UNIVERSITATEA “Petre Andrei” din IAŞI

FACULTATEA DE DREPT

ENGLEZA JURIDICA (II)

Lector. univ. drd. Oana HRITCU

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CCl"Und or !nfinitive?

Vcrbs wi\lch can bc followed cithcr by Cerund o; by InfJilllivT

bcgin, continue, hatc, likc, love, lDC,H\, prefer, propo5e, i

regret, remcmbcr, start, stop, try. ._. ~

l s/OJlJlcri talkillg. (l dccidcd to keep quiet.) ,

{ 1 st-()JlJlc{!~~urposc)

~I re!llclllf~r givillg y~'ft~e 1I1011ey. (thc moment of SlvinS)

L[?c/lic1IlIJer io give 1-li1ll 501111: 7'iOney. (Don't forget ' )

~ 1 dOI1't filec 7.uakillg LI)) so curIy. (dislike)

l 1 dOJl't fiice lo wake !Iilll lill so early. (don't want to)

r 1regret sayillg il wasn'l true.'(l'm sorry that {'ve said it.)

LI regret to say' alai ... (I'm sony that 1must say ... )
I-le was afraid of falling. ((car)
J-Ie was 4raid to ]1I1n17 SO he slayed where he wns. (He Wi1S too fright­
cncci to perform the ilction.)
1pa i d hfm for trallsla ti I1g lhe artielc. (aftc.:r the tr,ms]a tion)
1paili /Iim to trans/ate the arliele. (before the translation)
~ We II/eunt to st-art carly, (we intendcd)

\ Goillg by lJUs mCaJ15 gettillg Llţi very carly. (it signifies) .

The librariI/il didn't allow LIS to talk, (Infinitive with abject)

T!le libmrian didn't a/low talking. (general)

Exercises
1. FuI in tlw Infinilive wiLh OI withoul to:

fl1 1 I.W1h. ehilclren =---_

their mea] in the g,nden. (HA VE)

~ We wantcd cverybody-ii2.-_ the news at ODe.te. (HEAR)

@ fhcy f:~xpccted US'_"'_ by planc and not by train. (ARRIVE)

-=-_
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Ij. The down made thegz:i.?ple when hc was skating. (LAUCH)

S )-ic abr~ed \L_ the ren m

advance. (PA Y)

(J Why don'[ you Jet her.=--. what shc wants/ (DO)

7. I wonder v:ho has taught her _._ so well. (DANCE)

@Theywamcdlisnot_··._·_ag<linforthelecture.(BELATE)

'J. Thcy would 1ike their daughter~CI rich m<ln. (MARRY)

10. Nobody will mClkc me-_···__ this porridge. (EAT)

~
J I'm afraid 1 fargot.L.- the light in the kitchen. (TURN OFF)

1:: Tom tried ,very hard but hc didn't manage ~ the rtddress. (rIND)
,) Wc wcrcn t allowed h - atent on thc beach. (PUT UP)
.® Wc had to ask the boys ~ making no-,isc. (STOP)
@"., [ didn't :lOtiCC anyone __ into the restaur,mt. (Ca)
f!) I'd Iike ~.·2. an opportunity of meeting Jim. (HAVE)
. 1:-'. Thc doctor adviscd my sister....L...- smoi-.:ing and drinking coffce.
(CIVL ;JP) .

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 1 ~\. Somronc must mZlke her --=----_ that she has ilO chance of getting this
i?b. (UNDER5TA~D) bL>ic.r\!:' .' . .
19. T ve nevcr heard hlIn>L_ b\lsmess vVltt111ls \Allfe (TALI()
7t). As il child 1 was ncver mad~- food which 1 didn't like. (EAI)

Il. CO/lwicte Ilie fallowl71~ sentences using Gcmnd:

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Shc is extremeI)' fon.d 0[. .
Almo,st JI.l thc people enjoy .
. J dan t lntnd .
4. WilJ you excuse .
(). l' d r1 ppreci:lN. .
0. Wc consider .
& You ("n't avoid .
@ Somconc suggcsted .
9. It's no use .....

~
1 n'n sure this film is worth .
1. Wl:cn arc. you going ta nnish .
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2. NOl10dy hkes .
.: . \ 1 ~ 1 can' t remembcr . ~

0j\'11-1 Let'sstop .....

i;' ~. W hy dan' t youiry .....
~ ~. H c doesn't want ta risk .....
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el )e~ter .
glve up .

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. We ~ouldn't help .
· Don t start .
tO I'm not used ta .

/ III. PIlI il! l!le In[itJiLive, ~ ar -ing [ann:

3~'v~ , 1. 1c1on't rcmcmbcr (lock) the car. I'd better go <md ched<.
I -do Did you rcmcmbcr (lock) thc car? It not, {'Il go and chcck.
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3. Don';; forget (take) your umbrella. It' s raining hard.
@ I'm sorry for (keep) you waiting.
t{J) Thc road was getting more and more dangerous. 1 was Zlfr<1id (go) ono
-:=: ® YOll should ha ve made hir;n (apologize) for (be) rude.
7. ]-Ie saw Peter (1ook up) the time of the trains.
,-=S. r wonder who Jet you (take) the money from my bag.
;c-9. The boys wcre allowcd (stay up) late ta sec the match.
lJ. 1c<ln't tel! you haw much time 1spent (try) ta pefSUi1c!e him ta give up

.
(drink).
() Sornebady suggested (camp) but I preferred (stay) ilf il hotel
Ycstcrday night we hemd sorneone (shout) for help.

