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    Polyurethane was discovered in 1937 and its global consumption reached 11 million tons in 2006. It is used in a wide range of applications due to its versatility, including 27% in furniture and mattresses, 12% in automotive, and 29% in insulation. Polyurethane is produced through a chemical reaction between an isocyanate and a polyol, often using toluene diisocyanate or diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and can be made into flexible foams, rigid foams, coatings, adhesives, and other forms. The selection of polyester or polyether polyols results in different properties for the final polyurethane material.

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    Polyurethane was discovered in 1937 and its global consumption reached 11 million tons in 2006. It is used in a wide range of applications due to its versatility, including 27% in furniture and mattresses, 12% in automotive, and 29% in insulation. Polyurethane is produced through a chemical reaction between an isocyanate and a polyol, often using toluene diisocyanate or diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and can be made into flexible foams, rigid foams, coatings, adhesives, and other forms. The selection of polyester or polyether polyols results in different properties for the final polyurethane material.

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    95 views8 pages

    PUChemistry

    Uploaded by

    lisandroltegli4985
    Polyurethane was discovered in 1937 and its global consumption reached 11 million tons in 2006. It is used in a wide range of applications due to its versatility, including 27% in furniture and mattresses, 12% in automotive, and 29% in insulation. Polyurethane is produced through a chemical reaction between an isocyanate and a polyol, often using toluene diisocyanate or diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and can be made into flexible foams, rigid foams, coatings, adhesives, and other forms. The selection of polyester or polyether polyols results in different properties for the final polyurethane material.

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    of 8

    History and Market

     Discovered by Prof. Dr. Otto Bayer in 1937

     First pilot plant in 1952 (100 t capacity)

     PU World Consumption 2006: ~11 mio t

     27 % Furniture & mattresses


     12 % Automotive
     29 % Insulation
     5 % Shoe
     27 % Others (CASE, fibers, artificial leather, TPU etc.)

    1
    Versatility of PU

     Polyurethane raw materials can be converted into

     flexible foams

     semi-rigid foams

     rigid foams

     visco-elastic foams

     non-cellular elastomers

     thermoplastic elastomers

     and
    2
    Versatility of PU

     coatings and dyes

     adhesives

     integral skins

     artificial leather

     fibres

     and many more

    3
    Basic Reaction

     Two liquids, isocyanate and polyol, are vigorously


    mixed

     Supported by catalysts
    they react with each
    other in a poly-addition
    reaction

     The result is a
    crosslinked polymer -
    polyurethane
    H
    δ+
    R N C O + H O R' N O
    R C R'
    4
    O
    Main Components

     Isocyanates

     TDI (Toluene diisocyanate)


     MDI (Diphenylmethane diisocyanate)
     IPDI (Isophorone diisocyanate)
     HDI (Hexamethylene diisocyanate)

     Polyols

     Polyether polyols
     Polyester polyols

     Additives

     Catalysts
     Surfactants
     Stabilizers
     Crosslinkers
     Chemical or physical blowing agents 5
    Typical formulations

     Flexible Foam

    component weight %
    _________________________________________

    polyol (ether or ester) 60 - 70

    amine catalyst 0.1 - 0.5


    tin catalyst 0.1 - 0.2
    silicone surfactant 0.1 - 0.6
    chain extender 0 - 10
    crosslinker 0-5
    water 1.5 - 3.5

    isocyanate (TDI or MDI) 20 - 40

    6
    Polyester PU foams

     Polyol characteristics (ester versus ether)


     much higher viscosity
     higher reactivity

     Foam characteristics (standard ester versus standard ether)


     hardness / stifness ↑
     mechanical strength properties ↑
     UV and thermal oxidation resistance ↑
     organic solvent resistance ↑
     suitable for flamelamination ↑
     regular cellstructure ↑

    7
    Polyether PU foams

     Foam characteristics (standard ester versus standard ether)


     comfort properties ↓
     hydrolysis / humid ageing resistance ↓
     resistance to fungicides / biocides ↓

     Choice polyester / polyether depends upon the application


     But the chemistry enables sometimes to correct some
    natural trends
     Lamiflex : Recticel flame laminable polyether foams
     Flikes : Recticel polyether foams with regular cells
    structure for automotive headliners

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