Report presented to: Prof. C. Gopalakrishnan On March 9,2009 In Partial Fulfillment of the required for WAC Course in the MBA Programme By Abhishek Sheth Chandramohan Patel Nakul Bhalakia Yatharth Tiwari PREFACE The principal objective of this report is to provide the readers a thorough unde rstanding of the transition in Hindi Film Industry. After going through many art icles, websites, books and publications, we have been able to enhance knowledge and clear our doubts regarding the transition. 2 DECLARATION We declare that the material submitted for assessment is our own work except whe re credit is explicitly given to others by citation or acknowledgement. This wor k was performed during the current academic year except where otherwise stated. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Through this acknowledgement, we express our sincere gratitude to all those who have been associated with this study. Firstly, we express our gratitude to all s uch authors and publishers whose publications and articles immensely helped us w hile preparing the report. We would also like to extend our gratefulness to Ms. Ritu Bhatia (Creative Head), Rose Movies who gave her precious time to share her views and experience regarding the Hindi Film Industry which has enriched our s tudy. Finally, we would like to express our thanks to Prof. C. Gopalakrishnan wh o gave us this opportunity to have a detailed study on Hindi Film Industry and t hus have a practical knowledge about Written Analysis and Communication. 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Hindi Film Industry is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest in the world. It has evolved to a great extent after the release of first India n feature film named “Raja Harishchandra” in 1913. After that, transition took place continuously at each and every stage and then changes started taking place with release of first sound film, introduction of colour technology, lights, shootin g outdoor in India and then shooting in foreign countries. Different styles of d ancing were introduced. The definition of character actors have changed complete ly, it is not restricted to only certain actors even main stream actors are offe red such roles. Funding in Hindi Film Industry has increased significantly as a result of change from single producer to multiple production houses and accordin g to sources even underworld plays vital role in producing films. Attitude of th e film makers and audience has also changed over the years. These transitions took place so quickly one after the other that it created a me ntal block in minds of people. They started believing that the movies now a day’s focus lot on activities like smoking, drinking, doping, exposing by various actr esses, crime and violence which will have adverse effect on children of today’s ge neration and so they oppose the movies and protest against its release. People a re not able to make out that all these activities they mentioned as polluted act ivities were part of Bollywood since 50’s and 60’s. The only change is that the more number of movies are being made these days and so it feels as if sudden transit ion took place in Bollywood and that the industry has started adopting the weste rn culture which should not be allowed in Bollywood. 5 1 1 http://creativekriti.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/collage.jpg 6 Contents PREFACE ........................................................................ ....................................................................... 2 DECLAR ATION .......................................................................... .......................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... ................................................................................ .................................... 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................... ................................................................................ .............. 5 Methodology..................................................................... ...................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION.................................................................... ............................................................... 9 TRANSITIONS .. ................................................................................ .................................................. 14 Transition in Genre ...... ................................................................................ ...................................... 14 Transition with respect to the Playbac k singing ...................................................................... ............ 15 Transition with respect to music and lyrics in the Hindi Film In dustry................................................ 15 Change in attitude of film makers and public ......................................................... ............................ 16 Change in portrayal of women ................... ................................................................................ ........ 17 Career in Hindi Film Industry- No longer a man’s world ............... ..................................................... 