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16.
Why don' t you tell him to stop (argue)?
1 didn't {eel like (do) anything but my wife insisted on (go oul).
1 don't mind (cook) but 1 hate (wash up).
Thc ehainnan suggcsted (record) the discussion but We thought it WClS
nol necessary.

~
It's no use (talk) -ro him. Hc won't listen.
B He'll find it diffieult to get used to (traveD to work by b\Js.
. Shc tried very hr1rd Zlnd firtally - succeedcd in (pass) (he cx,n1\. "
2(), Wh<lt'ş lhc..QPoinl of (blamc) olher~for y~ur mistakcs f7 1. 1, \.

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FiII in the blanks with an appropriate form of the verbs in

brackets. Use an infinitive, gerund or participle:

1) He has always been fond of games. (PLAY)

2) The teacher made me this exercise once again. (DO)

3) It's not worth that radio set. (REPAIR)

4) He.apologized for rude and 1 accepted. (BE)

5) She was in the habit of her dog for long walks. (TAKE)

6) She saw the children in, the garden. (PLAY)

7) It's not worth angry with here (GET)

8) Go on please. I'm listening.(TALK)

',---,

9) She can't get used to so early. (GET UP)

10) 1 wilI make you the truth. (TELL)

11) Nobody succeeded in tickets for the match. (OBTAIN)

12).1 suggest earlier. (GO)

13) Please excuse me for .late. (BE)

14) I'm used to hard. (STUDY)

15) 1 cannot afford a new radio set. (BUY)

16) 1 remember him yesterday. (SEE)

17) They saw him the house. (ENTER)

18) These shoes need (MEND)

19) The police caught hin1 into the office. (BREAK)

20) He heard her the door. (CLOSE)

21) 1 can't stand to this horrible noise. (LISTEN)

22) He is thinking of for America. (LEAVE)

23) 1 heard somebody in the next room. (SING)

24) She made me this exercise. (FINISH)

25) They tried to stop us from with matches. (PLAY)

26) Fred's brother is thinking of to Australia next year. (GO)

27) There is no point in there if you don't want to. (GO)

28) Tom insisted on the bill. (PAY)

29) We are alI excited about. on holiday. (GO)

30) Few people enjoy commercials on TV. (WATCH)

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Later you willlearn how this diIfercnce is reflected in tlle termino!ogy and
procedure of the law, but firstlellis look at an example of bolll criminal anei
civil law.
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First, the ci\~U Imv. ExaJllp1cs of this incllH.le the law of contract, tort
(literally meaning 'wrong') and propcrly. Consider the following siluation.
You decide to buy a radio frol11 a local shop. YOl! pay tlle correct price
and take t!le radio away. You have entered into a contracl with the owner
of tlle shor. After two days the r8dio fails to work.
This is a COIl11110n sifu:ltioll :llld lIslI:tlly Ilie slJopkecper \ViII rcpl:lce thr
radio OI lellllll y()lIl Illolley. If 1101, yOll III")' \Visll ta t;l·ke kJ;dl <Icfi(lll 10
n;covcr yOllr ioss. As '"e i:lw of 'C1:>lltracl is pari (lI' Ilie civil 1:1\\' 111l' p:lllies
to lhe action will be you (an individual) and the owner of the shop (an
individual person or body).
Now let liS look at SOllle examr.1es of the crirninallaw.-Tllis is lhe law by
which the state regulates lhe condllct of its citizens. Criminal offclIccs rang.e
[rom the petty~'i (c.g. parkillg offcllccs) to the very scrious (e.g. murder,
rape). Look at the following situntion.
You arc drivillg your cm at 70 llI.p.I1.~o in ali arca which has a speed limit
of 40 in.p.h. You are stopped by a police officer anei subsequcntly a case is
brougllt against you for dangerolls drivilJg.

Text l1otes:
29 small
30 rniles per haur (70 m.p.h = 112 kilametres per haurl

T\hi~ i~ â~rilllilllli ofklH.'e. TI\(' I';lrlies (n lilc :Icfioll willlllClel\ll'c be file

