WORK BOOK

Heinemann English Language Teaching
A division of Reed Educational and
Professional Publishing Limited
Halley Court, Jordan Hill, Oxford 0X2 8EJ
OXFORD MADRID FLORENCE ATHENS PRAGUE
SAOPAULO MEXICOCITY CHICAGO PORTSMOUTH(NH)
TOKYO SINGAPORE KUALA LUMPUR MELBOURNE
AUCKLAND JOHANNESBURG IBADAN GABORONE
ISBN 0 435 28206 9
© Martin Mills 1993
First Published 1993
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in
any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the Publishers.
The author and publishers are grateful to the following
for their permission to use copyright material in this
book
p17 British Defence and Aid Fund for Southern
Africa (November 1990 appeal letter); p28 © The
Guardian (editorial text 21.2.91); p32 The Economist
(extract from 'A survey of Brazil' 7.12.91); p34 © The
Guardian ('Wiser W e l s h still h a n k e r for chips' by
Vivek C h a u d h a r y 5.6.91); p43 © The Guardian
('Cucumber thief put in cooler' by G a r e t h Parry
11.12.90); p 4 8 © The Observer ('Albania tanks roll to
quell protests 1 by Mark Frankland 16.12.90); p53 ©
Carnell Ltd 1991 (advertisement: 'How to talk to your
cat'); p58 © Times Newspapers Ltd 1986 ('Krishna
leaders face criminal charges' by Mark Hosenball
Sunday Times 1.9.86).

Designed by Mike Brain and Rob Fowler

Illustrations by Peter Till, Peter Schrank, and

John Batten

While every effort has been made to trace the owners

of copyright material in this book, there have been
some cases whete the publishers have been unable to
contact the owners. We should be grateful to hear
from anyone who recognises their copyright material
and who is unacknowledged. We shall be pleased to
make the necessary amendments in future editions of
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Printed and bound in Great Britain by Thomson Litho

96 97 98 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Contents

page
To the Student
Organising Your Learning: Introduction
1 UNIT 1 Learning and teaching English
6 Organising Your Learning: Dictionaries
7 UNIT 2 The family
12 Organising Your Learning: Vocabulary
13 Organising Your Learning: Grammar
15 UNIT 3 Prejudice
20 Organising Your Learning: Speaking (1)
21 UNIT 4 Entertainment going out
26 Organising Your Learning: Writing
27 UNIT 5 The Third World
32 Organising Your Learning: Reading (1)
33 UNIT 6 Health and medicine
38 Organising Your Learning: Speaking (2)
39 UNIT 7 Crime and law enforcement
44 Organising Your Learning: Listening
45 UNIT 8 Political ideas
50 Organising Your Learning: Reading (2)
51 UNIT 9 Animals
56 UNIT 10 Unusual beliefs, the occult
61 UNIT 11 Environmental problems
66 UNIT 12 Motoring, cars
71 UNIT 13 Travel, holidays
77 Answer key
To the Student
This Workbook has four main aims:
• to develop the suggestions made in your
Coursebook about organising your learning
• to offer further practice of the language presented
in your Coursebook
• to introduce and practise related vocabulary and
grammar points
• to provide further work on writing, pronunciation,
and register
The exercises can be done in class or as set homework,
and a key is provided so that you can correct for
yourself any exercise which you do on your own.
Organising Your Learning:
Introduction
1 Why go on studying English?
Your English is fairly good now. Most likely you
manage quite well when you speak and hear it. So
why do you want to go on studying? Look at the
reasons for advanced English study below. Which of
them are true for you? Are there any other reasons not
mentioned here?
• pure interest in the language, and the culture(s)
associated with it
• a specific need to use English well in a particular
situation
• a long-term need for English in your work
• a desire to speak English as the 'international
language'
• a need for English in your studies
• to pass an EFL exam (why?)
2 What are your strengths in English?
All learners are better at some things than others in
English. Grade your own performance on the skills
below, using the following:
VG: very good G: good QG quite good
NVG: not very good
• expanding your passive vocabulary (what you
understand)
• activating your passive vocabulary (using it)
• using grammatically correct English: in writing
and speaking
• using an appropriate register, or style of English,
depending on the situation
• speaking with little accent
• speaking fluently, with little hesitation
• writing
• understanding what you hear
• understanding what you read
3 What are your priorities?
Bearing in mind the needs you considered in
exercise 1 and your strengths and weaknesses, what do
you most need to work on in your English?
4 Studying alone or in a group
No course or language class can entirely reflect your
personal priorities, so it is essential to organise your
own learning outside the classroom.
Note the advantages of studying in class or working on
your English outside class time.
in class
outside
5 Organising work outside the classroom
The Organising Your Learning units in this Workbook
and in your Coursebook provide suggestions and
demonstration activities for working on your English
outside the classroom. These range from fluency
activities, to file management, to ways of making the
most of your dictionary. You may well have other
ideas of your own. Whatever shape your self-directed
learning takes, the following basic rules are important:
• set aside a regular, realistic time for study or
activities, and plan what you will do
• keep a record, even a simple one, of what you
have done
• always be aware of the purpose of what you can do,
and how this relates to what you want to achieve
Good luck and enjoyable learning!
 UNIT

Learning and teaching English

be used to doing 1 She won't mind starting work at 6am.

2 Paris to Athens in three days should be no
1 The sentences below are marked to show
problem-
sentence stress. For example, in a evening is
3 The students find all this individual work a bit
stressed, in b used is stressed. Say the sentences to
dull.
yourself, stressing the correct syllable.
4 She won't worry about being sent off to cover the
a I'm used to eating late in the 'evening.
war.
b I'm 'used to teaching individual students.
5 Penguins find summers in the zoo a bit
c They're'used to working in groups.
uncomfortable.
d They're used to 'cold weather.
6 The students work together really efficiently.
e I'm used to teaching individual 'students.
7 Working in an office will seem rather dull and
f She's 'used to risking her life.
safe, I expect.
g I'm 'used to eating late in the evening.
8 We didn't get to the restaurant till 1 lpm, but that
h They're used to lying in 'bed all morning.
was OK.
i They're 'used to cold weather.
9 They won't like getting up at dawn in the army!
j She's 'used to the sight of blood.
10 She won't be shocked, working in the casualty
k I'm 'used to driving long distances without rest.
department.
1 They're used to working in 'groups
11 Penguins don't mind the English winter a bit!
m She's 'used to getting up early.
12 No problem, I've given a lot of private lessons.
n She's used to risking her'life.
13 These early suppers in England are really strange.
2 Match each sentence below with a sentence in 14 I'm not sure about teaching such a big group.
exercise 1.
Check on page 77.
Example:
8 We didn't get to the restaurant till I lpmt but that
was OK.
g I'm 'used to eating late in the evening.