18 Transition with respect to location ................................................................... .................................. 18 Transition in investment ................. ................................................................................ ................... 19 Bollywood to Hollywood .................................. ................................................................................ . 19 Transition of stars from silver screen to small screen and vice versa ..... .............................................. 20 Transition with respect to pro motion of films ................................................................ ..................... 21 Transition of apparel and hair in the movies .......... ............................................................................. 22 Transition in the roles of Character actors ................................... ....................................................... 23 Transition with respe ct to technology................................................................ ................................. 24 • • • • Sound ..................................... ................................................................................ ............... 24 Color........................................................ .............................................................................. 2 4 3D and Animated films ........................................................ .................................................. 24 Alternate sources of watch ing movies...................................................................... ............... 25 Some Misconceptions regarding the transition in Hindi Film Industry ............ .................................... 25 Films becoming an advertisement medium f or products.................................................................... 26 Insuring the films .......................................................... ..................................................................... 26 KEY LEARNING’S ................................................................... ........................................................... 27 CONCLUSION ...... ................................................................................ ............................................... 28 Bibliography ................................................................... ....................................................................... 29 7 METHODOLOGY As part of our study we had primary as well as secondary research. Our primary r esearch included interviews taken on one on one basis through questionnaires. Th e interviewees targeted by us consisted of people of different age, sex, backgro und etc. We had also taken interview of Miss Ritu Bhatia and we acknowledge her contribution for giving her insights regarding Hindi Film Industry. The secondar y data was obtained from the following sources: Paper-based sources like books, journals, newspapers, magazines, periodicals and abstracts, research reports, Bo x office reports and internal records of production houses. Electronic sources l ike Internet, videos and broadcasts. 8 INTRODUCTION Hindi Film Industry is the major part of the magnanimous Indian film industry. I t is used to refer the Hindi film industry in India. The term is often misunders tood as the whole of Indian cinema but it is only a part of the Indian film indu stry. Hindi Film Industry is the largest film producer in India and one of the l argest in the world. Hindi Film Industry is one the most recognized film industr y in the world with reach in diverse regions like U.S., Britain, Nepal, Japan, C hina, Russia, Canada and many other parts of the world. ‘Raja Harishchandra(1913)’ w as the first silent film made in India. In 1920’s only around 25 – 30 films were made by Indian filmmakers, while this number jumped to around 200 films in 1930’s. Today in 21st century around 100 films are being made yearly by t he Indian filmmakers. This shows that Hindi Film Industry has come a long way si nce 1930’s. In 1931 came a huge transition when first movie with sound was release d named ‘Alam Ara’. Then in 1950’s filmmakers adopted the technology by switching from black and white to colour. This made films more beautiful and colorful in respe ct of clothing and location. The main objective of this report is to have an in- depth study of the Hindi Film Industry and its evolution over the years. This re port also aims at clearing the misconceptions of the youth of India who believe that sexual exposure, smoking scenes, abusive languages etc. are part of Hindi m ovies in present times only. 2 2 http://thelangarhall.com 9 Hindi Film Industry over the decades Hindi Film Industry has seen enormous evolution over the years. Many great artis ts have contributed to the success of the Hindi Film Industry decades by decades . Every decade saw great and unforgettable films. The major evolution in the Hin di Film Industry started in 1940’s and 1950’s when sound and colours became essentia l parts of films in India. 1940’s Hindi Film Industry saw many great artists like Prithviraj Kapoor and Dilip Kuma r during this period of pre-independent and independent India. The battles again st the Britishers during this era made lots of filmmakers to make patriotic film s. The expression against the British Empire was very much visible in Dilip Kuma r’s ‘Shaheed(1944)’, ‘Andaaz’, ‘Jwar Bhata’, ‘Sunhere Din’ and Jugnu are some of the other cant films released during this period. 