slale (in Ilie fOrln 01' Ilie proscclltillg alltll0rily) alll! yOll (:111 illdividll,Il).
A. f-urlitcr roillt to makc is 11~:11 altitollgll Ilie divisioll belwcC'1I civil ~nd
crinlill2( !tlW is very clcar, thcre arc lil<l.lIy acliolls wllich \Vii! constituIe a
criminal offence and a civil wrong. Let liS look again at Ilie siluatioll where
yOll arc driving your cnr Ion fast. Suppnsc that whilc )'l)ll wcre doillg Ihis
you kllocked ovcr (Ind injurcd ',111 cldcrly Indy. Yllli \ViII lIav~ Clllllil1ittcc! a
criminal offcncc (da ngcnnJs drivi IIg) ami n civil wrong (ncg1 igellcc).
LeI us extlminc this more fully by reading the following extract.
These eX!lIl1j1I<'s show t1WI thc dislinclion bctwcen a crimc anu civil wrong
cnnnot be SI;lIl:t1 as dCpclHling UpOJl IV/IIII is dOIlC, llcc:1l1se wlwt is dOl1C (OI'
Ilot <ione) ,"ay hc Ilie salile in c:lch casc.- T!te truc distillclion rcsidcs,"
thercforc, 1101 il; Ilie lIalure of Ihe WI'OIl/tflll act bul in I!II' legal CU/JSI'I/Ilf'/ICfS
I!Ial lIIay FliluH' it. If l!te wl'OlIgful net (OI' omissiol1) is cap~ble of bcing
fo!lo\Vcd by wlla( arc c:1l1cd erimilwl procccdings, tll:1t Illcnns that it is
IcgarJed as n crimc (olhcrwise ca!lcd [In ofk!lCe). If it is capable of being
followed by civil proecc<!in!,s, (hal Illeans th~,!jt-i.s!fe.r.nrJed as fi civil wrong.
If it is capable llr ltcing rollo\Vcd b'( hoth, it is lJc1k.:tnimc ;lIld:l civil wwng.
10 Criminal alld civil proceedings are (in the nOfIll;)/ ('O\se) easily distinguishable:
the procedure is different, the outcome is different, and the tenninology is
difrcl'enl.
In criminal proceedin~s Ilie tcrminology is as foII0"'5. YOll havc a
lif'l),H'r:·uln,. I"nsreulillr. a cJ~fendfltd, ami t!le rl.'snlt (lI t!tc prosccllti~lll il'
15 sllc<.:csslul is Il ('(}IIl'ie:ti{)II, "lI,cl the ddcndllnt Illlly he /illll;.I'!rrt! by !lnc ~lf II
variety of pllnishlllcnis nllll~illg froh\ lire imprisonmcnt to a fille, OI' elsc l11ay
be rclcased OII prohation OI' dischnrgcd wilhollt punishment OI' dcalt witl\ in
vnriaus other ways.
 Cel/rmIII'(/rl/,.('s of rile EI/g/fslt le(:(// systl'l/l l3

Turning to civi! proe~dings, the lerminology generally is thal fi p/ail/lif!

20 (c.g, urings aII (loial, :Jgaillst) a d!'felJc1/1lJl. The proeeedings il' sllel'essful
.1//('.1'
result in judgment for the plaillriff, anel tllC judgmC111 rnay order the defel1uant
ta pay the plaintiff money, ar ta transfer property ta him. ar ta uo o,r IlOt to
do .<;omclhing (injUJlClioll), or 10 performa contract C,pecifie pcrformancc).
Ii iS hartlly Jlceessnry to poilltout Ihal the terl11illol~lgy 01 l11e l)!le typc of
2<; "rCl\n:cdjlll~S ~;ll\lllld IIC""';' Ill.:il'Jln:)ferred-lo III(' olllC!f. "Crimilwl ;lrlinll," .fC,'
n;lllIpic, is a Illi.'inQnH'r: SO is "civilllf('enl'l''' (:11<.: 11Il'pn l':\\'lcs\i!ln i, "('i\'il
wrllll"""), One l10es 110/, speak of a I'laintilf proscclIling ;:r of the l'rinli!\al
a«'~l hein,l', .sUl~. TI1l.' l'Olllllllln ;llll11llll\l'l'Il11',lll "Trespassns \ViII l'l'
1'~OS~cllt(d" II:!s I)Cl'.1I c:dled a """""elell" lil'," I"m II<'sl'a:;s hits l\aditil'l!'.dll'
'(1) \)('<;11 a civil wrollg, Il'" (gcllerallYI 11 6rillll;, (Th(;le arc :;'lIllC Sl:lllIl',ll\'
off.llces of l,e~;pa:;s, suc II as tlTSp:lSS OII a railway lille; <Ind <1 "sIJlIalln"" l';
ollier trespasscr in a housc tlial is ol'<:upicd m n;'1uircd fllr lll'Clll'alion
generally conllllils an ofrcnec il' he f;lils to Icavcupon request.)
/\gain, the '.'Iord "gllilq" is lI.';cl1 I'rilll:lJ'ily!lf criminals, The corrcsrondillg
15 word ;11 civil G1SCS is "Iiable"; bul Ihis \Vonl is alslluscd ill criminal contcxlS.
(:ivil nnd crilllillai courts arc partly hUl Ill11 clllirl'ly distilll'\. Tlle C/<'ll'/I
COl/IL has allllost cxclusively crilllinai jllrisdiclion. t-.lagistrnles are ehiefly
cOllcelllcl1 wllh crilllill:J1 cases, but the)' Ilavc important civil jurisdiction OVl'f
'icl'n~illg aud f:JJIlily Ill(ltters, OII lhe otller hand, the COIJIlty court is only
civil. alld so is tlle liigh Courl :Jp<nt from appcals,
Williams, LcamilJg illc LaIII (Stevells !YH2). pp. )-'1.

Text notes:
31 is
32 this relers to the notice board which is olten made or wood
33 person occupying buildinq vvithoul perrnission

You slJould lJe aware rrom sludying (Ilis passage lllal, in Ollr !Iypot!lclieal
siluation, wililst tlle onc act conslitulcd bo[1l a criminal offencl' amI a civil
• wrong, tlle legal cOIIsequellces undeI' tlle criminal ami civil law wiU bc
1(, diffcrcnt, You would be IJroSecuted by Ilie state in (!le crilllinai courts for
,'~ dangcrous driving 3nd suecl by llle clderly laci)' in tlle civil courts for
j~ negligencc. The two aetiolls will bc tolally separale. We \ViII LX:IIlline l!lis
.;~ more fully when we look at the eourt systelll in Chaptcr 4.
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Cornprehension check

19 In oreler ta Cl18Ck your ul1cJer~;t,lI1rliI1U of sOll1n (1( tllf~ imp:,)lli1l1t tl,r!1lS in

[he passage, on a separJt8 sheet of paper complele (/te lable below by
placing lhe following worels and phrases in the corrc:ct column:
~ ci v; I wrong, crime, Crown Court, gu.~ty, plainliff, lire irlilpţisQfH)'Hmt, ta

i,
,1
;,
COlwict. defendant, to prosecute, conviction, liable, Cllunty court,
ludgmefll for Ihe piolilltilf, prosecutor, punishmclIl, la pundl, offence.