1
UNIT 1
Language register: not... any more and no longer
to speak of changes
3 Sentences A and B below talk about the same
change of situation, but B is more formal.
A: Bob Smith doesn't workhere anymore.
B: Mr Smith is no longer employed by the company.
Convert the following sentences in the same way,
using the words in brackets. Do not change the
form of the words. The first is done for you.
a Alice doesn't live here any more, (resides, address)
Alice no longer resldee at this address.
b He doesn't respect what his parents believe in any
more, (respect, beliefs)
c We don't mind them being here any more,
(objection, presence)
d I'm not interested in all that any more,
(interest, that matter)
e He doesn't want to go on living any more,
(desire, continue)
f There's no reason why he should feel that way any
more, (reason for, him, such an attitude)
g I'm not going to take the job any more,
(intention, the position)
h People aren't hopeful any more that they can sort
out the crisis without a war. (there, hope, crisis,
resolved peacefully)
i This structure isn't difficult for me any more,
(presents, difficulties)
Check on page 77.
2
Emphasis: neutral and strong adjectives
4 At twelve points in the dialogue below, adverbs
qualify adjectives. Sometimes the adverbs and
adjectives don't match, because one of them is too
strong or too weak. In. these cases, replace one of
the words, and write the new combination below.
Where adverbs and adjectives do match, write OK
below. The first two are done for you.
A: Gosh, mother, I'm 1 absolutely exhausted, aren't
you? I can't remember the last time I walked so far.
It really is 2 fairly amazing how difficult it is to get
a bus whenever it snows.
B: Amazing? I should say it is 3 utterly deplorable.
4 Absolutely annoying, in fact. The bus company
should do something about it. It is 5 fairly
incredible that elderly people should have to walk
in ice and snow in such weather.
A: Young people, too! What about me? I'm
6 absolutely freezing!
B: Take that poor old lady over there, for example.
She looks 7 absolutely scared that she's going to slip
up and fall down.
A: Still, I must say I'm 8 utterly pleased we went
shopping today. If we hadn't we would probably
never have found Dad's present. I bet he'll be
9 extremely delighted with it. All right, I know you
found it a 10 rather strange colour, but I think it's
nice.
B: It is not strange, dear, it is 11 absolutely ugly. And I
can't imagine your father in a hat, anyway. He'll
look 12 very ridiculous, I'm sure.
A: Well, as long as it keeps his head warm, I'll be
happy.
1 OK
2 absolutely I utterly amazing
3
4
6
 UNIT 1

9 wide tired
stone asleep
10 blind stiff
11 raving right
fast awake
12 bored slow
filthy cold
5 Fill in each gap in the following dialogues with an
dead rich
adverb + adjective combination.
mad
a Dinner guest: Mmm, this pie is deaf
drunk

Modest hostess: Thank you, yes, it is Check on page 77.

isn't it? It's my own recipe, you know. 7 Fill the gaps with expressions from exercise 6.
a Dinner's on the table, come and eat or your food
b A: You really must see the new Mel Brookes'
will be, _________________ .
comedy. It's __ !
b The children were ,and within
B: I'm not a Mel Brookes fan really. I mean, he's
minutes of going to bed they were.
, I suppose, but he doesn't make
I couldn't sleep though, no matter how hard I
me laugh much, I must say.
tried. I stayed.
c A: Look, listen to me, it is that
c 'Oh yes, they're , they've got a
this letter is posted today.
house in the Bahamas, a flat in Paris, and a castle
B: Oh come on, calm down, I know it's
in Scotland. That's where they keep Uncle Angus
that they should know soon, but it's not
locked up, by the way.'
that urgent, surely?
'Why? Is he a bit strange?'
Check on page 77.
'Strange? is more like it!'
Emphasis: adjective collocations
d I agree with him entirely, he's -
6 Adjectives like exhausted are quite strong on their
own. However, some 'neutral' adjectives, like tired e What a tedious film; I was from
can combine with other words to make strong,
beginning to end.
emphatic combinations, or 'collocations'.
Using your dictionary, match words on the left Check on page 77.
with words on the right to form collocations.
Some left-hand words can be used more than once.

3
UNIT 1

Emphasis: similes Emphasis: strong verbs

8 Similes with an adjective or a verb like stubborn as
a mule and She works like a slave can also he used
for emphasis.
Each picture can combine with one of the words
below to make a simile. Match the pictures and
words and write the simile beneath each picture.
9 As with adjectives, some verbs are stronger than
others. For example, she's struggling to understand
is stronger than she's trying to understand.
Using your dictionary, replace each verb in italics
with a more emphatic verb from the list.
The first is done for you.
a The car left the road on a sharp bend and feU into
the sea. plunged
b The drawer was jammed shut but he managed to

pull it open.

c The thieves took her bag and ran off with it.

d I absolutely dislike that man.

e She threw her glass at the wall.. .

f . . . , where it broke into a thousand pieces.

g We searched the country, and finally found the

sort of house we were looking for.

h He asked her to forgive him, but she refused to.

i He pushed me out of the way in his hurry.

j The kite rose into the air as the wind caught it.

k The police suddenly came i n , . . .

1 . . . hurried up the stairs....

m . .. and began knocking on the door.

n I promise I'll never do it again.

o Don't give up, Pm sure they'll find her soon.

p Don't look at the man just because he looks a bit

strange!

q He walked in, very annoyed, and asked to see the

manager.
quiet light blind smoke eat pretty r Unfortunately it poured with rain, which spoilt the
drink (alcohol) old clean sleep
picnic.
Check on page 77.

