Overview

 Testes - produce sperm and male

sex hormones
 Accessory glands - produce
secretions
 Accessory organs - scrotum

 Penis - transporting and

supporting structure
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1. Penis: a cylindrical shaft
consisting of:
a. corpora cavernosa
-two lateral columns of
erectile tissue
b. corpus spongiosum
- encases the urethra

: serves as the male

organ of copulation and
outlet of urinary tract

-Erection is stimulated by
parasympathetic nerve
The Scrotum
 Out pouching of abdominal wall

 Supports the testes

 Divided internally by a septum

 Scrotal sac elevates and

descends

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2. Scrotum: a
corrugated,
skin-covered,
muscular pouch
hanging below
the penis that
supports the
testes and help
regulate the
temperature of
the sperm.
The Testes
 Tunica albuginea - capsule covering with
lobules
 Convoluted seminiferous tubules

 spermatogenesis

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3. Testes: two solid
ovoid organs 4-5
cm long and 2-3
wide, divided into
lobes containing
Seminiferous
tubules -produce
spermatozoa.
Leydig cells -
testosterone
production.
The Testes
 Spermatogenesis
 spermatogonia > primary
spermatocytes > secondary
spermatocytes > spermatids >
spermatozoa
 Sertoli cells - supply sperm cells
with nutrients

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The Anatomy of the Spermatozoa

 Three hundred million produced daily

 Anatomy
 head - contains genetic material and
enzymes
 middle piece - contains mitochondria
 tail - propels sperm

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The Functions of Testosterone
 Controls development, growth, and
maintenance of male sex organs
 Stimulates muscle buildup and bone
development
 Causes sperm maturation
 Causes thyroid cartilage enlargement
 Produces body hair patterns

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Cont.
B. Internal Structures

1. Epididymis: serves as reservoir for sperm storage and

maturation. Approximately 20 ft. long, it takes 12-20 days
for the sperm to travel the length of Epididymis. A total of
64 days before they reach maturity.
Aspermia - absence of sperm
Oligospermia- < 20 million sperm/ ml
Treatment= 2 months

2. Vas deferens: a duct extending from epididymis to the

ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicle, providing a
passageway for sperm. Sperm mature as they pass the vas
deferens
Varicocele- varicosity of spermatic cord
Vasectomy- male birth control

3. Seminal vesicles: two convoluted pouches that lie along

the lower portion of the bladder and empty into the urethra
by the way of ejaculatory ducts; secretes the viscous
portion of the semen
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Cont.
B. Internal Structures

4. Ejaculatory duct: the canal formed by the union of the vas

deferens and the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle, which
enters the urethra at the prostate gland.

5. Prostate Gland: a chestnut-sized gland located just below the

bladder. Secretes a thin, alkaline fluid that protects the sperm
from being immobilized by the acidic environment of the urethra.

6. Bulbourethral glands or Cowper’s Gland: adds alkaline fluid

to the semen to ensure safe passage of the spermatozoa.

7. Urethra: the passageway for both urine and semen, extending

from the bladder to the urethral meatus. (8 inches in long)
Semen
 Mixture of sperm cells and secretions
 Provides energy to the sperm
 Neutralizes acidity
 Acts as a transport medium
 Contains enzymes that activate
sperm

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

SEMEN:
• Is a thick whitish fluid ejaculated by the male during orgasm,
contains spermatozoa and fructose-rich nutrients.
• During ejaculation, semen receives contributions of fluid from
Prostate gland (60%)
Seminal vesicle (30%)
Epididymis ( 5%)
Bulbourethral gland (5%)

• Average pH = 7.5
• The average amount of semen released during ejaculation is
2.5 -5 ml. It can live with in the female genital tract
for about 24 to 72 hours.
• (50-200 million/ml of ejaculation ave. of 400 million/
ejaculation )
• 90 seconds- cervix
• 5 mins.- end of fallopian tube
The Penis
 Delivers spermatozoa to female
reproductive tract
 Glans penis - end of the shaft
 Prepuce - loose skin covering glans penis
 Contains masses of spongy tissue with
sinuses
 Sinuses fill with blood resulting in erection

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: GYNECOLOGY

A.External Structures

1. Mons pubis/ Mons veneris – pad of adipose tissues, which

lives over the symphysis pubis, which protects the
surrounding delicate tissue from trauma.