C/v/I Cnmin;J/
!
civil wrong
--cJ';;~ --.__.-- '-_.. -._._._--.- ._.--.
f
I
 ,

seven years. In just thirtymqnths, he was released Irom prisonIor good behaviour.,
10 '1 just can:t get ~~cr tllis,' says the slal;lgirl's moti.;~r,jw4t~';evex:get over~s. To
know that the price of my ţhild's life was ~ess than threey~at$nhai this ma~lisfnie n<?!'Vto do
the same thing to someone else"'- 1 c~n't reconcile myseJf to it, lccl,ni t beHeve any more tJ-Îat' "
, there is such n thing as juslicc in the world. Ev.erything lJried,to live by, everythingI brO'.ight
up my children to respect: things just don't work ihaJ way.' The woman-tells the reportei' she is
15 active in an org,l1lisatiol1 for crim~ victims and their relatives,''Weali know we have to get an
with aur lives,' she says, 'but thansn'l easy lo do under the circumslances. 1 felt as t1lOugh my .
gir! was.killed twice - ollce by Ihal SCUln, and once bythe jiidge who said; well, !!OU OII'!! !rnve to
go lo jl/il for n fC1lJ !!cnrs, They killed her memory, saying that was <ill he.r Ii{e was worth.' The
oufr~ged lllother spoke of j~IStiC~, n9t 're'vellge, but reveilg~ ,~as obyiously one elemerh in an
20 ideal of justice to which she had <ldilercd, witJiout giving·the nlCitt.er much conscious thollght,
': ' unUl tlie day when the !sj';ue was transf.ofxPed from i'inaqstradioli into a painful personal
realil}{. Th,is sense o{ jllsli~~ js so fundamental tO ou~ psy,cJio~9gical well~beiilg thal it rarely .
inlrudcs upon ?~r .collsciollS~lCS~;!ike many basi: ~sstin~pţio.ns,pr,eo1aii1s l~rr.ely./LIll:xamined
unless .a.nd untJ! Il1S s(~rely vlO1ated. The symbolIc. scal~~ ofllşt~cell~\ve a real tr~f.mng for
25 JllQstptJzens, who belleve lhat t!le legal syslem eXIslst9'ma~ntC\lnamotaland Sbatal
equiJIbrium, a11d to rcslore lhal cqui1ibrium whcIl itha~ be~~\dolellt1)' disţurbeel.; . .,
, ",.;"" •.i:" ,I:i.' ~'r.:!>;·, ,:1,:'.'. '." .), • i' .
. There is, of course, <1 wide range of opirikHl o11.,."hiifccihsHiiites appropriate redress.
.. For thosc whose concept of justke is concerned primariiy with tl~e ci-iminalfs dghts anei '
--'pi'ospects {or rehabilitation, an)' eXlended puni,<;hment issimplyai10ther crime: Fot those
30 f~cused tolnlly,on the viclim's righlS, only e~ecutioI~~ 01' otherse'v,ere p.emillies ,viII 5uIfice la i'
./ ,

reslore a seilse of moral ba (eIllCC, Bctween these e)<ti'ein~s Jies a;bibad.conc~p.l,of justice thcit :
dcima~ds Agreatcr measure of ;'dribution lhan the A~ed2~~ (egal'system6irrently dispense~,
a speclrum of refribution that excludes both exccutlori nnd the ielcase of a ki1Jer from.prison in
less 'than three years. This intermecliate sellsc, ~Jf j~stiCt~.~ ,?ţ\Hhat is, 1 believe, shared by the .\.....
35 largest proporUon of lhe public - !las been Olllraged by tl~'e in~dequate; response bfthe legal
,syslem to lhe risillg incidence of violent crime dudng the paşJ.,tw'enty yc;ars. Such outr<ige Îs
'U1iqllcstionably the singlc most important fador 1.n the enlotioJ;nl i'esurgencc of supporf for
capital pu'nishmcnl todny; il 11l1lst be ilddrcssed by-those who refuse, as 1 do, 10 include death
.in their concept of relributÎve justicc. " '.
..
:•• t
40 It is true t!lnt CI mensurc of popllli'lr enthusiilsm.for the dealh penalty cxists
fJ ~ţ~ -: : independently oE the gener<llleve1 of crinle and vi()ielic~ in soCi~ty. Otherwisc, there woqld be
'·f rio supporUor capitel! punishment in Western EUl'op~,·E~gţi:iild,·nnd Canad<l, \':Vhose crime
fi ;.
J I .:.:­
rates 1llak~' th'~m nppc<ll" ilS near-pastoral re1alms jllFoIl1p~rison.to the United St~les. In view of
lhe rellltively greater persol1C11 s<lfcty they cnjoy, Ies'noi surpiis'iilgthat those Europeilns who
:!~~, ; 45 la Vor clIpital punishm:!llt expend less passion on the issue than the Americans ~o.
}i· . . . . . ,
II;'

. I "'.
.~..! A significant exception to this·'ack of passionis apparent wheri Europeans bcgin to
Y .,
1- taJk nbout the need la 'get t(jugh' w,Vh perpelrators of po1Hi~al violence. The United States has
been relatively ullaffeCled oy the kind of highly visiblelerrorist ads that have influcnccd
Iii "
public opinion in England, FrancG, !IaIy and Genn~ny. Even OUl' !nost trnumatic political
50 assassina~i?ns, li<lve genemlly been perceived as isolal~d~cls mther tiwn as IuIl.-~caie ruplures J, ,!
ii) the fabrie of şociety. This petception of violcnce. CIS a. phenorncnon for which the instiga tors ',";

iue t'âSOIlaily and individuali!! accoulltabIe refleds aC!lai'iid~.risticaIlyAmericflJ1 at!itude that .