4

hurl grab hammer burst wrench race soar
shatter stare shove swear demand loathe
beg scour despair ruin
Check on page 77.
Explaining purpose and function
10 Complete the sentences in your own words
using one of the following forms: infinitive
in order to so that for (people) to (do) for doing
a Some teachers ask their students to work in groups
they can talk freely.
b Some teachers ask their students to work in groups
opportunity to talk freely.
c A language lab is good _____ pronunciation.
d Our school has a language lab we can
practise our pronunciation,
e I go to the language lab practise my
pronunciation.
f Phonemic script is how words are
pronounced.
g Phonemic script is used see how words are
pronounced.
h Dictionaries print words in phonemic script
. students how words are pronounced.
i She writes words up on the blackboard
students can see how they are spelt.
j She writes words up on the blackboard
show how they are spelt.
k It's useful to have dictionaries in the classroom
look words up in.
1 Make sure your written work is as good as you can
make it your teacher can see where you
really have problems.
Check on page 77.
UNIT 1
Adding information and explaining purpose
11 Each sentence below makes two recommendations.
Rewrite the sentence using the expression in
brackets, and add a clause of purpose with so that
or in order to. The first has been done for you.
a A good language course should not only teach
students the language, but also help them to
develop their own best way of learning.
(apart from) (purpose: students can study effectively
outside the classroom)
Apart from teaching students the language, a good _
language course should help them to develop their own
best way of learning, so that they can study
effectively outside the classroom?
b Apart from participating in classroom work, a
good language student will work independently
outside class time.
(not only.. .but also) (purpose: to achieve her own
learning objectives)
c A good language school will not only support its
teachers with efficient teaching materials, but also
pay them for preparation time.
(apart from) (purpose: the teachers can present an
organised programme of work)
her
d Apart from working hard in the classroom, a good
language teacher will spend time on lesson
preparation.
(not only) (purpose: to be able to present an organised
programme of work)
Check on page 77. 5
Organising Your Learning:
Dictionaries
Choosing and exploring a dictionary
Bilingual dictionaries are useful when you know what
you want to say, but don't know the word in English.
However, they can also lead you astray, if you use an
English word as if it meant the same as its 'equivalent'
in your own language in every context.
A monolingual learner's dictionary avoids this
problem, and will tell you more about usage.
It is worth spending some time finding out what
information a dictionary can offer you, especially if
you are deciding which one to buy.
1 Compare two or three learner's dictionaries (the
introductions and contents lists as well as the
entries). Do they contain the following?
• words included specifically because they are
common in modern English
• clearly laid out entries, so that meanings,
derivatives (e.g. childhood, childish), idioms,
compounds and phrasal verbs are easy to find
• explanations in easy-to-understand English
• helpful example sentences
• information about grammar, pronunciation, style
(formality/informality), US/British differences
• separate sections on grammar, punctuation,
prefixes and suffixes, important abbreviations,
Christian names, place names, nationalities,
measurements, abbreviations
2 Clear layout is especially important with very long
entries, which may contain several meanings, plus
phrases, compounds, and phrasal verbs.
a Look up the following words as they are used in
the sentence contexts. If you can, use two
dictionaries. Which one is quicker?
1 He looks as if he's high on something.
2 He was speaking in such a high voice.
3 We're low on sugar.
4 I thought he was looking a bit low.
b Look up the following, comparing dictionaries
again if possible.
1 She's lying low at the moment, (phrase)
2 I feel like a Chinese takeaway, (compound)
3 He took to her straight away, (phrasal verb)
6
3 How words are pronounced should be made clear
by your dictionary. It should include a table,
showing all the sounds in phonemic script, with
examples. A good idea is to record your teacher
saying the example words, so that you can listen to
them from time to time.
4 Using your dictionary, match the following words
with their phonemic transcriptions on the right.
a longingly
b yawning
c flame-thrower
d jumbled
e lotion
f chocolate
g fearless
h frightful
Check on page 77.
5 Word stress will also be shown by a good dictionary.
Mark what you think is the stressed syllable in
each word below. Check in your dictionary, then
practise saying the words correctly.
a operation b potential c particular d automobile
e knuckle f coincidence g delicacy
h kaleidoscope i quantitative j psychosomatic
6 Most sounds can be written in different ways in
English (e.g. /su/ in low, alone, loan). If such a
sound is at the beginning of a word you hear and
want to look up, try to guess the probable spelling,
and keep looking until you find your word.
Write out the phonemic transcriptions below in
normal script. To check your answers, look them
up in your dictionary. If you don't find the word,
try a different spelling. As a last resort, check on
page 77.
wish + past simple/ past perfect, or would 'He's horrible. He laughed at me. Everything (10
1 Convert the infinitives in brackets to the correct be ) alright if only he {11 not
tense, or could + infinitive..
laugh ) at me. 1 wish 1(12 never buy
'Oh, Mummy, I wish I (1 tell _______ ) you
) the stupid dress.'
how horrible he is. If I ( 2 know _____ )
'He laughed at you in your new dress? Is that all?
what he was like, I (3 never start
Oh well, in that case . . . '
) going out with him. Oh, it's all gone
'Oh, Mummy, I wish you (13 take )
wrong, I wish I (4 be ) dead!'
me seriously! I wish 1 {14 never mention
Don't talk such nonsense! So now you wish you
) it to you!'
(5 never meet ) him, do you?
Check on page 77.
Yesterday you were in love. You said if you (6 not go

) to the disco with him, you (7 not go Wish + would with clauses of purpose

) with anyone. Now you're wishing 2 Change each sentence below into a wish + would
sentence, including a so clause to explain purpose.
you {8 never be born The first has been done for you.
_____ ). I wish I (9 keep up with a You don't understand what you're supposed to be
doing, because you don't listen properly.
) you, you change too quickly for me.
I wish you would listen properly, so you would
All right, what's so bad about him, then?
understand what you were supposed to be doing

7
UNIT 2
b You always make such a mess because you don't
take enough care.
I wish
c We can't get any sleep because of the noise you're
making.
I wish
d We can't go to bed yet, not till they go home.
I wish
e I can't get any work done with you talking all the
time.
I wish
f Because you won't make up your mind, I can't
book the tickets.
I wish ____________________________________
g He never fixes the car, so I have to take the bus to
work.
I wish ___________________________________
h Behave yourselves, you kids, I can't hear the
television!
I wish________________________________
Check on page 78.
Wish + past perfect with third conditional
3 For each sentence below, write a wish + had
sentence, followed by a clause of reason with a
shortened third conditional. The first one has
been done for you.
a You didn't tell me, so I couldn't help.
I wish you'd told me; I could have helped if you had.
b We spent a lot, so we can't take a taxi home.
I wish
c You didn't tell me you were coming, so I didn't
cook anything nice for dinner.
I wish
d I couldn't go to university, because I didn't study
hard at school.
I wish____________________________________
8
e I couldn't get a good job, because I didn't go to
university.
I wish____________________________________
f We didn't know she could babysit, so we had to
stay in.
I wish ____________________________________
Check on page 78.
Wish + would or it's high time...
4 Wish + would can express impatient
recommendation. It's time + past tense does this
more forcefully. It's high time is even more forceful.
Example:
I wish you would make up your mind.
It's high time you made up your mind!
This can't he done when wish + would doesn't
express impatience.
Example:
I wish you would come to the party.
It's high time you came to the party. (Wrong)
Recommending a change of habit, we usually add
the verb to start.
Example:
I wish you would listen more carefully.
It's time you started listening more carefully!
Below, which wish + would sentences could be
replaced with a forceful It's time sentence? Write
out the new sentences.
a 1 wish the government would tackle inflation.
b I wish you would do some homework!
c I wish it would stop raining.
d I wish you would be a little more patient.
e I wish you children would go to bed.
f I wish they would put a stop to all these strikes.
g I wish you would try this cheese, it's good.
h I wish you would be a bit more punctual.
i I wish you would grow up and act responsibly.
j I wish you would explain tilings carefully Dad!
Check on page 78.
 UNIT 2