1950’s This era was dominated by great and unforgettable artists like Raj Kapoor, Guru Dutt, Dev Anand, Nargis, Meena Kumari and Ashok Kumar. In the later part of 1950’s Sunil Dut t and Kishore Kumar dominated the Hindi Film Industry. Rural India was portrayed in this era. The farmers’ struggle and their uprising against the landlords for social equality was a dominant factor of this era. During this times humour also started making its way in the Hindi Film Industry as Kishore Kumar’s ‘Chalti Ka Naam Gadi’ did wonders a s the Indian population wanted to laugh after painful 200 years of freedom strug gle. In 1957, ‘Mother India’ became the foremost Indian film to reach the Oscars in the Best Foreign Film category ‘Hulchul’, ‘Aan’, ’Jagte Raho’, ’Naya Daur’, ‘Kaagaz Ke Phoo juare some masterpiece of this era. 10 1960’s During this decade, Rural India was left in the wake of India being looked upon as a rising nation. Improvement of law and order in the country was the need of the hour thus films like ‘Kala Bazaar’ and ‘Kanoon’ dealt with this subject. Later in th is decade, flashing vintage cars and multi-coloured attires became integral part s of Hindi films as India was slowly but steadily entering the world of fashion. ‘Mughal-e-Azam’, ‘Sahib Biwi Aur Ghulam’, ‘Guide’, ‘Jewel Thief’, ‘Ram Aur Shyam’, ‘Aradhn Ki Raat’ are some of the most momentous films of this period. 1970’s This decade was largely dominated by artists like Rajesh Khanna, Amitabh Bachcha n, Hema Malini, Jaya Bhaduri, Dharmendra and Manoj Kumar. Films like ‘Reshma aur Shera’, ‘Seet a Aur Geeta’, ‘Abhiman’, ‘Bawarchi’, ‘Aandhi’, ‘Golmaal’, ‘Anand’, ‘Mera Naam Joker, ‘Hare Kr and Purab Aur Paschim’ are some of the most significant films of this era. It was in this era that Amitabh Bachchan got the title of ‘Angry Young Man of Indian Cine ma’ with some of his great films like ‘Zanjeer’, ‘Sholay’, ‘Amar Akbar Anthony’, ‘Don’ and thar’. This era also saw the western influence on the Indian society with films li ke ‘Hare Rama Hare Krishna’ and ‘Purab Aur Paschim’. 1980’s During this decade the concept of ‘Angry Young Man’ continued as lots of films were made showing one man fighting against the injustices of the society. This era al so saw some other great artists like Anil Kapoor, Rishi Kapoor, Sanjay Dutt, Aam ir Khan, Kamala Hassan, Sridevi, Madhuri Dixit, Vinod Khanna, Meenakshi Shishadri and in the later parts of this decade Salman Khan made an entry with a huge hit ‘Maine Pyar Kiya’. This decade had mixes of comedy, musical and family oriented films. ‘Namak Halal’, ‘Chasme Baddoor’, ‘Angoor’, ‘Namkeen’, 11 ‘Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro’, ‘Naukar Biwi Ka’, ‘Chaalbaaz’, ‘The Burning Train’, ‘Disco Dancer’, ‘ ‘Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro’ are some memorable films of this time. 1990’s Romance and family oriented films were the flavour of this decade with bits and pieces of comedy films, war films and films based on life in underworld contribu ting to the success of many artists of this decade. Shahrukh Khan, Salman Khan, Kajol, Rani Mukherjee, Priety Zinta, Akshay Kumar dominated the Hindi Film Industry in this decade. Shahrukh Khan bec ame the next super star with his some of the unforgettable romantic films like ‘Dilawalwe Dulhaniya Le Jayenge’, ‘Dil To Pagal Hai’, ‘Kuch Kuch Hota Hai’, ‘Mohabattein’ and ‘Pardes’ s decade. ‘Darr’, ‘Hum Aapke Hai Kaun’, ‘Dil’, ‘Beta’, ’Deewana’, ’Khuda Gawah’, ’Karan Arj aath Saath Hain’, ‘Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam’ ‘Taal’, ‘Border’, ‘Dil Se’ and ‘Satya’ are some inent films of this period. 2000’s Dominance of Hrithik Roshan, Abhishek Bachchan, Aishwariya Rai, Ranbir Kapoor an d Sonam Kapoor continues as this decade is coming to an end. This decade saw lots of fil ms being made on issues of terrorism. Films like Monsoon Wedding and Bollywood Hollywood appea led the NRI audience who are increasing in numbers day by day. Thus a new concep t of ‘Hinglish’ cinema became popular among the young generation. Films like ‘Lagaan’, ‘Mu naabhai MBBS’, ‘Lage Raho Munnabhai’, ‘Gadar Ek Prem Katha’, ‘Lagaan’, ‘Dil Chahta Hai’, ‘K hi Kabhie Gham’, ‘ Koi Mil Gaya’, ‘Kal Ho Naa Ho’, ‘ Devdas’, ‘Saathiya’, ‘Veer Zaara’, ‘Ma ish’, ‘Om Shanti Om’, ‘Taare Zameen Par’ ‘Chak De India’, ‘Ghajini’ are some of the memorab es of this decade. This is the decade when attitude of the filmmakers and audien ce opened and films were made on issues which no one would have considered ten y ears ago. This decade would be remembered for A.R. Rehman who received an Oscar in the early 2009. 