~J
extcnds' Inr bcyon'd iSSlles of crime and pullishment.··, .
.;.\ . / /:' ·~l~::.~·
(Wild !usUce by Susan }awby)
 .. I
/ / le

"
~ .... ~;,~LI!".'!._"._

Law and, order, crime

and punishment f.
I

Study and practice

Below you sec tbe story of an extraol'dinal'Y Case in l:3riLish legal history. The affair

startt'll in l:J1~ :lnd \Vas finally cJosed in 1966,

At the moment, there are a number of gaps in the story, Usc the words below to

compleLe iL.

.tria) .confesscd It court .custody • guilty

.convictcd vCIHIuiry (x 2) • scntenced .jury .execution
.arl"cstcd • innoccnt .charged .appcul .dropped
pnrdon judges .plea .upprehended .hunt
* suspect tried • cxecuted' ~statcments .dcnied

'l'lle SLOI:Y uegan when il mun called Timothy Evans was ,1for th~ lTIurder ofhis wife
and baby. He was?;.. wiLh the double murder, but a short time Intel' one ofthe charges
was J. and he was ,tt. for the mul'der ofhis daughter only,.During the f. Evans'
accused the man whose house he had been living in, John Christie. of the crimes, but
no attention was paid to him. The ţ found Evans .'f and be \Vas ţ, to dcatb. A.n .1­
was turncd down und <.l-l1'ăhe was 1.Q in 1950.
-Some time latel', more womcn's bodies wcre dis'covered in Christie's house: two,
ti ll"ec , foul',five, six. ":John ChI;Stic was the poJice's ~ier!1 and they started a
nn tjonwide g for hilll, He w.as soon .'.,~ .. Altegeri FiEy ctiJ1riW while he was in/bc:..st
doubt on the Evans hallbring, When hc went to li. Christie l'1: that he had murdered :
Ml'S Evan~,.but in private it was suid that he /Sto that crime. Hisl5 ofinsanity with
- ----..-- regal·d to other murders was rejected and he wa~~ of killing his wife. ~
,. Soon aftel'wards there was an ~Jinto the~tofTimothyEvans. The'Pdecided that
l jllstice hud been done and Evans had been rightly hanged. It was only in 1966 that
another--?fwas set up,1'his time it was decided that Evans had probably been,zS'and
he was given a free -l.b. Better 1at.e than never, as they say.

Quiz
Now n quiz on S0l11C points of law - English ~tyle. TlIe answers may well be
differcnt in yOllr COUlltt-y. Simply answer the qllestions Yes ar Na. The answel·S
ncconling to gnglish law are p,'inted aL the end of Lhe quiz.

6)h it a crilIle to try and kill yourseH?

@15il.illc g altohel p solllCbo.rl.\'toconnnitsuicidc?

Q Can you be executed for murdering fi policeman?

« If, after 3 tllul'der, aU the victim'ş I'clatives plcad: 'Please don't prosecutel' ca~
chargJ'ls again,st. the suspcctcd culprit be dropped?
(15, Iftwo!,rm.ed thieves hrcak into fi hous~, guns.in hand, and one ofthem shoots
.'r:! <lfld 1<l1ls thc-hollse-owncr, 15 hls aceomphcc guJ!ty of rnurder?
\.:V 1 f I SLll"Jlrise an -intnlCler in my ]oul1g-e aL nighL sL(~nling' lJly mil1ions, ha ve J u legal
l·ight to ussault him wiLh n wcnpon?
7 1l' J se( a trap - il fifly-j(i!() wcighljl'St. ,1\)uVC lhc froL~ ~!)or - Jilr any hurglars who
nlight try ano cntel' Lhc house, ill11 1 brcaking' t!le law'l
~Al"tcr .il div(,;n;c ar legal scp:lnttion, can (1 wife be rcquircd to pay :11~mony ta her
ţ....J C'x·h\l.,I'cllld.

185
• .:._~~ • • _0 "''';'''A~.,_~_J.''':''''··O~ •. __ '­

Law <Ind ordcr, crime and punishmcnt

--------------_. -­

~ IrI promise to marry 111}' girll"riend nnd Lhcn change my mind shorLly before thc
r.0I wedding, can she take me to court?
\!y lfyou snid to your teachcr in thc middk ofQJlc ofhiş lessons: 'You don't J010w the
rirst thing about teaching l ' could he bril1g a civil action against you?
11 Would 1 bc in danger of ~ommitting an offence ifI put an advertisement for my
school in the papei:' saying: 'Male white teachcrreqllircd"7 '
1 lf, as a dcfendant (or tlj.e accuscd), 1 am \lot satisfied with the way my
barrister has handleqJ;my defencc, can 1 sue him?
t]). !f ~ou were in ~y house}-.lll1invitcd ....: and the ceiling, ~hich had h~d a Jarge crack
V 1Il It for some time, cavcSlll1 and brokc your Jeg. would It be a good Idea to
,,,() consult yoursolici tod .
~ Cun 8 pt~r~on suşp~decl of ::Ind chRrf!cd with r;J.pe be allowed baiI'?