Second, third and mixed conditional sentences Say the words to yourself. Which of the stress-
patterns do you think is/are the most common in
5 Write second, third or mixed conditional
English?
sentences based on the following prompts.
Words in column 5 look like four-syllable words,
a I'm sure he's rich; he bought that new car, didn't
but in normal speech one of the syllables is so
he?
reduced that it disappears. Using your dictionary,
If __________________________ sort the words listed below into the 5 columns.
b I'm such a fool; that's why I didn't leave him long 1 2 3
ago.
If_ figurative fortuitous outmanoeuvre
c I lost my address book, so I can't ring them up.
If ________
d This government doesn't know what it's doing; it's
increased interest rates!
If______________________________________
e Tilings are bad for business because interest rates
4 5
went up.
Things oversubscribed secondary
f My marriage broke up because I was made
redundant.
My
g Nobody will give him a job because he hasn't got satisfying secretary literary sentimental
a fixed address. nevertheless hesitation schizophrenia formidable
Perhaps s o m e b o d y _ subsidiary underexposed extravagant reasonable
saturated notwithstanding preservative impossible
h He can't save any money because he hasn't got a
impractical unrestricted insensitive
job.
disenchantment disotderly polytechnic
If
Check on page 78-
i He can't rent a place to live because he hasn't got
Were you right about the most common stress patterns?
any money.
If_____________________________________ Phrasal verbs
j He's in this mess because he came to London. 7 Replace the words in italic with one of the phrasal
He_____________________________________ verbs in Section E of your Coursebook.
a How do you relate to your parents?
Check on page 78. b The marketing manager proposed some very
interesting ideas.
Word stress and vowel reduction
c Look, I'm counting on you for this lift tomorrow,
6 Four-syllable words can be stressed in one of the so don't disappoint me, please!
following ways. The big dot shows the syllable d Her son has the same personality as her.
which carries the primary stress. e I used to like honey, but I have stopped liking it.

9
UNIT 2

f Most criminals escape punishment for their crimes.
g I really had to reprimand her this morning.
h Can you share books today? There aren't enough
for everyone to have one.
a e
b f
c _________________ g
d h
9 Below are the root verbs from four phrasal verbs.
Beside each there are two or three meanings. Look
up each root verb in your dictionary and find a
phrasal verb for each of the meanings. Write the
particle or particles on the line after the root verb.
a Grow slowly become more enjoyable or
attractive to (someone)
become more grown up and stop
doing (something)

Check on page 78. b Fall quarrel (with someone)

8 Fill the gaps with a phrasal verb from Section E. become strongly attracted to
a The Ferrari had tyre problems, and someone
the Maclaren. laugh almost uncontrollably
b After a tyre change, however, it soon c Catch understand (something), or
realise something is happening
it again. catch someone making a mistake,
c Look that's enough! I am not going to or trick them into making one

you talking to your mother like that! d Get _____ cause something to be understood;
make people understand
d He's still very strange, I don't think he's
avoid a law, or difficulty, or
. the shock of it yet. restriction
e 'There's no water.' 'We'll just have to be successful and make progress
baths, then.' in your life and career
Check on page 78.
f I can't stand winter. I'm already
spring to arrive, 10 Use one of the phrasal verbs you discovered in
exercise 9 to complete each sentence below.
g I can't explain everything. You'll learn more if you
a She's very ambitious, you know, really keen to
it _____ for yourself.
h Many big companies their
b Jack and Jill have , I think. I
executives remaining single, preferring them to
haven't seen them together for a long while.
marry.
c Grammar exercises should try to help students,
Check on page 78.
not them_______ ,
d It's a funny-tasting wine at first, but I think you'll
find it you.

10
 UNIT 2

e The children had been missing school secretly for Professional people earn a lot. Put on the other hand

days before their parents they have to work hard for their money. Take the case

what was happening. of GFs, for example. Taking Into account their morning

f I used to like pop music, but I've and afternoon surgeries, and their visiting rounds,

it now. they work far longer days than most people.

g You should have seen how ridiculous he looked; b • developing countries/capacity/create wealth/but
crippled/debt
we just _____ when he came in. • Brazil
h It was love at first sight. They • largest/economies/world/but/huge export
earnings/used/pay/interest/foreign debt
each other the day they met.
i To teach grammar, it's not enough to understand
it; somehow you've got to it to
your students as well.
j Well, there are certain regulations, but I'm sure c • apparently/difficult/reasonably-priced
you can them with the help of a accommodation/London/short notice
• German students/letter/London/Unit 1
good accountant. • having/ Euston station/1 lpm/still/found/place/
stay/half-an-hour's/Yellow Pages
Check on page 78.
Supporting a statement: guided writing
11 Below are four sets of information. Each set
comprises:
• a generalisation
• an example
d • European young people/tending/stay/home/
• supporting information
have/easy life/instead/own
Write sentences using the examples and
• German law student/The stay at home kids
supporting information to support the
generalisations. Use two or three sentences as • four-room apartment/yet/cook/,/mother/washes/
necessary. The first one has been done for you. clothes/him
a • professional people earn a lot/but/hand/work
hard/their money
• GPs
• taking/account morning and evening surgeries/
doing their rounds/work far longer day/most
people

11
Organising Your Learning:
Vocabulary
Teaching yourself vocabulary
The vocabulary sections in your Coursebook aim to
teach you new words and expressions, and exposure to
English will expand your passive vocabulary.
However, continuously expanding your active
vocabulary is something you will probably have to
work on yourself by a process of conscious learning.
This section will give you some ideas.
1 Sources of new vocabulary
If you are studying in Britain, you are surrounded by
English. However, your long-term learning will most
likely be done in your own country. Which of the
following sources of new vocabulary are available to
you there?
books newspapers magazines
English-language videos BBC World Service
radio English-language TV programmes
native speakers other proficient speakers of English
songs
Which do you actively use for expanding your
vocabulary? What are the advantages of each?
2 Selecting vocabulary to learn
Criteria for choosing items to learn are very personal,
but it seems to be true that choosing words for
ourselves makes them easier to learn. Try to pick up a
few items whenever you read or listen to English.
3 Recording vocabulary
A proper file (or small 'Filofax') is best for storing
vocabulary, because pages can be added where you like
or thrown away when they are no longer needed.
Items can be recorded with all or any of the following:
a translation (but be careful, as with bilingual
dictionaries!)
an explanation (not too long)
a phonemic transcription (if the pronunciation is
tricky)
an example sentence, making the meaning and
features of form clear (e.g. Prevent he didn't want to
stay, but I prevented him from leaving) How do you
record the items you collect?
12
A single word-list will soon become too long to work
on and review. Instead, open a variety of smaller lists,
according to, for example, topic (e.g. rock music,
sport, finance, winter) the type of item (e.g.
compounds like landscape, landlord, landmark) items
having a common aspect of meaning (e.g. gasp, stare,
amazing, beyond belief)
Lists like these are more effective because:
• items on short lists are more prominent
• items on meaningful lists are linked, and
remembered together
• reviewing can be more methodical
• a topic list with very few items shows there is a gap
in your knowledge
• in deciding where to list a new item you think
more about its rneaning(s)
• when reviewing, you can have ideas for new lists,
and duplicate or transfer existing items to them. In
doing this, you think again about the meaning of
items, and consolidate your learning. The bubble
puzzle opposite shows how this can work.
Bubble puzzle
The bubbles opposite contain eight lists. The word
overthrow is common to bubbles B, C and D, so it
appears on all three lists. The bubbles are linked in a
chain by other words which are common to more than
one list. For example, bubbles F and G are linked by
to fall for someone.
Place the vocabulary items given in the correct
bubbles. Items linking bubbles will appear on each list,
in positions shown by the arrows.
a throwback to fall ill fiance overdraft
to break up poll to throw out to pay off
overcoat nuclear waste to overturn
to fall to pieces rate of interest fiasco
constituency bizarre budget deficit
to overtake MP fall-out to fancy
power station
Check on page 79.

