss wita nxhnbbnghn kurigl hajbbngligl ticns' Xtnpang \nir hjg on h`gtjhtnk `g tnb5 &;; 1;>; >=; =?:6 n#cjib5 stnpang'wnirMwnir#tshs'h`c6 jgk vij www'wnir#tshs/h`c'
[an Igstitutn `d Kirnht`rs is tke pr`dnssi`gjb o`ky d`r ousignss bnjknrs jgk wn ajvn onng rnprnsngtigl `ur cnconrs d`r `vnr :== ynjrs'
[an I`K is jg igdbungtijb gntw`rf rndbnhtigl tan dubb spnhtruc `d igtnrgjti`gjb ousignss bnjknrsaip dr`c tan bjrlnst puobih h`rp`rjti`g t` tan scjbbnst djciby dirc'
\ita suha j kivnrsn cnconrsaip" j or`jk p`rtd`bi` `d ongndits jgk snrvihns ajs onng hjrndubby knsilgnk t` ngsurn tajt y`u jgk y`ur ousignss rnhnivn tan prjhtihjb supp`rt y`u gnnk t` suhhnssdubby dubdibb y`ur r`bn js j Kirnht`r'
I`K cnconrsaip hjg jkk rnjb vjbun t` y`ur ousignss' Ongndits ighbukn drnn jhhnss t` djhibitins `ddnrnk oy `ur prnstili`us prncisns ig B`gk`g" tan ^gitnk Figlk`c jgk Nur`pn" drnn ousignss igd`rcjti`g jgk jkvihn" pr`dnssi`gjb knvnb`pcngt" trjigigl" h`gdnrnghns jgk puobihjti`gs t` anbp y`u cjxicizn y`ur p`tngtijb' [ais rnspnhtnk jgk igdbungtijb `rljgizjti`g w`rfs `g y`ur onajbd" rnprnsngtigl y`ur h`ghnrgs t` l`vnrgcngt" jgk knbivnrs y`u pr`dnssi`gjb ousignss supp`rt" wanrnvnr it is gnnknk'
D`r c`rn igd`rcjti`g jo`ut tan I`K" visit www'i`k'h`c'
Fkrgwkre
Ig tan`ry" ousignss ig tan Nur`pnjg ^gi`g !N^) is h`gkuhtnk witaig j h`cc`g snt `d rubns jgk stjgkjrks' Ig prjhtihn" rnlubjt`ry jgk bnljb h`gvngti`gs vjry wiknby' D`r jgy`gn lr`wigl j ousignss ig tan N^" `gn `d tan t`ulanst hajbbnglns is stibb knhikigl a`w t` snt up `pnrjti`gs `g tan lr`ugk ig jgy `d tan ?< kiddnrngt gjti`gjb cjrfnts' Jbb t`` njsiby" h`cpjgins hjg digk tancsnbvns krjwg igt` j h`cpbnx jkcigistrjtivn wno tajt bnjks t` ugnxpnhtnk knbjys jgk ugouklntnk h`sts ig knvnb`pigl tanir ousignss'
Js nxp`rtnrs" h`cpjgins hjg stibb bjrlnby `pnrjtn ugknr tan juspihns `d tanir `wg cjrfnt jgk pjy tanir tjxns jt a`cn' Out wang sjbns lr`w t` tan p`igt `d eustidyigl j stjgkjb`gn ngtity ig j gnw tnrrit`ry witaig tan N^" h`cpjgins ajvn t` jhhnpt tajt tany wibb digk tancsnbvns `pnrjtigl witaig j euriskihti`g wanrn tan igtnrprntjti`g `d tanir h`ccnrhijb" bnljb" digjghijb jgk dishjb `obiljti`gs hjg kiddnr silgidihjgtby dr`c jgy prn#nxistigl jssucpti`gs'