Answers

I
1 No, noL any more.
2 Yes, even mercy-killing (euthanasia) is against the law.
3 No. Capital punishmc:nt was abolished in the 1960s.
4 No. Mllrder is fi crime against society (this invo)ves crimin,allaw) and nol-just
a civil matter hetween .individuclls. .'
5 Yes. Joint guilt. In thc eyes ofthe law, both are guilty.
6 No - at least, only in self-defence. '''-.....­
7 Yes.
8 Yes.
9 No, Tlot now; Some ycaJ's ago she could h<lve sued me JOI' breach of promise...!· ' I r-,•••,;tJ'ţ1
10 Yes, hc could claim it was slander (01' libel, ifyau wrote it in a newspaper). Re (<.':" : .:""~
prolJably wouldn't, though, because or the legal costs. ' - I~ ',,/,. n
11 Yes, because of thli Sex:Discriminntion Act and tbc Race Relations Act.
12 No. .••
13 Yes. You could sue me rOl' negligence and 1 would probably have to pay dll.lllagcs.
14 Yes. .

Practice 1
[] Th~re are many crimcs allci offences apart rrom Lhe few mCIlLiollcc1 abovc. Exp1aill,
deftne or give examples of thc ofTenccs listcd below.

blackmaH v _1. IJti~iHg without due care aneI attentiol1

.,.-kidnll.PPin g \ i)-'1n·uggî'.ng - robbery wiţh violence

I . arson V· ~ peddling
respassing V ' ( rI/espionage - spying. V

11llnslaugh er I fI.· ~v,· ~ shopliftillg ",

.~.

muggling tlLl, I)).~ ','.' \X1reason v '\

orgery:-, .~~ .hijacking J \

eţ
' higamy \' ob'cenit.r\\t~.'>t~

Ă>aby- or wifc-battcr.ing; . (/' bribe{QŞ'a·nff"'corruption .

• ' conspiracy , 'v'petty~eft > 1, 'i I I I '.

rlUd "o \ .

Which of the above wOll'l o)' couJd il)y?~ve the f(lliowing?

1 coiJntcrfeit nioney' 4 Il rllo,som'.. 7 state secrets/

2 pornography ~/heroin '8 contraband

\,....._3 hostuges/ Il traitor "': l)ţtt~dcteetivc

lSG

"'-'~~1?~~lj
: '; ...
:.:?:;;.
, !..;
. ~
, "
o; "
 (J {\ v

l'

,/,

'--..

25 Crirne a'nd punisl1l11ent

.­
\/

l:jll)1I Ihr 11Iissillg \\'Prds ill 'l1r srlllrlllT.S "dp\\,. ('11I1(ISl' rroi;l lIn: rI'IIP"'illg:

.~----~-----------_.

:Ilrl':;fl'd rl'fIl:llltlnl ill ClIsIPtly (1cft-IICl'

spricilur l'vidrlll"l' I>"rrisll'"
vl'rdiCI I'ropr \yilf1l:sS
lilll' cI1:lI b cd Icslilllt'lI)"
.illvrlli!t: dd;lIqlll"'1 srlllrIlCl'" C) nn:on
1>:';1 ~I;,t~ s (,,"rI ""r!:l"ry'
Ilf"{ISCCllt;tHl I"'(li>:tii,'"i ifllpr;.I.j(l/lIJlI:111

Cllllllllii ClIlhl'/.I.ll'lI'l'lIl
Sllllp!i i"t i"I:
~

.,.I1c 1I111"hlT tii' yt'lIllg ,'rnpfr ,dlll ....

I
sllllrplY;11 rerelll years.

2 ÂII(llhrr IlOlISl' "'liS i,rtlkl'il"illio Iasi 'Vcrk. TI1is is '"r ""ird

il; IlIr :1l'c1,";ilir;l' r:'SI 11I""111.

,,
\. .1 T"r jllugr , .
rol' al"llled mhhny .
•/ Ânrr 1"'r1vc h"lIrs. lI1r Jllr)' lill:oIly'rcarl1nl ils .... ,. 1" ·i·.··.······· Iilr
"i I,":slllll-r 1I':IS gllill)'. /',
.~ All"ll1ll!1t '''e i,,,lier Si'SI'/:clrd '''al "r ":nl "erll illv"lvnf ill irn: rlll'''rry. sillrr
~! t"l")' Imd fl1f ddill;1 r Ilterl' ("ilS llll".'hlg llll:y dll l"lu""
;;r,01f( il. 1\ I

(. ':rr p:lrkcd I1is car ill lI1l' \·vrl1l1(;.r1aee 111101 IlIld 'i,!,ay;1 [20 "ar~il1l1

7 Tllis is II,c rnllr'" lil'r ;11 Ilie area I:ccelllll'· T"r pnliec sllspect ·············1

X .,.I1l' sIli'!' drridrd Ip i,isl:tll rlnsrd·circllil Idr\'isilll1 ;11 :111 e1Tnr' In rtllll"al :'lte

I'rnl1klllllr

1 I) r le \Vas.. .. .. hy Iile I'n/;ce 1,"lside II 111lb ill S"Il,t ;llId

. ( ...
. , .. 11';1" IlIllIdrr.. I

.1', / .", . ' 1 l't1\III.S 111

ICIC :lIe 111'11 (1'1111.11:1 . IJ" /11:1111-1 rtC .,

' ..

rttl lIIillor olkller.~ IlIltI II t: .... 1'111' "">1'C ,Se'I·illll.~ ltlle~.

