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@ Differences in endurance and physical work capacity among
children, young adults, and middle ²aged or elderly individuals are
evident.

@ some comparisons are made between maximum oxygen uptake

and the factors influencing it and among the blood pressure ,
respiration, vital capacity, and maximum voluntary ventilation in the
different age categories.

@ It is important when developing aerobic conditioning programs

that these age-related differences are taken into consideration.



£
eart rate
2 troke volume
3 ardiac output
4 aximum oxygen uptake
5 lood pressure
6 espiration
7 uscle mass and strength
O


  Def:- it is number of beats/min.

  esting heart rate:- It is a person's heart rate when

they are at rest: awake but lying down.

  aximum heart rate:-It is the highest pulse rate you

can attain during all-out effort. aximum heart rate is
d

d with the formula  d. ut this is
only an estimation, and not particularly accurate.
  ?fter birth as age vagal tone & heart rate , but in old
age heart rate is slightly higher due to fall in vagal tone.

  Vagal tone in old age due to degenerative changes

taking place in the nerve fibers.
X  


dis parasympathetic supply through the
vagus nerve & parasympathetic nervous stimulation
causes reduction in heart rate.
p

 
  
d
d 
£
? ? @ esting heart rate reaches
no. of 60 to 65 beats per minute at
beats /min. £7 to £
yrs of age 75 beats
per minute in a sitting ,
sedentary young man
´In sedentary young man

is more than normal because
âIn sitting position the gravity
acts more on heart than in
supine so more powerful
contraction is required to
meet the body requirement.
âIt may also be due to obesity
which leads to fat deposition
in the arteries & hence
resistance to blood flow
through the blood vessels, to
overcome this resistance the
heart has to pump with much
greater speed.
@ esting heart rate is not influenced
by age.
@ aximum heart rate is aged ²
related and decreases with age in very
general terms, 220 minus-age he
average maximum heart rate for men
20 to 29yrs of age is £90 beats/min. for
men 60 to 69yrs of age, it is
£64beats /min.
´due to old age muscle walls of heart
becomes weak it·s recoiling ability
which leads to myocardial
contractility & results in reduction of
heart rate.
@ he amount that the heart rate
increases in response to static and
maximum dynamic exercise hand grip
decreases in the elderly.
@ aximum heart rate is
age-related £90 beats per
minute in the same
sedentary young man

´max. heart rate is

generally measured during
exercise. During exercise
there is demand of
oxygen and blood nutrient
by the body which leads to
stimulation of sympathetic
nervous system which
causes increase in
myocardial contractility &
results in heart rate.
 !"
  Def:- he amount of blood pumped by the
ventricles of the heart in one beat.
  troke volume increases during exercise due
to:-
£. Increase in myocardial contractility by
epinephrine and non-epinephrine.
2. Increase heart rate.
 @ he adult values @ troke volume
 for stroke volume decreases in the aged
X d
!"
 are 60 to and results in decreased
 d"

d
#d

d !
d d

0ml 75ml in a cardiac output.
  d "d
$ sitting ,sedentary ´ elasticity of blood
young man vessels due to old age or
due to arteriosclerosis
@ ith maximum leads reduce venous
exercise ,stroke return which causes in
volume is £00ml in stroke volume.
that same Due to elastic
sedentary young recoiling ability of heart
man. there is myocardial
contractility which cause
decrease in heart rate
which results in stroke
volume.
#""
  Def:- It is volume of blood pumped from a ventricle
of the heart/min. It is the product of heart rate and
stroke volume.

  ardiac output is increased during exercise due to

increase in
 and stroke volume.

 
igher values of cardiac output can be achieved in

young's as compared to old subjects due to higher
max. heart rate in young's.
è%

@ ardiac output at @ ardiac
volume of blood pumped rest is 75beats/min × output
from a ventricle of the
heart/min. It is the product of 75ml,or 5.6liters/min. decreases on
heart rate and stroke volume an average of 7
@ ith maximum to 3.4litres
exercise , cardiac /min. from £9
output is to
6yrs
£90beats/min ×£00ml,
or £9liters /min
 $"$% G
  Def:-It is a measure of the body·s capacity to use oxygen or the maximum
amount of oxygen consumed by the body/min. when an individual reaches
maximum effort.

  VO2 max. of an individual determines the maximum aerobic work capacity

i.e. it is the best physiological indicator of aerobic work capacity of man.

  During exercise it increases due to O2 delivery to the tissue due to:-

â in cardiac output.
â in alveolar ventilation.
â in capillary density.
It depends on muscle mass and functional dimensions of O2 transporting
system.[stroke volume,
, a-vO2 difference.]
  It is usually measured when performing an exercise that
uses only large muscle groups such as swimming, walking
and running.

  It is influenced by age, gender, heredity, inactivity and

disease.

  It is expressed relative to body weight as ml of oxygen

per kilogram of body weight per min.