b New lists are suggested by several of the items in
the bubbles. What lists might include the
following?
MP to fall ill H-bomb overtake overcoat
Check on page 79.
4 Reviewing, retention and consolidation
Make a regular time for reviewing your word-store,
and exchange ideas with other learners. Below are
some suggestions.
• Arrange your lists with the words in one column,
and the definitions etc in another. Cover each
column in turn and test yourself on what is in the
other.
• Write problem items on a separate list, and give
this special attention.
• Put problem items on cards with the item on the
back and an example sentence (with a gap for the
word) on the front. Work through the pack
testing yourself. Put ones you know on one side.
Peep at the ones you get wrong, and put them
back at the bottom of the pack, until you have
remembered all of them.
• Write problem items on slips of paper and stick
them on your wall where you will keep seeing
them.
• Pick four or five items at random, and write a
sentence containing them all. Associating items
in a sentence context makes them easier to recall.
• Try to find 'mediating words' which (ink the
English item with its equivalent in your language.
For example, an English learner might find donate
a helpful link between give and the French word
dormer, or that camping was helpful in recalling o
campo, the Portuguese word for countryside.
• Teach words to fellow learners and ask them to
test you on your lists.
• Use items you are fairly sure about in extended
writing for your teacher.
Organising Your Learning:
Grammar
Setting a grammar research agenda
At more advanced levels, it is sometimes difficult
to see where you can make improvements in your
English, even though you know it isn't (quite) perfect.
This can make you feel you can't progress any more.
One solution to this problem is to use your
corrected written work to help you analyse your
performance in English. Probably the only time your
13
teacher can give your English her undivided attention
is when marking and correcting your extended
writing. Use this attention, and treat your returned
homework as a basis for grammar research.
Another idea is to ask your teacher (or others, if
you are in Britain) to correct you as you speak, or to
note down important errors and give you feedback
later. Alternatively, record yourself speaking
unrehearsed, and listen critically to the recording.
Genuine (not careless) errors show you what you
need to research and practise. Study the errors, and set
up an ongoing agenda of problem areas to be tackled,
either with your grammar or by asking your teacher or
another student. In this way, you know you're making
progress, because every problem you deal with means
another improvement in your English.
Exercises
1 The following twenty sentences are genuine
examples of English from advanced students. Each
contains one or more errors, underlined. Correct
the errors.
perfect my French that I have studied for the
previous 6 years.
n At the following weekends I hope to see as much
as possible from England.
o I just have finished my studies in Germany.
p In case of needing advice, can I ask you after
lessons?
q Whatever we'll do I'm sure it will be useful.
r I rather talk than studying always grammar,
s I arrived back to Spain and began working in a
multinational company which head office was at
my home town.
t I never had seen a so beautiful place as that.
Check on page 79.
2 Below are fifteen areas for further grammar
research, based on the sentences. {Some of these
will be dealt with in your Coursebook). Beside
each item, write the letter(s) of the sentences in
exercise 1 in which the relevant errors appear.
word order

a There are by far too many qualified lawyers, future tenses

for this it's hard to find work. sequences and time expressions
b I went to an Italian-speaking school, to that my
mother could help me with my work in case I logical connectors
needed it. prepositions
c I'm glad to hear that some of that I said was of
interest. in case
d I'd rather you correct my errors, please, and can't too, enough, so, such
it be a good idea to do a dictation every week?
e Certificates prove you're really good jn something. relative clauses and what clauses
f It seems sometimes almost impossible to keep pace
punctuation
with the others.
g It's the first time I have to correct my own writing. the first time
h I don't see any reason to go again with the class to adjective and i n f i n i t i v e .
the computer room.
i That is easy to be understood. present tenses in future
j When I'll be back in Switzerland I'll have a subordinate clauses
holiday, and after 111 enter university to study law. modals
k I'm not used to wtiting neither in English or in
Italian. rather
I After this, I could go to university, whereas I did a neither/nor
secretarial course instead.
m After graduated, I had spent 3 months in Paris to present perfect/past simple
Check on page 79.

14
 UNIT

Prejudice

Ability in the past

could, couldn't, could have, able to, had managed to
1 In the following story, convert can + infinitive to
an appropriate past form, affirmative or negative.

My first English lesson

It was a rainy evening, and it was a long time since the last car had passed. We were trying to hitchhike from Salonika to
London, because we (1 can afford) . the bus. We'd only got fifty miles that day, our third, and I (2 can see) _ _ _ _ us
getting to the Austrian border that night. The previous night had been spent in a misty dripping wood, with nothing to eat
or drink. Jackie (3 can sleep) a bit, but I hadn't slept at all. Perhaps I (4 can do). , if I hadn't been so worried.
Suddenly we saw a car's headlights coming towards us. We rushed down to the edge of the road, hoping we (5 can make)
it stop. We (6 can see)______it wasn't going very fast. The driver didn't see us at first, but the car was going so slowly
that we (7 can run) alongside it waving for a few seconds, and finally we (8 can make) it stop. The driver said
something we (9 can understand) Never mind, he was smiling! It was a tiny car, but we (10 can get) our stuff
inside. Great! But after a few minutes, the car turned up a narrow track, and stopped. We all got out into the rain. He smiled,
and spoke again, before walking away into the darkness. I (11 can believe) it. We were in an even worse position than
before. If only I (12 can speak) the language!
We (13 can make out) ______ small houses nearby, but no lights. If someone had been about, we (14 can offer) them
money to take us in, perhaps, but there was no one. I (15 can feel) water trickling down my neck. There was a haystack
nearby. That might offer shelter! We started digging into it, but after a few minutes all we (16 can achieve) was the
virtual destruction of the haystack. Not (17 can make) any shelter at all for ourselves, we huddled in the rain, thinly
covered by wet hay, our misery complete.
We heard a voice. A boy was leaning over a fence, smiling and beckoning to us. We followed him to a nearby house, of a

15
UNIT 3

very simple, rustic appearance. He led us inside, and with the words 'mother' and 'eat' pointed to a shy, tough-looking lady,
and a table. We sat, and presently the boy brought bread, salt, tomatoes, and hot milk. 1(18 can weep) with relief! The
boy sat with us and tried to start a conversation. I (19 can understand). that he had once studied English at school, but
he (20 can continue) with his studies.
They had decided that we should have his mother's bedroom. We tried to refuse it, but they insisted very firmly, and were
clearly proud (21 can offer) it to us.
We slept well, and after breakfast, the boy asked politely if 1(22 can give). him an English lesson, before we went
- early that morning he (23 can arrange) a lift to the nearest town for us. So for an hour or two I tried to teach him
something, and I think I (24 can help) . him a bit. As we were leaving they gave us a bag with bread and tomatoes in,
to eat on the way. We (25 can hardly find) words to thank them, but the boy said they were happy (26 can offer)
us their hospitality.

Check on page 79.