~
11 Â i~ :l
,
l'llllllg I't:r~tllt 11'100 (,f'l'"k~ Ilie laII'.

- / - ..
 J: '~'.
I~ II ,1:" ... is SlIlllCIlllC IVlllI SCCS l' L'I';IIIl: h<:iJl!: ClIlIlIlIilk{i.
1.1 TII~ 1:1\\'}'n \\·IIl} I'l'l:plll'l'S III~ C:I:i~ 1'<11' !lis OI h~I',L'!ielllp,.jol' Il) IIPIlL'III'illg ill L'llIlri,

c:;,,·
is. ',o ~l,
1 '1 ,: ,
TI le I
:'lVycr I\'IIll :ICllllllly I'l'eSClll.~ Ilie cllse l.~
ill COIII'I is ,::tli<:d II :./ 1 " .
..:' "'
'1·1 Th~, SIIIII 01' ll1\lIll:y lefl lVilll cOllrl lIl',:,1V so Ihal prisJlIlt:r "~sel, free IIl1lil "

his ;'j,: h:1' Iri:1I COliles "I' is c/lllcd ..

II' II
'
111:IY
,.
1-' Thc~l>lIl1k lllalla(;CI' ;ldlllill~" Iltkill[; n.\O,OOO ,,1' lh~ lJ:lllk's .IIWlle:y tJlIrillg IlIc
~'.I·c~,iu.os fi\',' rc;"'s .. /lc IVIIS 1":'"'" U"iil,I}' oi.' :.:.. , , ; l ;.'
'-."',
,i '1
j:
(, ­ 1(, IIIC,,\\'III1C" hdd Ihe Biblc /11 hl'l' ":./[;)'1 ""'1l1 :\lIl/ s:lill: "1 slVe:.. ;· lly Ahlli,:I,I)' Clld 1.
, (
ih:ll,ilIC.. .. ......... /. . I sl,:t1I(;ivc sh:tllbc Ihe irll"h, Inc \VIIl"t: 11'1'1". I
':lII'[/""Olhilll; IJIII Ih~ Il'!lIh." I ,:
r.
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I . _' 1'.
(
17 Tht: r;)/'IIl:tI sl:IIeIlICIII 1I1111it: i>}' It \l'illle:s.s ;,\ t:ollrl i,; t::lliL'd li ../ ..1
j:, IX II' '<flei'SIIlI i.s
lhal he: lIr she: is 1'"1 ill prisull
.. .;
berore !,;s ,"' heI' tri:1I t:1I1l1CS
"
tlp.\,i .
L IhLs IlIL':IIIS 'J :
1: :, '##

F-'1 1) Siili:l: il WIIS !Ii:: lirsl (""-t:llct:, l>e \I':lS IIl11 sC1l1 III pr;sllll l>1I1 pili Il Il . .' ;;";
I
/
,.'.-:'. ,P,... ... fIII' (, 11i1I1lIh's, ' . I ii;',';;
..... ~:{~
.)

- ~o AI q: Iri:II, IhL' i>;IITislt:1' II'lill spc;lb: 1,,1' rllt: IICL'IISCil is ridic'" llic ClIIIIISL'1 r"I'
r'~' ~ t

1: Ihc'.I . II'hiic.IIIL' iJIIIT;slcr \\'hll s"t:ab :1/;;I;IlSI ltilll fs

c;lIic~I·llte ClIllIl.St:1 1"'1' !ht:
1/ .
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1
'.

I ,(,0 /Vll1kc II/(' IJlIIIÎsllIlIl'lIl./il III/' aÎIIII'

l'

VANOALISM ANO
HOI1EWORK/
VIOLENCE IN
I//f) YOV
SCHOOL ANO SA V.?
!
,i
1 SOCIETy r
'1 WILLIAM W DRICKMr\N
;

:ij Wilh growillg I'reqllt:nc)', !;faliSlics

1, reveal a cOllsideraok !ll'cvalcl1cc'
I o{ vandalism and vio/cncc in schools
aII over lhe counrry. Thc annllal