  It is dependent on oxygen binding capacity of blood,

cardiac function, oxygen extraction capabilities.
ÿ&  @he difference in @ ?ccording to cardio ²respiratory
&
d  VO2max between males fitness classification, if men 60 to
and females is greater in 69yrs of age of average fitness level

'd adult. are compared with men 20 to 29yrs
it is a measure of age of the same fitness level, the
of the body·s @esting VO2 max. is maximum oxygen uptake for the
capacity to use 250ml/min. older man is lower
oxygen or the 20 to 29 yrs : 3£ to 37 ml/kg/min.
maximum @ Differences in VO2max 60 to 69yrs : £
to 23ml/kg/min.
amount of between the sexes is
oxygen minimum when VO2max is @ ?erobic capacity decreases about
consumed by the expressed relative to lean £0% per decade when evaluating
body per min. body weight. sedentary men. aximum oxygen
consumption decreases on an
@ In sedentary young man, average from 47.7 ml/kg per min. at
maximum oxygen uptake age 75yrs.his decrease is not
equals 3000ml/min. oxygen directly the result of age; athletes
uptake at rest is equals who continues exercising have
300ml/min. significantly less decrease in VO2max
when evaluated over £0_yrs period.
-#"
  It is defined as lateral pressure exerted by
column of the blood on vessel wall.

  ystolic pressure:-It is defined as max. pressure

in arteries during systole of the heart.

  Diastolic pressure:-It is defined as minimum

pressure in arteries during diastole of the
heart.
 @ ystolic blood pressure
lood pressure increases because
(
 is £20mm
g avg. . ?t peak of increased peripheral vascular
d d effort during exercise, resistance.
values may range from as
low as £90mm
g to as @ ystolic blood pressure of aged is
high as 240mm
g. £50mm
g avg.
@ Diastolic blood pressure is 90mm
@ Diastolic blood
g avg.
pressure is
0 mm
g
avg. . Diastolic pressure
does not changes markedly
with exercise.



"
d d
  Increases in linearity with severity of exercise at all ages and may
increase to 200mm
g.

  It is mainly due to sympathetic stimulation of heart during exercise.

  Increase is more in older subjects, because resting  is more due

to arthrosclerosis.

   increases more than D due to decreased distensibility of

arteries as the age increases.

  Increase cardiac output.

  Vasoconstriction of non working muscles to the working muscles .



"
d d
  D remains normal [except in very severe exercise ] because it
depends on peripheral resistance. During exercise due to sympathetic
stimulation there is vasoconstriction but due to local regulatory
mechanism in the exercising muscle there is vasodilatation. o
peripheral resistance remains normal.

  In obese people [brachial arterial pressure gives high readings]

because there is more tissue between the ´cuffµ and the artery.

  he pressure in any vessel below heart is increased and that in any
above heart is decreased by the effect of gravity.

  motional stress ² during emotional stress there is sympathetic

stimulation which causes increases in .
[ above £40/90mm
g is termed as hypertension.]


  espiration is the process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide
is given out.

  Vital capacity V :- It is the maximal volume of air which can be expelled

from the lungs by forceful effort following maximal inspiration.

  V V+IV+V
â V tidal volume :-It is the volume of air breathed in or out of lung during
quiet breathing.{V:-500ml}
â IV inspiratory reserve volume :-It is the maximal volume of air which can
be inspired after completing normal tidal inspiration.{IV:-2000-3500ml}
â V expiratory reserve volume :-I is the maximal volume of air which can
be expired after a normal tidal expiration. {V:-750-£000ml}
  ?dvantages:-It provides useful information of the strength of
the respiratory muscle therefore maximum inspiratory &
expiratory effort can be assessed.

£ V in males 2.6liters/m2?.
female 2.£litera/m2?.
ecause of large chest size, more muscle power, more body
surface area.

2 ?ge:- decreases due to loss of elasticity of the lungs.

3 trength of respiratory muscles in swimmer & diver.

4 V decreases in pulmonary fibrosis.

  aximum voluntary ventilation:-It is the largest
volume of air that can be moved into and out of the
lungs in one min. by maximum voluntary effort.
{VV:-£00l/min.}
Dd 
  @ espiratory rate is @ espiratory rate
£2 to £5 breaths/min. increases with age.

@ Vital capacity is @ Vital capacity

4
00mL in a 20 to decreases with age.
30yrs of age. here is a 25%
decrease in vital
@ aximum capacity of the 50 to
voluntary ventilation 60yrs old man
varies considerably compared with the 20
from laboratory to to 30yrs old man with
laboratory and is same surface area.
dependent on age and
the surface area of @ aximum
the body. voluntary ventilation
decreases with age.
[ 
d  @ uscle mass increases with @ Generally, the strength
training as a result of hypertrophy.


d

his hypertrophy can be result of with a decrease in muscle
an increased number of myofibrils,
increased actin and myosin,
sarcoplasm, and/or connective
tissue.
@ Limited evidence suggests that
number of muscle fibers may
increase, referred to as hyperplasia.
@ ?s the nervous system matures,
increased recruitment of motor
units or decreased autogenic
inhibition by Golgi tendon organ
appears also to dictate strength
gains.
decline with age is associated
mass and physical activity.
@ he decrease in muscle
mass is primarily due to a
decrease in protein synthesis,
in concert with a decline in
the number of fast-twitch
muscle fibers.
@ ?ging may also affect the
strength by slowing the
nervous system·s response
time. his may alter the ability
to recruit motor units
effectively.
@ontinued training as one
ages appears to reduce the
effect of aging the muscular
system.