12 SUPERSTARS OF THE HINDI FILM INDUSTRY ACTRESSES NUTAN BEHL NARGIS MADHUBALA HEMA MALINI REKHA MADHURI DIXIT JUHI CHAWLA KAJOL DE VGAN RANI MUKHERJEE AISHWARYA RAI ACTORS RAJ KAPOOR DEV ANAND DILIP KUMAR RAJESH KHANNA MANOJ KUMAR VINOD KHANNA AMITABH BACHCHAN SHAH RUKH KHAN AAMIR KHAN HRITIK ROSHAN 13 TRANSITIONS Transition in Genre The Hindi Film Industry has seen various genres till date. It started with the m ovies based on Indian mythology and social themes. During these era movies like ‘R aja Harishchandra’, ‘Nal Damyanti’, ‘Hari Bhakti’, ‘Garib ki Duniya’ etc. became very popul Also a number of films like ‘Duniya Na Mane’, ‘Achyut Kanya’, ‘Aurat’ etc. created a stron impact in opposition to the social injustices. During 1950-1970, Hindi Film Ind ustry saw the movies based on tragedy, patriotism and romance. These genres were majorly dominated by superstars like Dilip Kumar (Tragedy King), Manoj Kumar (B harat Kumar) and Rajesh Khanna (Kaka) respectively. Although good romantic and o ffbeat movies continued 1970’s saw the era of action movies during which Amitabh B achchan ‘The Angry Young Man of Indian Cinema’ became a one man industry. During thi s genre special scripts were written keeping Amitabh Bachchan in mind. In the ea rly 1980’s action movies continued to dominate but its genre soon diminished with the introduction of musical films and family oriented films like ‘Karz’ and ‘Maine Pya r Kiya’. The genre of family oriented movies continued in 1990’s under the banner of Rajshri Productions which gave a huge hit of that time- ‘Hum Aapke Hai Kaun’. 1990’s also saw the genre of romantic and comedy movies during which Shahrukh Khan and Govinda stole all the attention. Start of 21st century was flooded by horror mov ies. After 2003 movies based on real life issues and current affairs were made b y number of film makers. Since then it has been noticed that whatever the genre may be, the viewers have become so intelligent that they give greater importance to the script rather than the genre which has been prevailing. 14 Transition with respect to the Playback singing In the past songs were sung by film actors and actresses themselves. Later playb ack singing was introduced and the industry saw the mesmerizing voices of Lata M angeshkar, R D Burman, Kishore Kumar, Saigal, Mohd. Rafi. Later on the singers were also allowed to rel ease their own albums which gave them a chance to sing for their own and not for only movies. Transition with respect to music and lyrics in the Hindi Film Industry In the past the music in Hindi Film Industry was mainly classical and folk with very little inspiration from the west. It has been noticed that over the years t he inspiration from western music has been constantly increasing. Since last few years music directors have started taking inspiration from not only the western music but also from the Arabic, Urdu, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and many oth er languages. Remix of the old melodies also contributes to the transition in the Hindi Film I ndustry with respect to the music. Although the remixes of the old melodious son gs have been highly opposed by many people they still continue to charm large nu mber of youngsters. Recently it has been noticed that the music director of the film himself makes the remix versions of the original songs of his film. Lyrics of songs in the old Hindi films were melodious and mesmerising. Those day s the lyrics had very intense meaning and were in sync with the ongoing situatio n in the movie. The most glaring example of such lyrics is the very famous song from the movie ‘Mugal-e-Azam’ (Jab pyar kiya toh darna kya) which means that when yo u are in love; you don’t have to be afraid of anything. There was a drastic change in the lyrics of recent times. Many critics believe that now most of the times the lyrics are completely irrelevant to the situation and meaningless. Some of t he lyrics like Ticket to Hollywood-‘Jhoom Barabar Jhoom’, Dard e Disco- ‘Om Shanti Om’ a nd many others are clear examples of the meaningless lyrics of recent times. 15 Change in attitude of film makers and public Hindi Film Industry is changing with the change in the attitude of the film make rs and the audience. Thus the film makers now have started making films with sho rter duration rather than three hour long films. Nagesh Kukunoor, a renowned fil mmaker who is known for his offbeat films feels that dance sequence and songs wi ll remain audience’s favorite but their preference was changing. According to peop le, time nowadays is very precious and so they have started giving preference to the films with shorter duration like ‘Bheja Fry’ and ‘Khosla Ka Ghosla’ which were only two hours long and were huge success at the Box-Office. Also with the success o f Hindi Film Industry in the overseas market, many new film makers have started making films on themes which no one would have thought ten years ago. Films base d on homosexuality like ‘Girlfriend’, ‘Dostana’, ‘Straight’ and also films based on relatio ship of older man and a teenage girl like ‘Nishabd’ were made by film makers and som e of them were successful at the Box-Office which clearly shows that there was a great change in not only the attitude of the film makers but also the audience. 3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6 http://s177.photobucket.com/albums/w218/seeucom/actress7/abhishek_bachchan_has_a bhi5.jpg http://bollywood.celebden.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/02/nishabd1.jpg http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_K9tvXi_Ack0/RkcNl2NGUOI/AAAAAAAAAgc/osuZ2Zd7sJs/s320/K hosla%2BKa%2BGhosla.jpg http://humbug.