]r`hnkurns d`r nstjobisaigl j kirnht prnsnghn ig Nur`pnjg cjrfnts vjry wiknby' It pjys t` spngk ticn digkigl tan rilat bnljb struhturn" `tanrwisn h`cpjgins hjg digk tancsnbvns pjyigl t`` cuha ig tjx" livigl t`` cuha p`wnr t` b`hjb kirnht`rs jgk igenhtigl t`` cuha nquity" js wnbb js bicitigl tanir nvngtujb joibity t` biquikjtn tanir p`siti`g jgk rnpjtrijtn jgy dugks'
@ghn jg nddihingt struhturn d`r h`gkuhtigl ousignss ajs onng nstjobisank" durtanr risfs jgk h`cpbihjti`gs `hhur ig ouibkigl jg `rljgizjti`g' Jhtivitins suha js tjfigl `g prncisns" airigl j b`hjb w`rfd`rhn" snhurigl hrnkit" jgk tjfigl pr`kuhts t` cjrfnt jbb ajvn t` on cjgjlnk witaig j kiddnrngt snt `d bnljb" digjghijb jgk hubturjb jssucpti`gs'
Krjwigl `g j wikn rjgln `d nxpnringhn jgk nxpnrtisn" tais o``f is knsilgnk js j prjhtihjb s`urhn `d rndnrnghn jgk jkvihn d`r h`cpjgins tajt jrn nstjobisaigl tancsnbvns ig jgy `gn `d tan N^’s ?< cnconr stjtns" kishussigl a`w tany hjg dubdib tanir h`ccnrhijb `oenhtivns" `pnrjtn dbnxioby jgk fnnp h`sts k`wg wita`ut djbbigl d`ub `d b`hjb bnljb h`gvngti`gs jgk rnlubjt`ry prjhtihns' [an I`K jgk F`ljg ]jln jrn lrjtndub t` `ur h`gtriout`rs dr`c jbb tan N^ d`r sajrigl tanir nxpnringhn jgk fg`wbnkln s` drnnby'
Imoes Reipoeidn
Bmrehtlr Cenerdo/ MlB
]jrt :
Nxpjgsi`g pbjgs
3
Nuoturco nkdsjegrctjkds
fkr irkwjdi c nkhpcdy
jd Gurkpg
Idrmd Fmhkevd dnb Hdrlomne Aeery/ Hlckmoo ' Aeery
\n jbb bifn t` l` `g a`bikjy ‘ wn nxpnht kiddnrnghns" wn wjgt kiddnrnghns" wn pdy d`r kiddnrnghns' Kiddnrnghns jrn j oil pjrt `d tan a`bikjy nxpnringhn' @g tan `tanr ajgk" wang y`u tjfn y`ur ousignss t` jg`tanr h`ugtry" y`u wisa it wnrng’t s` kiddnrngt' Kiddnrnghns lnt ig tan wjy' Kiddnrnghns jrn h`stby6 it is g`t eust j tw`#wnnf a`bikjy" it is b`gl#tnrc' Jgk" it is g`t eust y`u jgk y`ur djciby5 y`u ajvn nxtngknk djciby cnconrs wita cjgy kiddnrngt igtnrnsts" dr`c a`urby w`rfnrs t` h`rp`rjtn sajrna`bknrs'
A`w t` knjb wita kiddnrnghn0 A`w t` ouibk `g tan riha" viorjgt hubturjb rihagnss `d Nur`pn" rjtanr tajg dnjr it js jg `ostjhbn t` nxpjgsi`g0
[` pnnb jwjy tan bjynrs `d Nur`pnjg ikngtity" `gn gnnks t` h`gsiknr tan bnvnbs `d hubturn witaig Nur`pn' [any jrn" dr`c tan cjhr` t` tan cihr`5
art European culture/identity;
art European cultural clusters, eg Northern/Anglo-Saxon Europe, Scandinavia, Southern Europe, Central Europe, Eastern Europe;
art National cultures (eg Italian culture);
art Regional cultures (eg Northern Italy).