2. Labia majora – longitudal folds of pigmented skin extending

from the mons pubis to the perineum. Contains the Bartholin’s
gland that secretes yellowish mucus that acts as a lubricant
during sexual activity.

3. Labia minora – soft longitudal skin folds between the Labia

majora.

4. Glans clitoris – erectile tissue located at the upper end of

labia minora; primary site of sexual arousal.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Cont.

A.External Structures

5. Vestibule – a narrow space seen when labia minora are

separated that also contains the vaginal introitus,
Bartholin’s gland and urethral meatus.

6. Urethral Meatus – small opening between the clitoris and

vaginal orifice for the purpose of urination.

7. Vaginal orifice/introitus/opening – external opening of

the vagina that contains the hymen.

8. Hymen – a membranous tissue ringing the vaginal introitus

9. Perineum – tissue between the anus and vagina. Site of

episiotomy
Fig. 19.8
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

B. Internal Structures

1. Ovaries – two female sex glands located on each side of the

uterus 4 x 2 x 1.5 cm thick

Fxn:
To produce, mature and discharge ova producing estrogen and
progesterone in the process initiating and regulating the
menstrual cycles
The Ovaries
 Oogenesis
 begins in developing female fetus
(700,000 produced)
 puberty - ovarian cycle begins
 primary oocyte - first meiotic division

 mature egg - second meiotic division

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Fig. 19.11
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
2. Fallopian Tubes – approximately 4 inches (10 cm) long from
each sides of the fundus of the uterus

Function: responsible for the transport of mature ovum from ovary

to uterus.

Divided on four separate part:

1. Interstitial portion- most proximal portion that lies on the

uterine wall (1cm in length)

2. Isthmus portion- extremely narrow (2cm); site of tubal

ligation

3. Ampulla- longest portion (5cm) and widest part; usual site of

fertilization

4. Infundibular portion- most distal portion, 2cm in length;

funnel shape with finger like projections (fimbriae) that help
to guide the ovum in the fallopian tube.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
3. Uterus – hollow pear-shaped muscular organ.
Size: 3 inches long (5-7cm), 2 inches wide(5cm) and 1 inch
thick (3x2x1)
Wt: 60 gms. in non pregnant Location: lower pelvis
Parts: Corpus, Isthmus, and Cervix
Position: anteverted and anteflexed
Layers: perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium

Function:
1. to receive the ova from the fallopian tube
2. provide a place for implantation and nourishment during
fetal growth
3. furnish protection to a growing fetus
4. aids in labor and delivery

Cervix (2-5cm long)

Internal cervical os-junction of cervix and isthmus
External cervical os-an impt. relationship in estimating the
level of the fetus in the birth canal
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

3. Vaginal Canal – 3-4 inch long dilatable canal between the bladder
and the rectum; contains rugae that permits stretching without
tearing.

Anterior Vaginal wall- 6-7 cm (anterior fornices)

Posterior Vaginal wall- 8-9 cm (posterior fornices)

Function: 1. passageway for menstrual discharges

2. organ of copulation for female
3. serves as birth canal.

- lined with stratified squamous epithelium

- Bulbocavernosus: a circular muscle acts as voluntary sphincter

(Kegel exercises)

Blood supply to the vagina:

Arteries: vaginal artery branch of internal iliac artery
Vein: pudental vein
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Vagina

The external genitalia’s blood supply: mainly from the

a. pudental artery and
b. a portion of inferior rectus artery.

Nerve supply: has both parasympathetic & sympathetic

(S-1 to S-3 levels)

Nerve supply of the anterior portion: (L1)

a. Ilio-inguinal nerves b. Genito-femoral nerves
Nerve supply of the posterior portion: (S3)
Pudendal nerves

“This is the reason why one type of anesthesia used for

childbirth is called Pudendal block.”
BREASTS
- Glandular tissue located at the
anterior chest
- Consists of separate lobes and lobules
that drain into a system of ducts and
ductules
- Functions primarily for milk production