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/bheja-fry.jpg 16 Change in portrayal of women As the role of women in the Indian society has been changing over the years, sim ilarly the portrayal of women in the Hindi Film Industry is changing. As put by Lara Dutta, former beauty queen turned female actor “A perceptible change has happ ened in the approach about picking up the female actors. Roles are being built a round them,” The role of Aishwariya Rai in Ashutosh Gowarikar’s ‘Jodha Akbar is the pe rfect case of how the portrayal of women in Hindi films have changed in today’s ti mes. Aishwarya Rai played the character of ‘Jodha Bai’ who without leaving the value s of her religion showed strength in becoming a Muslim queen. Also Chak De! Indi a girls showed how girls in India are no less than boys in playing sports. No fi lmmaker would have thought to make a film on such theme even ten years ago. Rece nt films like ‘Laaga Chunri Mein Daag’ and ‘Aaja Nachle’ showcased the female lead as a protagonist and were different from the monotonous Hero dominated films, which w ere made on large scale in the past. 7 8 7 8 http://www.santabanta.com/wallpapers/rating.asp?catid=1295023 http://media.movie talkies.com/posters/bollywood/movies/2007/jodhaaakbar/jodhaaakbar-2007-4b.jpg 17 Career in Hindi Film Industry- No longer a man’s world Women in the past were restricted only to acting as a career when they wanted to join Hindi Film Industry. This has changed totally as women have started making mark in many aspects of Hindi Film Industry. Women have become directors, Farah Khan ‘Main Hoon Na’ and ‘Om Shanti Om’, Zoya Akhtar ‘Luck By Chance’ are few women directo s who made their names as directors. Women have also started producing movies li ke Juhi Chawla produced ‘Main Hoon Na’ under the banner of Red Chilies Entertainment , Hiru Johar has produced many movies under the banner of Dharma Productions and there are many other women producers who are minting huge amount of money. Not only have women made their names in such popular aspects of the films but have a lso taken active participation in assisting for the films and editing the films. 9 10 Transition with respect to location During 1930’s to 1940’s the major portion of any film was shot in small studio set. Location plays an important role in Film Making. Thus later on outdoor shooting started taking place but they were restricted to certain location because of lac k of financial aid. The preferred locations were Kashmir, Mahabaleshwar, Lonaval a, Ooty, Mussoorie etc. The first Film to be shot out of India was ‘Naaz’ at locatio ns like Cairo and London. Slowly and gradually with the entry big http://www.merinews.com/upload/imageGallery/bigImage/1236182227086.jpg http://ww w.bollywoodmantra.com/albums/events/press-conference/lucky-by-chance-pressmeet/t humb400/zoya-akthar___72430.jpg 10 9 18 producers and production houses with flaunting budget outdoor shooting (foreign) became more frequent. Sangam produced by Raj Kapoor was shot in three different locations Venice, Paris and Switzerland. This was followed by Monaj Kumar’s (Bhar at Kumar) ‘Purab Aur Paschim’, Shakti Samanta’s ‘An Evening In Paris’. Due to the success of these films lots of producers and directors started getting attracted to fore ign locations. As a result of transition big producers and directors like Yash C hopra, Karan Johar, Sanjay Gupta and many more have started shooting more than 9 0% of the film in the foreign location depending on the script. Transition in investment Over the years it has been noticed that the film makers made movies because of t heir passion for cinema and patriotism for the country. Now revenue generation s eems to be the prime motive of the film makers for making films. Earlier there u sed to be only one producer for one film but now concept of production houses ha s taken the role of single producer. Recently it has been seen that foreign prod uctions houses like Columbia pictures, Warner brothers and many more have starte d investing in Hindi Film Industry. With the use of latest technology and stars being paid more the overall investment in the Hindi films has increased by leaps and bounds over the years. Contrary to the past, it is also believed that inves tments in Hindi films are also made by parallel economy (Mafia money) and Banks. Bollywood to Hollywood According to the recent trend various Hindi Film Industry Actors are offered Hol lywood projects and same is the case with the Hollywood actors. The first actor to receive this offer from Hindi film industry was Aishwarya Rai for ‘Pink Panther’ then it was followed by Mallika Sherawat (The Myth), Irfan Khan (A mighty Heart) and Shilpa Shetty. From the other end many Hollywood actors are also offered ro les in Hindi films. To name a few Tania Zaetta (Salaam Namaste), Sylvester Stall on (Kambakht Ishq), Denise Richards (Kambakht Ishq), Kylie Minoge(Blues). 19 Transition of stars from silver screen to small screen and vice versa HINDI FILM INDUSTRY to INDIAN TELEVISION INDUSTRY SHAHRUKH KHAN -- Kya Aap Pachvi Pass Se Tez Hai AMITABH BACHCHAN -- Kaun Banega Crorepati SALMAN KHAN -- Dus Ka Dum SHILPA SHETTY -- Big Boss RAJEEV KHANDELWAL -- Aamir AMNA SHERIF -- Aloo Chat AMAR UPADHYAY -- Wah Wah Ram ji ROHIT ROY -- Shootout at Lokhandwala INDIAN TELEVISION INDUSTRY to HINDI FILM INDUSTRY 11 12 13 14 11 12 13 14 http://www.indiantelevision.com/images18/srk_pachvi.