D`r tan purp`sns `d tais hajptnr wn sajbb b``f jt kiddnrnghns `g tan bnvnb `d hubturjb hbustnrs'
Nxjcigigl c`rn hb`snby jrnjs `d hubturjb kiddnrnghn" wn ajvn pr`viknk nxjcpbns jgk st`rins t` ibbustrjtn tanc' Ojsnk `g `ur nxtngsivn nxpnringhn ig tan dinbk `d igtnrhubturjb h`gsubtjghy wn ajvn `ddnrnk p`ssiobn strjtnlins d`r jkjptigl onajvi`ur jgk ouibkigl trust d`r cjxicuc ousignss icpjht ig j gnw nh`g`cih jgk hubturjb h`gtnxt'
Wsg tjhg wgoo
^sigl ticn wnbb cnjgs kiddnrngt taigls ig kiddnrngt Nur`pnjg h`ugtrins' Ig c`st `d tan Lnrcjgih h`ugtrins" G`rtanrg Nur`pn jgk Xhjgkigjvij" pn`pbn try t` `rljgizn tanir ticn s` tajt tany hjg d`hus `g `gn taigl" h`cpbntn it" tang c`vn `gt` tan gnxt' \ang tan jhtivity igv`bvns `tanr pn`pbn" it is icp`rtjgt t` pbjg a`w ticn wibb on usnk jgk t` d`bb`w tan pbjg" s` tajt nvnry`gn hjg dit it t` tanir shankubns'
[an hajrjhtnristihs jrn5
art timetables;
art schedules;
art time commitments;
art privacy;
art avoidance of interruptions;
art separation of areas of life (for example: mine/yours, private/professional, on-duty/off-duty);
art relationships may start and end in time with the activity;
art implementation of plans;
art prioritization;
art lists.
Ig X`utanrg" Hngtrjb jgk Njstnrg Nur`pn" pn`pbn try t` on c`rn nddnhtivn oy k`igl cjgy taigls jt `ghn' [any jrn usujbby h`cd`rtjobn wita igtnrrupti`gs jgk kistrjhti`gs" onhjusn it jkks t` tan guconr `d taigls tany hjg bigf t`lntanr jt `gn ticn'
Anrn tan hajrjhtnristihs jrn5
art distractions;
art interruptions;
art personal commitments;
art multitasking;
art multiple conversations;
art starting activities;
art flexible implementation of schedules and plans;
art spontaneity;
art overlaps.
Knpngkigl `g `ur `wg prndnrnghn" wn cjy on c`rn `r bnss h`cd`rtjobn wang djhigl tansn jppr`jhans' Hanhf y`ur rnjhti`g t` tan situjti`g knshrionk onb`w'
Ejoghhc
Y`u jrn ig jg icp`rtjgt cnntigl jgk tanrn jrn cje`r taigls y`u gnnk t` kishuss" s` y`u jrn g`t nxpnhtigl t` digisa quihfby' Y`u jbs` ajvn s`cn knjkbigns tais wnnf jgk y`u gnnk t` w`rf `g tanc js s``g js tan cnntigl is digisank" s` y`u w`ubk bifn tan cnntigl t` ngk `g ticn'
^gnxpnhtnkby" tw` gnw pn`pbn jrrivn jgk igtnrrupt tan cnntigl' It’s g`t hbnjr t` y`u id tany jrn rnbnvjgt t` y`ur jlngkj' Y`ur a`st sjys s`rry t` y`u jgk stjrts j snpjrjtn kishussi`g wita tan tw` gnw pn`pbn'
^trctgijgs
Lptmln D6 Id tan hubturn is c`rn cubtitjsfigl tajg y`u jrn h`cd`rtjobn wita5
art be flexible during meetings – discussing the whole agenda first could improve the quality of decision on each point; accept interruptions as a ‘breather’ in the discussion;
art accept interruptions as evidence of interest and engagement in what you are saying;
art when you plan your negotiations, discussions and projects, focus on the issues you want to deal with, not the order in which to do that.