Compound words b Take it easy, what are you so about?
2 Use your dictionaries to discover compound words c Moving abroad is going to mean a real in
which have the following meanings.
our lives.
out compounds
d To be a successful political party, we must throw
a out-of-date (adjective)
b combination of clothes worn together away ideas and become truly modern.
(noun)
e That's a nice you're wearing.
c regular expenditure (noun)
d strange, bizarre, very different from the f The government spent millions on our
normal (adjective)
nuclear capability.
e a statement of the main facts or points
(noun) g Good news! There's been a slight in our
f remote and private, far from other places
sales figures.
(adjective)
h Young British people often behave and dress in
up compounds
g improve, raise to a higher quality (verb) ways intended to shock older people.
h sudden total change in a lifestyle, (noun)
i The _____ was repressed by troops.
1 the cost of maintaining a property
(noun) j Unable to afford the _____ of their country
j rebellion by ordinary people (noun) houses, the British 'upper classes' often open them
k tense, irritable or nervous (adjective)
1 improvement, especially in terms of to the paying public.
statistics (noun) k People in villages are often cut off when
3 Put one of the above compounds into each of the there is heavy snow.
gaps below.
1 This is a rough ______ of my plan, not a detailed
a I earn quite a lot, but my _____ are so high that I
proposal.
never seem to have any spare money.
Check on page 79.
 UNIT 3

Prepositions

4 Put prepositions in the gaps in the following letter.

Dear Friend
Your concern for the people of South Africa has been and continues to he 1 vital
importance in their struggle against apartheid. It has helped to sustain them 2 decades of
brutal repression and through the long night of poverty and deprivation. You have given
tangible solidarity, 3 which many thousands 4 people - men, women and children -
would, be utterly destitute and the gaols in South Africa even more crowded than they are
today.
But there is a new situation. Organisations and people are unbanned and able to operate.
Censorship has been lifted and human rights organisations are anxious to take 5 much of
the work that, for the past forty years, has been done by Defence and Aid. It will take some
time 6 these structures to be fully effective - estimates are 7 least one or two years.
Meanwhile the work of Defence and Aid remains crucial.
We must not fail in this last lap of the struggle; we cannot abandon so suddenly the
thousands of people who depend 8 us. The situation demands more, not less, support. To
fulfil only the existing commitments, based on our present caseload, a minimum of £550,000
per month is needed.
Legal Defence
1990 has seen a sharp rise 9 the number 10 political cases. We hope that this
number will decline but there is no sign of this yet. The notorious Internal Security Act is still
being implemented and people continue to be arrested and detained. Reports of torture and
assaults in prison continue.
The latest figures from IDAF are of a 4,333 caseload involving 34,686 individuals - and
many of those in prison have families that need support.
There are still 50 people 11_ sentence of death whose cases are 18 review. If their
sentences are confirmed, money will be needed for their appeals. IDAF has successfully funded
the appeal of the Delmas Three, and the death sentences have been quashed. This is a hopeful
precedent. Currently under review is the case of the Upington 14 - the case in which the
accused were sentenced 13 death 14_ being part of a crowd where a murder took
place. The court found only one of the 14 guilty 1 5 _ the murder but the other 13 were
sentenced to death 16 the grounds 17 'Common Purpose'. . . The needs are

17
UNIT 3

overwhelming and, for the first time 18 . our history, IDAF, because of lack of funds, has
been compelled to refuse to take 19 the greatly increased number of cases involving
charges of Public Violence which arise 20 the situation in the townships. There are also a
large number of related civil actions 21 the police for death and injury. Our inability to
fund these cases is a cause 22 deep regret. We cannot emphasise too strongly how
urgently your support is needed if we are not only to continue but to increase the humanitarian
support we have worked to provide . . .
We have always felt that because of Britain's close political and economic links 33 South
Africa we have a special responsibility in this area of great human need. The people of Britain
have been wonderfully generous 24 their recognition of this special need and special
responsibility,
We urge you to maintain and extend your support at this crucial time 25 apartheid has
finally been relegated to the past, and South Africa is truly democratic and free.
We look forward to hearing from you.

With our best wishes

Sincerely yours

Check on page 80.

Language register in making complaints
5 Below are two dialogues. Each concerns the same
complaint in a restaurant, but in one the customer
and the manager are polite to each other, and in
the other they are extremely rude. The dialogues
have been mixed together and everything put in
the wrong order. Paying attention to the
politeness of the language, decide which parts
belong to each dialogue. Write the letters in the
correct order in the grid below.
a Manager: Not at all, sir. One moment, sir, and
I'll bring the menu.
b Manager: Just let me look at the ribs, all right?
It's you who's making the trouble. Well, they
look all right to me. What's wrong with them?
c Customer: You're the manager, I suppose.
d Customer: Yes, please. Thank you very much,
and I'm sorry to cause any inconvenience.
e Manager: Well, sir, I'm sorry you feel that way.
Naturally, I'll be glad to return them to our
kitchen. Can I offer to bring you the menu
again?
f Manager: I am, sir. What can I do for you?
g Customer: These spare ribs are no good, there's
no meat on them,
h Manager: One steak. It'll take as long as it takes.
We're very busy.
i Customer: What's wrong with them? Look, I eat
here a lot, and I'm telling you they're rubbish.
Just look at them! There's no way I'm paying
for that!
j Manager: Good evening, can I be of any help?
k Customer: Don't tell me I'm talking rubbish. Are
you looking for trouble or something?
1 Manager: Hello.
m Customer: Well, it's about these spare ribs. There
doesn't seem to be very much meat on them,
I'm afraid.

