Birth to single young one
Paired mammary glands
Same dental formula
Menstrual cycle
Gestation period
Without tail
Flat nail
Prognathus face Orthognathus face
Flat skull Rounded skull
Broad eyebrow ridges Reduced ridges
Diastema present Diastema absent
Canine, Molars large Canine, Molars small
Chin absent Chin present
Flat nose Elevated nose
C capacity 500 cc C capacity 1450 cc
Forelimbs longer Forelimbs shorter
Quadripedal Bipedal
Straight v column ‘S’ shaped v column
Systematic position of man
Phylum ---- Chordata
Subphylum ---- Vertebrata
Class ---- Mammalia
Order ---- Primata
Suborder ---- Anthropoidea
Family ---- Hominidae
Genus ---- Homo
Species ---- sapien
 Primata

Prosimii Anthropoidea
 Prosimians
Tree shrews
Lemurs
Lorises
Tarsiers
 Tree shrew
• Found in Asia, Africa, Medagaskar island
• Paleocene epoch- about 70 my before
• Insectivorous, Arboreal, Nocturnal.
• Squirrel like long bushy tail.
• With projecting snout and lateral eyes
• Considered first primate
• The tail is covered with long hairs
 Lemure
• Insectivorous, Arboreal, Nocturnal.
• Has fox-like snout
• Their eye are far apart directed side
ways
• They have long non prehensile bushy tail
• 36 teeth with pattern 1,2,3,3
1,2,3,3
• Pollex and hallux are opposable
• Digits with flat nail except II of foot.
 Lorises
• They commonly called pocket monkey
• Found in Shrilanka , South India
• Appeared in Eocene epoch
• Tail less, Nocturnal, Arboreal,
Insectivorous
 Tarsiers
• East India island, Malaya & Philippines
• Insectivorous, Arboreal, Nocturnal.
• Appeared 58 MY before- Eocene epoch
• 34 teeth, flat snout with long pinnae
• Eye facing forward, with stereoscopic
vision
• Long tarsal bones adopted for hopping
• Prehensile tail with bushy tuft at tip
• Menstrual cycle developed
• Connecting link between Prosimii &
anthropoid
 Anthropoidea
• Appeared in early Oligocene epoch
• They are social animals
• Gives birth to single one at a time.
• Includes- New world monkey
Old world monkey
Apes
Man
 New world monkey
• Appeared in Oligocene epoch- 36MY
• South & central America
• Flat nose, Nostril apart
• 36 teeth, without cheek pouch.
• Prehensile tail, without facial
expression.
• Squirrel monkey, Spider monkey,
ring tailed monkey, night monkey
 Old world monkey
• Appeared in Oligocene epoch- 36MY
• Asia & Africa
• Elevated nose, Nostril nearer
• 32 teeth, with cheek pouch.
• Non prehensile tail, with facial
expression.
• Rhesus monkey, Langurs, Baboon,
• Mandril
 Apes

Hyalobatidae Pongidae
Gibbon Orangutan
C capacity- 350cc
Cranial capacity- 100cc
Chimpanzee
C capacity- 400cc
Gorilla
C capacity- 600cc
Our closest relative is

Gorilla
 Chronological order
1. Pa
Parapithecus
2. D
Dryopithecus
3. R
Ramapithecus
4. A
Australopithecus
5. H
Homo habilis
6. H
Homo erectus
7. N
Neanderthal man
8. C
Cro-magnon man
9. M
Modern man
 Biologic changes
1. Increase size of cranium
2. Reduction in eye brow ridges
3. Face angle – sloping to flat
4. Reduction in Jaws
5. Formation of chin
6. Shifting of foramen magnum
7. Changes in dental arch
8. Curvature in vertebral column
9. Development of speech
 1. Parapithecus
Max Schlosser in 1911 in Egypt
30 - 27 MY ago Oligocene epoch
Cat size with 32 teeth, small canine
Form connecting link between
Tarsier and Anthropoids
 2. Dryopithecus
Proconsul
Lewis lackey in 1930 in Africa
20 MY ago Miocene epoch
Small skull– 400 cc,32 teeth like man
Arms and legs are equal in length.
Common ancestor of Apes and Man
 3. Ramapithecus
Fore runner
E. Lewis in 1930 From Shiwalik
hill of India
14 MY ago late Miocene epoch
Small skull– 500 cc,32 teeth like man
Prognathus , Large jaw.
Incomplete erect posture.
Diastema was absent.
 4. Australopithecus
Southern ape man / African ape man
R. Dart in 1925 Skull cap of child
from South Africa
5-3MY ago, Early Pleistocene epoch
Small skull– 500-750 cc, 32 teeth
Connecting link between Ape & Man
Omnivorous.
Man who stood erect first.
Used first pebble stones.
 Ape like characters
Massive jaw.
Larger teeth.
Chin absent.
Prominent eyebrow ridges.
Face prognathus
Cranial capacity- 500-750 cc
‘A man with Ape brain’
 Man like characters
Height 4 – 5 feet.
Upright posture with lumbar curve.
Bipedal locomotion
Dental arch rounded.
Equal sized incisors & canines
Diastema absent.
Hip bone broad and flat.
 5. Homo habilis
Handy man / Nut cracker man
L. Laekay Tanzania in Kenya in1962
Pleistocene epoch, 3-5 MY before
Bipedal, Long arm and small body.
Small skull with 700 cc .
Used stone tool .
‘First tool makers’
 6. Homo erectus
Java man (Pithecanthropus)
Dubois in 1891 near solo river Java
Middle of the Pleistocene -1.7 –1 MY
Cranial capacity- 750-900 cc
Pecking man (Synanthropus)
Pai in 1924 Pecking in China
Black in 1926
Cranial capacity- 900-1200 cc
 Characters
Height 5-6 feet.
Foramen magnum ventral side
Prominent eyebrow ridges.
Chin absent.
Massive jaw, Prognathus face.
Expert hunter, flesh eater.
Cave dweller. Used tools
First to use fire
Direct ancestor of man
 7. Neanderthal man
Eskimos
Fuhlrott in Neanderthal valley
Germany in 1856 (Oldest)
Pleistocene epoch- 100000 Yrs ago
Skull size like man- 1450 cc
Knees some what bent.
Complete erect & bipedal.
Cave dwellers, Hunters.
Dressed with animal hide.
Buried dead members
 8. Cro-magnon man
Mc Gregor 1868 -from Cro-magnon
rock of Southern France
Pleistocene epoch- 50,000-10,000
Yrs ago
Large size Skull- 1650 cc
Broad forehead, heavy jaws.
Chin developed, Erect, Bipedal.
Shank longer than thigh bone.
Expert in tool making, Painters,
Used ornaments, Sign language.
 9. Modern man
Dr. Wakankar from Bimbetkar near
Bhopal
Holocene epoch- 10,000 Yrs ago
Skull- 1450 cc
Thumb opposable
Chin developed, Erect, Bipedal.
Nose elevated.
Showed more culture evolution
than biological.
Factors helped for evolution
1. Dis appearance of Dinosaurs

2. Appearance of angiosperm.

3. Arboreal habitat to ground.

4. Migratory habit