I,
I
repons lJy lhe flll 2_ alCesr ((), [he
pcn:nninl J risc o{ jllvcnilc dc­
Jinquencl ami crimc in so<.:iery al III 197.1-74; o{ vall~:dism, (rom 27 eCOJlllmy. racial tcnsions and
i, Jarge, ro 71; allel of olber illfraclions 7 , c1nshcs lo , lht: availabilily of wcap­
.,
; Inlilrm:llion rcJcased hy ,he New various incrcas'es. 't\~saulrs (J~creased ons, IlIc widcspread acces'iibility ar
York Cii)' IJoard of Educalion ill {rom 12 {Q IlaI' rhis school, OUl drugs alld lil/uor, IlIc elaiiy depiclioll
December, 1975, ShOlild CHISt: t'On­ homo 'I!trears rost: frolll leHlr 10 six. of violence in lelcvision programs,
1· sidt:raolc anxicI)'. IJl 'Flln Ciri', Ihe Finally, aII csrimare by rhe National Ihc inconsisrcnt and lighl punish-,
numocr ol'acls ofcrilllc illlhc puhlic I\sso<.:iarioll 01' SchooJ Securilr Di­
I schoo/s during St:prt:mlJt:r·.. rectors indielle!; Ihal, dll~ing 1Y74,
menr' Jncred 011('1 I by (he courlS,
and parcnral jllld pcdagogical/per­
I NovcmlJcr, ]975, lVas 55% highcr Ihere lVere 12,000 anned i'5bbcries, Olissi)'en<,:ss. EfTorls al coping
lhan (OI' llic corrcspolldillg period in 270,000 burglarics, 204,000 aggra­ Wilhl 2 l!te wavcs of s<.:llOol valldal­
J 974. Thc major cr,irnin:1I aCI ions vared n,~!-i:lllI('s8, and 9,000 rapcs in ism :lIld:crime havc bcen h~m,~
IVCl'C ass:llIlrs 5 OII leachcl'S :llld I\mcrit:an schools, allLf rlial lhc priec
pcrcdIJ.:by jlltiicinJ 1•1 and şocial
rohhcries of [cadlcrs, pupils, and of vandalism reacbcd IltiOU,OOO,OOO,
resrri<':1 iohs up;m sllspcnsion l ~'.. ex:
olht:rs. In a large sllburhan high The hl:tlllL' {OI' lhis siluation has l6
clllsion alld corporal pUllishmenl,
school in Illinois, considere" Il)' {l'cljllL:llrly bcell I:liti":,r 'lilt:' door oI' accompaJlit:'(f,-~y an insisleJlCC upon
principals 10 oc oile o{[he 'besl' 100 l!tC currenr staI LIS and lllood or a bl'oad definiriVIl of puril rig hls .
in rhe US, incidcnls 01' Inrccnl sociery. I\mo,ng lhc conrriilulory
"'C/l1 lip rrom 2(, in I IJ7() 7/ \11 105 I'a<.:lors ciled are Ilie dcp/onlhlc'l IIIII'//ce/

-
.. ..... _--- -,,,----, --_.... _... - .. _....-- ._--_._. __.. _---~_. __._--.
,
I
I
.
:1 PRISON AND CAPITAL
1
I
; PUNISHMENT

~ 1 Find the English words in the article thai

correspond te the Romanian words below.
I

A. a.fi eliberal colldiţiollat u. deţinllţi care mi jelsl eliberaţi

wlldi!ional c. reducerea pedepsei D. Închisoare pe piati
, E. CI ispăşi o pedeapsă F. pedeapsa w Îllchisoarea
G. pedeapsă H. pedeapsa cu moarlea I. Închisori de
lI/{/xil/lă securilale J. ţilluţi ÎII arest prevenlilJ K. anj)(f
În (are se află deţinuţii În (lresl prelJCIllilJ L. pedeapsa
cea 11lai p'Ca M. (nlld se dă el asemenea pedeapsă
Thc mast serious form of punishment, besides c:apitil!
I r
pupis!u;t)ent, is a prison sentence. When such a sentence is
handed down~ thc judge must sign a <ţ'ommittaljwarrilnt
betore me aetendan t is taken to prisoll 'to serve--his or her
s~nte!1re. Habitu<.1] offenders ar~ senUQ l~UIl~ se~u~ity.
p~.s.g.!ls. and the hCilviest ~~-,.e they can geL is Pf~.
irrwrisonment.. A pnsoner may not serve his or heI' full
sentencc and may be granted ~ remission of sentence for
good behaviour in jail. Prisoners ha~ing scr~cd o'ne' third of
their sentcnce may be r~lea~ed.oJl, p~ro.J:. They are then
called parolces. Of course prisoners may also bc offcnders
who have becn remanded in custody waiting fortrial. They
are usually kept in thc rcmand wing of a prison.
, I

4V 2 Replace the words and expressions in italics with

II
ansppropriate synonym from the list below.
A. rl!171anded 011 baii of f4000 B. conjil1ement c. stood baii of
f4000 for D. tile death penalty E. released 1 retaliated
G. hooliganism H. clemency

I. He was released 011 baii of f4000 as a guarantee that he

would rcturn to the court to face triaJ.

27
 '.

I 9. PRISON ANO CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

2. He paid MOOO to t!le eOl/rt to re/ease his brother.

3. He jumped baiI (i.e. he did not appcar in court after having
bcen releaseJ on baii) because he could not stand the
idca of imprisonment.
4. The USA has rctained capital pemis17ment even if it has
been challenged on constitutional grounds since 1977.
5. Amnesty International makes official requests for merey
ali over the world.
6. He was set frec last week.
7. He was sentenced to prison for violent behaviour at the
football match.
,: They took retributory aetion against him because of his
having been involved with a drugs gang.

. . , 3 Make two-word expressions by motching eoch of

the words (1-l O) with a word from the list (A-)).
~ community A. squad
f) death B. leave
{) firing f governor
@ genuine inmate
sexual penalty
home consent
ciJ lethal work
}fcustodial
/prison r

~. prison 1. harrassmen t

. . . 4 Which one of the words below are you not likely

to find in an article about the death penalty? Can
you translate the words?
1. death row inmate 2. pUl1ishable 3. lifer 4. reprievc
5. term ofprisol1 6. pcnalty 7. bailee 8. baii 9. wardcll ,

J hJdd i I;'~:-, ~~ (!J):;( 01,' Jl .!J.:" -;)JMW

I ~ IoA 5:r ~ k­
46 3(;GL
1 (\
1~ ţ'
1-71
/'-'
3 1

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