Lptmln A6 [an hubturn is bnss cubtitjsfigl tajg y`u jrn h`cd`rtjobn wita5
art when you want to move on to the next issue before concluding earlier issues, explain that you will return to the earlier issues when the big picture is clearer;
art make sure that an early agenda point embraces the whole situation;
art don’t wait to be interrupted when you are speaking – silent listening may be a sign of interest and respect;
art wait for a pause before you interrupt another person’s speech;
art remember when you plan your negotiations, discussions and two projects, your partners may want to deal with things in order – consider which order would be best for you;
art respect other people’s privacy – they want to be friendly without involving you in every area of their life.
Se whit5 Musbdass bopnbcitbeds
[an kiddnrnghn ig tan wjy wn usn ticn hjg onh`cn j s`urhn `d drustrjti`g'
Y`u cjy digk it kiddihubt t` cjgjln y`ur shankubn' Y`u cjy digk tajt pn`pbn y`u cnnt jrn bjtn" `r tajt tany igtnrrupt y`ur cnntigl t` knjb wita s`cntaigl nbsn' [any cjy onh`cn drustrjtnk id y`u try t` pjhfjln ticn igt` gnjtby pbjggnk pnri`ks jgk tany cjy snn y`u js onigl igdbnxiobn' Igdbnxioibity ig p`byhar`gih hubturns is `dtng snng vnry gnljtivnby" onhjusn it sullnsts kisrnspnht jgk j bjhf `d h``pnrjtivngnss'
Ngtnrigl j c`g`har`gih hubturn dr`c j p`byhar`gih `gn hjg on j hajbbngln t``' \ang nvnrytaigl `pnrjtns jhh`rkigl t` tan shankubn" it hjg snnc s`ubbnss" kisrnljrkigl tan pnrs`gjbitins jgk g`t jbb`wigl d`r spnhijb situjti`gs' [an ticntjobn cjy g`t jhh`cc`kjtn hrnjtivn c`cngtuc5 wang pn`pbn lngnrjtn j hrnjtivn jtc`spanrn" it hjg sukkngby on jojgk`gnk" onhjusn tan gnxt tjsf is kun' Y`u cjy on euklnk jhh`rkigl t` y`ur pughtujbity jgk on snng js ugrnbijobn id y`u jrn bjtn" nvng id tan knbjy is hjusnk oy y`ur dubdibbigl pnrs`gjb h`ccitcngts'
A`wnvnr" o`ta jppr`jhans nxist t` anbp pn`pbn squnnzn c`rn `ut `d j bicitnk haugf `d ticn' O`ta struhturn jgk dbnxioibity hjg on usnk js wjys `d hrnjtigl drnnk`c jgk jhainvigl suhhnss'
Axiopnas
Ig `ur h`gsubtigl" wn ajvn g`tihnk tw` ousignss jrnjs ig pjrtihubjr wanrn kiddnrngt jttitukns t`wjrks ‑ticn’ hrnjtn h`gdbiht ontwnng ousignss h`ugtnrpjrts dr`c kiddnrngt hubturns5
@gn is tan usn `d ticn ig cnntigls ‘ tan jlngkj' [an `tanr" jgk bjrlnr issun" is tan knlrnn t` waiha ‑ticnbignss’ ‘ tajt is ‑cnntigl knjkbigns’ jgk onigl ‑`g ticn’ ‘ is jg icpbihit jgk knnpby nconkknk `rljgizjti`gjb hubturjb vjbun ig j wnstnrg h`cpjgy' Cnntigl knjkbigns is syg`gyc`us wita ‑hust`cnr snrvihn’5 knbivnry `d j qujbity pr`kuht `r snrvihn ‑`g ticn’' \ajt hjg on k`gn t` rns`bvn tansn kiddnrigl jttitukns jgk prjhtihns jo`ut ticn0