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com /_zs6ZerCNDcU/RapBFaTiAWI/AAAAAAAAAB0/sP1HPrRibn4/s320/amitabh_bachchan_kbc_shar ukh_SRK.jpg http://www.zorsebol.com/wp-content/wallpapers/amana%20sharief.jpg ht tp://www.bollywoodmovies4u.com/picture/aamir2008.jpg 20 Transition with respect to promotion of films In the initial days of Hindi cinema films were largely promoted using hand paint ed billboards and posters. In fact the well known painter M F Hussain started hi s career by painting film posters only. In today’s times these hand painted poster s have been replaced by huge posters that are created by computer- printed vinyl . Filmmakers have started using internet on a large scale for promoting their fi lms. Some of the huge budget films even have their own websites where viewers ca n see trailers of the films and even download the songs. The actor or actress of the film and many a times both have started making an appearances in a movie ha ll during the interview or in a cricket match or in some restaurant or café to pro mote their films. Also filmmakers have started promoting their films in many inn ovative ways. Recently Amir Khan well known actor-producer promoted his film ‘Ghaj ini’ in the most innovative way ever done by any film makers, he had collaborated with large number of multiplexes and restaurants across India to give the ticket sellers and the waiters the popular Amir haircut which he had in the film. Rake sh Roshan promoted ‘Krrish’ by distribution of merchandise of the film. 15 16 http://www.bollywoodmantra.com/albums/events/press-conference/krrish/thumb400/kr rish-merchandisepress-conference_8686.jpg 16 http://marketingchitchat.wordpress. com/2008/12/19/ghajini-marketing-employees-go-bald/ 15 21 Transition of apparel and hair in the movies 17 18 19 20 Hindi films have seen great change with respect to the apparels worn by the arti sts in the movies. In olden days the artists of the films usually worn their own clothes or the directors and the artists used to decide among themselves and fi nalize the clothes. Times have changed; huge investments are being made in the a pparels of the artists. Designers like Manish Malhotra, Rocky S, Rohit Bal and l ot of others are the ones who decide on the apparels of the artists in the films now. Also great change has been seen in the style and the fashion of the clothe s being worn by the actors and the actresses. Not only in terms of apparels but also in terms of the hairstyle of the actors and the actresses of the films, Hin di Film Industry has seen an enormous evolution over the years. In the 1940’s and 1950’s the actresses’ sported long and thick hairs giving them the true ‘Bhartiya Nari’ look. Surprisingly, a female artist sporting a short crop hair would typically b e either a vamp or a club dancer. Then came the fashion of ‘buffont’ hairstyles in t he 1960’s and 1970’s. In the late 1960’s ‘Sandhna Cut’ became very famous because of the S adhna, the famous actress of that time. In the 1980’s the actresses sported short cropped hair or long tresses. In 1990’s and after that actresses had their own hai r dressers who were trained in the art of hair dressing and lots of new hair sty les were created specially Priety Zinta’s hairstyle in ‘Armaan’ became very famous. Th e hairstyles of not only the actresses but also the actors have changed over the years. Actors like Dilip Kumar, Dev Anand and others of their time sported the sober hairstyle of a gentle man. 17 18 http://www.filmlinc.com/fcm/3-4-2005/jpegs/bachchandeewaar.jpg http://www.bharat movies.com/stars/img/Shashi_Kapoor.jpg 19 http://famousinindia.files.wordpress.c om/2009/03/aamir-khan.jpg 20 http://www.preityzintaonline.com/armaan.jpg 22 Then Amitabh Bachchan and Rajesh Khanna influenced the youngsters of 1970’s and 19 80’s with their big side locks and long hairs. Also during this time Shashi Kapoor’s hairstyle was very famous. Since a decade Aamir Khan with his experiments in ha irstyles in his every new film is influencing the youngsters of present generati on to sport a hairstyle like him. Transition in the roles of Character actors Film Industry has seen a change with the mainstream actors taking the roles of c haracter actors. Character actors like Pran, Prem Chopra, Amrish Puri and some o thers have always been used as synonyms for villainous roles in the Hindi films till late 1990’s. Superstar Shahrukh Khan started this trend with a villainous rol e in ‘Baazigar’. Also Kajol, Amitabh Bachchan, Akshay Kumar were among many others w ho played negative characters in their movies ‘Gupt’, ‘Aankhein’ and ‘Aflaatoon’ respectively. Same was the case for comedy actors were only J onny Walker, Keshto Mukherjee, Mahmood, Jonny Lever and some others were looked upon as comedians. This had changed as Govida, Sanjay Dutt, Akshay Kumar, Saif A li Khan and a bunch of mainstream actors started playing comedy roles. Stars lik e Jaya Bachchan, Hema Malini and Kiron Kher have changed the definition of role of mothers as in today’s movies mothers are no longer weak and melodramatic but ar e portrayed as strong, independent and free from family bondages. There was a ti me when doing an item number was looked down upon by the actresses and it was on ly Helen who could pull off an item song in the past. Now the times have changed big names in the industry like Shahrukh Khan (Krazzy 4), Aishwarya Rai (Bunty A ur Babli), Abhishek Bachchan(Mission Istanbul) and Hrithik Roshan(Krazzy 4) are some of the prominent names who have started doing item songs in the films. 