18

n Customer: Good evening. Sorry to bother you,
but are you the manager?
o Manager: Hmm. Well, sir, I must say they seem
very similar to the spare ribs we usually serve,
but...
p Manager: Yeah, what do you want?
q Customer: You see, I do actually eat here
regularly, and they definitely don't seem to be
the same quality as usual. Not quite as meaty.
r Manager: Look, just keep your voice down, will
you? OK, I'll take them back. What do you
want instead?
s Customer: Give me a steak, and hurry it up, I
haven't got all day.
t Manager: Rubbish. Let's have a look at them.
u Customer: Certainly. I don't like to complain,
but as you can see...
v Manager: I'm sorry to hear that, sir. May I see
them?
Polite dialogue
Rude Dialogue
6 By reference to the dialogues, convert the impolite
expressions below to their polite equivalents.
Fhe first one has been done for you.
a What do you want?
What can I do for you
b There's no meat on them.
c You're the manager, I suppose.
d OK, I'll take them back.
e Just look at them!
f What do you want instead?
UNIT 3
Writing an evaluation: guided writing
7 Study the information about flats in London on
page 157 ofyourCoursebook.
a Note the way connecting expressions are used in
the following evaluation of the first flat.
It's true that it's got some advantages. It's self-
contained, to start with, and there's quite a bit of
space, considering there are two bedrooms, a sitting
room — even if it is a small one - a kitchen and a
bathroom. You've also got the use of a big garden.
So it would be a comfortable place to live,
compared with some places. On top of that, it's got a
TV, which is good if you're going to spend time
indoors. On the other hand, it's a long way from the
centre - in fact it's even a long way from the
tube station - and it hasn't got a telephone. So
you'd tend to be a bit isolated, and probably
wouldn't have much of a social life. What's more,
at £100 a week, it's not cheap.'
This is basically a negative evaluation, because the
problems are mentioned last. The speaker is not
recommending the flat.
b Rewrite the evaluation, putting the information in
a different order so that the final judgement is
more positive. The following skeleton will help,
but you must provide the connecting expressions.
? some problems long way centre
tube station telephone isolated social life
£100 self-contained space two bedrooms
sitting room kitchen bathroom
garden TV comfortable some places
Check against the possible answer on page 80.
c Choose one of the other flats, and write two
balanced evaluations, one in favour of it and one
against.
19
Organising Your Learning:
Speaking (1)
How do you s a y . . . ?
You probably still find that in certain situations or at
certain points in conversations you just don't know
the English way of saying what you want to express. In
these situations, do you:
I give up trying to say it?
• express your meaning in another way, by using a
greater number of simpler words, or a structure
which doesn't say exactly what you mean?
• translate from your own language word-for-
word, (producing some very peculiar English)?
Whatever your reaction, you would probably like to
find yourself in fewer of these situations, and find the
exact structure, word, or expression when you need it.
One way of setting about this positively is to carry a
small notebook with you whenever you can, and
quickly note down the problem when you meet it, or
Check on page 80.
shortly afterwards. Alternatively, some learners,
especially those studying in their own countries, find it
fun to imagine conversations, and identify potential
problems in this way. If you do this regularly, you will
quickly build up a list of things you want to know. The
list can be in the form of:
• situations (e.g. 'What do I say when . . . ? ' )
• questions in English (e.g. 'What's a polite way of
saying...?')
• words, structures or expressions written in your
own language, in clear contexts, to be
reformulated in English.
Ask your teacher or fellow learners to help you. If you
are studying in Britain, perhaps your host family can
help. When you have found answers to your questions,
write example sentences or mini-dialogues in your file,
and have these checked as well.
Check on page 80.
20
Exercises
1 An advanced learner of English has noted down
the following situations and wants to know what
is usually said. Any ideas?
a I've been chatting politely to someone I don't
know, say in a bus, and now it's my stop. What do
I say as I leave?
b Someone I know has failed an important exam. I
meet them in a public place and want to
sympathise. After saying 'hello' and so on, how do
I start?
c I'm annoyed because I've come to a terrible party.
'I regret having come' is too formal, so what do I
say to the person I'm with?
d I keep meeting the same acquaintance in a
shopping centre - it's now the third time in
twenty minutes. What can I say in a light-hearted
way, because it's almost getting embarrassing?
e How do I recommend a film, for example, very
enthusiastically?
2 A student studying in Britain asked the following
questions. Can you answer them?
a 'I wish I knew,' means I'm sorry that I don't know,
now, in the present. What do I say if it was
something I wished yesterday? 'I wished I knew' or
'I wished I had known.'
b I was invited to dinner and took some flowers for
the hostess. She seemed pleased, but she said 'Oh,
you shouldn't have.' I didn't understand. Did she
mean I'd done something wrong?
c 'It didn't live up to expectations,' means that
something wasn't as good as expected. Could I say
'English weather didn't live up to my fears',
because it wasn't as bad as I'd feared?
 UNIT

Entertainment, going out

Gerunds and infinitives in this outmoded way will find that modern
1 Convert the verbs in brackets to gerunds or women do not permit (5 do) so. Far from
infinitives with to. The infinitives may be
continuous (to be doing) or perfect {to have done). (6 be) thanked (7 be) considerate,
Add prepositions or pronouns where necessary. male persons guilty of such flagrant sexism will be
a Before (1 leave). , Simpkins advised (2 be)
severely criticised (8 patronise) women.
careful with Benson. He told me Benson
c 'The company cannot afford (1 continue)
meant (3 have) my job and he was a man
with its present policies. My proposal would
who wouldn't hesitate (4 betray) his
succeed (2 save) it, by {3 enable)
colleagues by (5 undermine) . them behind
{4 increase) our efficiency. We would
their backs. This seemed (6 be) a little
finally manage (5 decrease) . our labour
hypocritical, since that was exactly what Simpkins
costs, without (6 reduce) our production.
appeared (7 do) Benson.
I regret (7 say) that this would entail
b Women resent (I be) treated as if they
(8 make) half our workforce redundant,
were any different from men, and naturally refuse
but the situation obliges (9 take) strong
(2 accept) sexist behaviour on public
measures.'
transport, such as that of men who attempt (3 offer)
d 'He promised faithfully (I give) a lift, and
their seats. Men who insist (4 act)
never showed up. And then, when I saw him the

21
UNIT 4

next day and accused (2 let down) , he as plus gerund or infinitive

pretended not (3 offer) {4 give)
me the lift in the first place! He simply denied
ever (5 say) anything about it. And even
when I proved that he had done, he tried to get out
of it (6 claim) _ _ _ _ not (7 remember)
(8 do) it!'
Check on page 81.
as being + adjective
2 We can express our opinions and impressions
using as, followed by being and an adjective after
certain verbs. Being can also be omitted.
For example:
1 remember him as (being) a very considerate man.
Convert the following sentences, using as and the
appropriate fonn of the verb in brackets.
a I think he's essential to the success of the deal.
(see)
b She said he was unworthy of serious consideration,
(dismiss)
3 Some phrases ending in as can be followed only by
the gerund, and some only by the infinitive. Some
must be followed by a finite verb (with a subject).
Convert the verbs in brackets to gerunds,
infinitives, or finite verb-phrases.
a He keeps healthy by taking sensible decisions, such
as (refuse) to overeat or drink alcohol.
b As soon as (arrive) in Rome, I'm going out
for a big meal and a bottle of wine,
c I think smoking cigarettes is the same as (burn)
your money.
d But to bum my money wouldn't give me as much
pleasure as (smoke) does.
e She left early 50 as (arrive) at the airport
in plenty of time.
f To me, watching sport on TV is as good as (watch)
it live.
g Much as (admire) his courage, I really
think he should give up boxing.

c He gives the impression of being rather arrogant, h As far as (know) , we're not doing
(come) anything this Saturday.
i The coffee was so sweet as (be)
d I think he's the best in his field, (regard)
undrinkable.
j As well as (windsurf) , he likes to waterski.
e He seemed rather nervous, (strike)
Check on page 81.