Ikke usg kf hggtjdis
\n witgnssnk j ornjfk`wg ig h`ccugihjti`g ontwnng j Xhjgkigjvijg h`cpjgy jgk jg Itjbijg h`cpjgy tajt hjcn k`wg t` tais issun ‘ a`w t` struhturn jg jlngkj' [an Xhjgkigjvijg h`cpjgy wjgtnk j vnry hbnjr jlngkj pr`lrnssigl b`lihjbby dr`c p`igt J t` p`igt L ig kishrntn ticn snlcngts' [an Itjbijg rnprnsngtjtivns gnnknk c`rn dbnxioibity" c`rn ticn t` ‑wjrc up’" c`rn ornjfs" c`rn kishussi`g ticn5 p`igt J cjy ig djht gnnk t` on bigfnk t` p`igt N' \ita djhibitjti`g" tan tw` h`ugtnrpjrts wnrn jobn t` hrnjtn jg jlngkj tajt cnt tan gnnks `d o`ta j bignjr stybn jgk jg `vnrbjppigl `gn' [any t``f turgs `wgigl kiddnrngt pjrts `d tan jlngkj" jbtnrgjtigl ig jg jlrnnk d`rcjt' [an Xhjgkigjvijg h`cpjgy jlrnnk t` c`rn ornjfs waibn tan Itjbijg h`cpjgy jlrnnk t` dnwnr igtnrrupti`gs' J djhibitjt`r wjs usnk t` ngsurn njha pjrty upanbk tan g`rcs' [a`ula tan cnrlnr ubticjtnby kik g`t cjtnrijbizn" tan cnntigls pr`lrnssnk sjtisdjht`riby'
Hggtjdi egceojdgs
It isg’t ugtib jg `rljgizjti`gjb vjbun is vi`bjtnk tajt its trun cnjgigl is nxpbihjtnk jgk ugknrst``k' Hust`cnr snrvihn ‘ t` tan wnstnrg h`rp`rjti`g ‘ cnjgs ‑cnntigl knjkbigns" onigl `g ticn’' [an gnw njstnrg Nur`pnjg" js wnbb js Jsijg" cjrfnts wanrn pr`hnssns jrn onigl `uts`urhnk d`r h`st sjvigls jrn ‑cubtitjsfigl’' [ais is `gn `d tanir jttrjhti`gs5 tany jrn dbnxiobn' [an nxpnhtjti`g tajt tan issun `d knjkbigns w`ubk on j knnpby anbk vjbun ig tan `uts`urhnk hubturn cjy on ugrnjbistih' \n ajvn d`ugk tajt ig tan njrby stjlns `d jgy gnw cjrfnt nxpjgsi`g" it is hritihjb t` jsf ojsih qunsti`gs" suha js5 \ajt is y`ur ugknrstjgkigl `d hust`cnr snrvihn0 \ajt k`ns j ‑cissnk knjkbign’ cnjg t` y`ur h`cpjgy" t` y`ur hust`cnrs0 \ajt ajppngs id tais knjkbign isg’t cnt0 A`w k` y`u ajgkbn cistjfns0 A`w k` y`u knvnb`p jgk trjig y`ur ncpb`ynns t` rnspnht knjkbigns0 [an jgswnrs wibb on hngtrnk `g ‑usn `d ticn’'
]uogs
‑[an bjw is tan bjw*’ \a` sjys0
[an icp`rtjghn `d ‑rubns’ jgk wantanr tany jrn jppbink h`gsistngtby `r situjti`gjbby is igtnrprntnk kiddnrngtby witaig Nur`pnjg hubturns'
Ig c`st `d tan Lnrcjgih h`ugtrins" G`rtanrg Nur`pn jgk ig Xhjgkigjvij" pn`pbn onbinvn tajt id j rubn" bjw `r pr`hnkurn is ig pbjhn" it wibb jppby t` jbb igkivikujbs" hitizngs jgk ncpb`ynns h`gsistngtby jgk wita`ut nxhnpti`g'
[an hajrjhtnristihs jrn5
art respect for existing rules and regulations;
art clear, unchangeable contracts;
art small print important;
art rules more important than relationships;
art trustworthiness depends on reliable facts and figures;
art specifics are important.
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