23 Transition with respect to technology • Sound-- Sound has been an essential part of the Hindi film industry starting fro m the movie Alam Ara (1931) which was the first talking movie. Major transition has be en witnessed over the years with respect to sound. Until 1960’s the films used syn c sound technology i.e. the dialogues were recorded on the location itself. Post 1960 new technology was introduced of dubbing the sound i.e. the actors recite their lines as their images appear on-screen in the studio in the process known as "looping in the sound”. This system was accepted by the industry but it had som e loop holes like sometimes the sound in such films usually occurred a frame or two earlier or later than the mouth movements or gestures. The actors had to act twice, on-location as well in the studio. It becomes very difficult to deliver emotional scenes again in studio. The system of sync sound came back to Hindi Fi lm Industry through film ‘Lagaan (2001)’. Now a day’s sync sound system is being used in many films. • Color -- Colors were introduced in the beautiful world of cinema in late 30’s with the release of the movie ‘Kisan Kanya’ by adopting the technology of switching from blac k and white to color. This transition made the film more beautiful and colorful in respect of clothing and location. As a result the number of viewers watching the films in 1950’s and 1960’s rose drastically. Earlier Eastman color was used to m ake color films which were replaced by Techni color and now digitally enhanced c olor techniques are used. • 3D and Animated films -- Hindi film industry tried their luck at making 3D movie s with the movie ‘Chhota Chetan’ which was released in 1984 and was huge hit at box office and earned around 60 crores. Later in 1998 it was re-released with and the versi on also included Urmila Matondkar and this time also it was huge hit earning 50 crores. With the success of this film another film ‘Chhota Jadugar (2003)’ was relea sed and was also hit at box office. 24 Recently Hindi Film Industry has taken a major step by entering into the world o f animation. The first animated movie ‘Hanuman’ was released in 2005 by Sahara India Parivar it was a very successful movie and a huge hit. With the success of myth ological film ‘Hanuman’ another animated film based on mythology named ‘Ramayan’ was rel eased which was also a huge success. These films mainly targeted kids and teenag ers but this perception changed with films like ‘Hanuman Returns (2007)’ and ‘Ghatothk ach: Master of Magic (2008)’ which was enjoyed by elders too. • Alternate sources of watching movies-- Transition with respect to watching movie s also changed with the latest technology coming into place. Alternate source of watchi ng movies started with Video Cassette Recorders (VCR) which was believed to be a status symbol in the Indian society. It was then replaced by Video Compact Disc (VCD) which was replaced by Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and the latest Blu-ray disc which replaced DVD’s. This gave audience a complete new experience to watch movies at home. Quite a few households preferred to watch movies at home rather than going to theaters as it saved money and movies can be watched at their own convenience. Some Misconceptions regarding the transition in Hindi Film Industry Lots of youth in today’s generation believe that the western culture has influence d the Hindi films in recent times. There was a great hype when Mallika Sherawat had seventeen kissing scenes in ‘Khwaish’. Infact the longest kissing scene was shot way back in 1933 in the film ‘Karma’ between Devika Rani and Himanshu Rai. Also peo ple and censor board create lots of hype over exposure shown in the films nowada ys. In 1978 Zeenath Aman had exposed a lot in the film ‘Satyam Shivam Sundaram’ and Dimple Kapadia had exposed in the film ‘Saagar’ in 1985. Recently since last five ye ars the Censor Board of India has made a compulsion for deleting smoking scenes from the films. In reality such scenes were always there in the Hindi films sinc e the past and no hype was created in the olden times. 25 Films becoming an advertisement medium for products In the last one decade many companies started advertising their products through films. Brands like Coke and Pass Pass mouth freshener were largely promoted in the film ‘Yaadein’. ‘Koi Mil Gaya’ a huge hit among children promoted Bournvita and Atla s Cycles. Even banks were promoted in the films like ICICI bank was promoted in ‘B aghban’. Cars like Ford Mondeo and Hyundai Santro were also promoted on a large sc ale in the films ‘Baghban’ and ‘Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani’. Lots of movies also promot ed TV News channels like Aaj Tak, Headlines today, NDTV and Zee News. Such adver tising through films was not prevalent in the past. Insuring the films The concept of insuring the film started with ‘Taal’ directed by Subhash Ghai and ‘Uni ted India Insurance’ was the first company that insured the film. This was followe d by many other films being insured in the Hindi Film Industry as lots of foreig n insurance companies also started showing interest in insuring Indian films. Th is was not prevalent in the past. 26 KEY LEARNING’S • As very few films were produced in a year the audience were eager to see films o f different genres but as time passed the number of films that were being produc ed in a year increased and it became monotonous for people as the most of the fi lms revolved around similar storyline. As result today’s audience give utmost impo rtance to script or storyline rather than cast or director. • The olden tradition of the songs being sung by actors and actresses themselves i s returning in Hindi Film Industry. Lot of actors like Aamir Khan, Amitabh Bachc han, Shah Rukh Khan, Abhishek Bachchan and many more have sung songs in their mo vies. • One of the important learning is that every artist if capable, than he/she can a ct as any character in the film. Thus artists are not being restricted to partic ular category of roles as it was in olden times. • The audience now a today’s have become quite open minded and so they appreciate fi lms which are based on social issues and also issues which were considered to be taboo in the society. In 21st century women are not portrayed as they used to b e in 19th and 20th century. Lots of films are being made based on women. Male do mination is deteriorating from Hindi Film Industry. Women are portrayed to be st rong and capable of facing all sorts of difficulties. • • Western music is becoming past. The musicians have started adopting Arabic, Urdu , Spanish, Portuguese, Italian music. • Acting is not restricted to only a particular star family. Now even the small sc reen actors get chance to work in Hindi Film Industry and not as a role of chara cter actors or in friendly appearance but as main lead and same is the case with Hindi Film Industry actors. • From the report we have learnt that finance is not required for just making the film but handsome amount of money is required for pre release promotions. As a r esult lot of actors travel to various cities or even countries just to promote t heir films. • As a result of Globalization Indian actors have started getting acclamation in H ollywood and thus many Hindi Film Industry actors are offered roles in Hollywood films. 27 CONCLUSION The transition in Hindi Film Industry had started long back. Transition was noti ced in all of the above aspects but there are some misconceptions in the minds o f people regarding certain issues like smoking, drinking, doping, exposing by va rious actresses, crime and violence which they feel to have adverse impact on th e younger generation. Reality is something which most of the people are not awar e of. It is very important for people to clear their misconceptions that sexual content, kissing scenes, abusive languages, exposure by actresses etc. are not t he result of the transition but they were part of olden movies also, although at a low scale. . 28 BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.culturopedia.com/Cinema/earlyera.html 15:30 (14th March 2009) http://www.amazines.com/Art_and_Culture/article_darticleid=36760 2009) 15:35 (14th March http://www.realbollywood.com/news/20/bollywood-indian-women.html 16:15 (14th Mar ch 2009) www.indianetzone.com 16:30 (14th March 2009) http://sify.com/movies/bol lywood/fullstory.ph.page=1 14:30 (15th March 2009) http://bollywood.celebden.com /?p=5397 14:49 (15th March 2009) http://www.andhranews.net/Entertainment/2008/Ju ne/12-Indian-film-distributors49138.asp 15:15 (15th March 2009) http://www.ideam arketers.com/?Flops_In_Bollywood_Hit_Distributors_Big_Time_&articl eid=421223 15 :30 (15th March 2009) http://www.sawf.org/newedit/edit09192005/index.asp 10:05 (16th March 2009) http://www.bolly-wood.in/bollywood-history.php 10:40 (16th March 2009) http://ww w.valueresearchonline.com/story/h2_storyView.asp?str=9750 11:00 (16th March 2009 ) http://www.valueresearchonline.com/story/h2_storyView.asp?str=9750 11:00 (16th M arch 2009) 29 http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/interesting-facts/cinema/first-indian-3D-movie.h tml 11:17 (16th march 2009) http://india60year.blogspot.com/2007/08/hindi-cinema -from-eternity-to.html 11:30 (16th march 2009) ‘Film Industry Survey’ by Vanita Kohli Khandekar 08:08 (22nd March, 2009) ‘A New Cultural Lexicon’ by Sunil Khilnani 09:07 (22nd March, 2009) ‘Internationalisation of the Indian Film Industry’ by Janina Gomes 09:35 (22nd March , 2009) ‘Films – An Advertising Medium to Captivate Consumers’ by Seema Agarwal and Joel Saros h Thandamalla 00:16 (22nd March, 2009) ‘Films Insurance and Financing in India’ by A Mukund 18:07 (23rd March, 2009) TV Show – Page 3 (Zoom TV) Screen, Filmfare and Star Dust magazines 30 APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE: Transition in Hindi film Industry Name: School: Age: 1. Are you interested in watching Hindi movies? o Yes o No 2. On an average how many movies do you see in a week? o 1-2 o 3-4 o More than 4 3. What is your favo urite genre? o Romance o Action o Comedy o Suspense/Thriller o Other 4. Accordin g to you what are the effects of present day Hindi Movie? Why. o Positive o Negative 5. What changes do you want in the Hindi movie? 31