The infinitive: other uses

f I've never had the opinion that he was mean,
(think) 4 The infinitive can be used: to give instructions, to
speak formally of arrangements, with nothing and
nowhere (passive infinitive), to speak of
g Witnesses say the man is tall and heavily-built,
impossibility, and (usually with see or find) to
(describe)
speak of discoveries.
For example:
Check on page 81. You are to say nothing, (instruction)

22
 UNIT 4

Parliament is to open tomorrow, (arrangements) g a person who speaks in a polite way

The key was nowhere to be found, (impossibility) h a decision which is destined to bring trouble
She woke to find that the sun had almost set. i a vague, imprecise feeling which you can't identify
(discovery) j an office or flat which has good equipment or
Rewrite the sentences below, completing the sentence furniture
stems and using the infinitive. In the brackets, write
6 Use expressions from exercise 5 to fill the gaps.
the function which the infinitive is performing. The
first one is done for you. a I was shown into a 1 office. Behind a large
a Stay here until you're called. desk sat a 2 young man: impeccable
You (instruction) haircut, tie perfectly in place, neatly-clipped
b There's a royal visit to Canada next month. moustache, you know the look. I'll never achieve
The Queen ( ) it, I know. Such elegance is only for the 3 ;
c Don't leave this room for any reason. it just costs too much. I sat there, feeling 4
You_ _ ( ) in my shabby suit.
d No action is possible to change the situation. He looked up: 'allo, siddown, I'll be wiv yer in a
There's ( ) sec, OK?' I was surprised. By his appearance, I'd

e She turned and saw her car disappearing into the expected him to be 5 .
distance. b She didn't know why, but she had a pessimistic
She turned to ( ) feeling about the expedition. It was certainly
f His execution is tomorrow. 1 enough: the desire to save an endangered
He ( ) species was something everybody supported. She
g We couldn't see him anywhere.
just felt it was somehow 2 she knew in her
He was ( ) bones that something was going to go wrong. And
h When she arrived, the city was in turmoil. as we now know, these 3______ fears proved to be
She arrived ( ) 4 , in the end. There had been no
Hyphenated expressions: ill/well planning, no thinking through. It was a crazy,
5 Use your dictionaries to find expressions using ill 5 venture from start to tragic finish.
or well which could describe the following;
a an opinion or judgement which has a solid Check on page 81.
foundation in facts Language register in invitations
b a rich person
c someone who feels uncomfortable, not relaxed 7 The language in the following dialogues is often
d an unwise action which it was a mistake to do either too polite and careful or too familiar and
e a person who has a smart, neat appearance in direct. Underline the parts that are too direct with
general a continuous line, and the parts that are too
f an action which was supposed to do good, but polite with a dotted line.
perhaps didn't

23
UNIT 4

1 8 Rewrite the following extracts from the dialogue

Jenny: Jonathan, Robin and I were wondering if in a more appropriate style.
you and Helen would like to come round a OK, why not, no problem. When?
for dinner sometime.
Jonathan: OK, why not, no problem. When?
Jenny: We were thinking of Friday.
Jonathan: I should imagine there would be no
b I should imagine there would be no objection to
objection to that. Naturally I shall have to
that. Naturally I shall have to ask for confirmation
ask for confirmation from my wife, but to
from my wife, but to my knowledge we have no
my knowledge we have no concrete plans
concrete plans at this time.
at this time.
Jenny: Excellent. I wonder if you could possibly
give me an answer tomorrow?
Jonathan: Yeah, maybe. I'll see what I can do, but
I'm not promising anything, OK?
2
Alan: Hello, Ken? c Excellent. I wonder if you could possibly give me
Ken: Yes. Alan. an answer tomorrow?
Alan: Hi. Sorry to bother you, but I was wondering if
there was any chance of you coming for a drink?
Ken: I can't really. Dinner will be served in a matter
of minutes. There is a possibility that I will be d Hi. Sorry to bother you, but I was wondering if
free a little later. Would that be convenient? there was any chance of your coming for a drink?
Alan: All right. About 9 o'clock?
Ken: Fine. Shall I just see you in the pub?
Alan: No, I'll pop round and pick you up.
Ken: OK see you then. About 9. e Dinner will be served in a matter of minutes.
Alan: Right you are. See you. There is a possibility that I will be free a little
later. Might that be convenient?
3
Francis: Hello, Liz?
Liz: Good evening,
Francis: It's Francis. Francis Blake.
Liz: Ah, good evening, Mr Blake. What can I do
for you? f Do you want to come out with me tonight?
Francis: Do you want to come out with me tonight?
Liz: What?
Francis: For dinner, I'll pay.
Liz: No way. Why on earth should I want to go g For dinner. I'll pay.
out with you?
Francis: Some other time then? When would suit
h Look, I've had enough of this. The answer is no,
you? Are you free tomorrow?
OK? Goodbye.
Liz: I'm terribly sorry, Mr Blake, but I'm afraid I
have a previous engagement. I do apologise.
Francis: Oh, that's a shame. How about Thursday?
Liz: Look, I've had enough of this. The answer is
no, OK? Goodbye. Check on page 81.
24
 UNIT 4

Positive and negative connotations devious man, and in order to achieve the high
position he now holds, he must have shown
9 It often happens that two words have very similar
greater 13 flexibility /lack of principle in private than
basic meanings, but have different connotations.
was usually expected from his more 14 principled/
For example, both slim and skinny mean not fat,
rigid predecessor. At home, I think we can expect
but slim sounds positive and skinny sounds negative.
a more 15 frugal/penny-pinching style of
In the two paragraphs below, there are twenty
government, and probably 16 firmer/more
places with a choice of two similar words. One
repressive law-and-order policies. In foreign policy,
word in each pair is positive-sounding, the other
expect a greater willingness to 17 intervene/mediae
negative-sounding.
militarily in the affairs of smaller states, compared
Using your dictionary, first decide which words are with the 18 hesitant/cautious former president,
positive and which negative. who, when he did act, preferred 19 discreet/
Then rewrite passage a twice, first using the words surreptitious diplomatic 20 blackmail/pressure to the
which give a positive impression of Jones and his use of armed force.
flat, and secondly those which give a negative
impression. b i
Rewrite passage b twice, first giving a positive
impression of the new president and a negative
one of the ex-president, and secondly giving a
negative impression of the new president and a
positive impression of the ex-president.
a We looked round Jones' 1 cosy/cramped
apartment, with its 2 cheap/inexpensive furnishings
and 3 gaudy I cheerful colours. He was a 4 skinny/
slim, 5 pale/pasty-faced man with 6 a proud/an
arrogant, 7 cocksure/'self'-confident air.

a i

ii

ii

b He is more likely to make 8 bold/rash decisions

that the previous president. His staff will find him
9 an abrasive/a forthright and 10 strong~wiUed/
domineering person to work with, and his views
more 11 simplistic/straightforward than those of his
predecessor. However, he is a very 12 shrewd/ Check on page 82.

25
Organising Your Learning: P . . . punctuation T . .. tense G . . . grammar (not
tense) S . . . spelling W . . . wrong word WO .. .
Writing word-order Exp . .. wrong expression A . . . put a
word in here V. .. take a word out of this line
What do you need to write?
Unlike speaking and listening, writing is something Study the two extracts below, (which were written by
you may never need to do very much in English. real students), and the correction clues. Rewrite each
Which of the following would you like to be able to extract, correcting the errors.
write in English?
a P I went up the path to the door it was
• business letters
open
• other formal letters
V so I entered into the gloomy old
• informal letters
house as
• postcards
GP quietly that I could, there wasn't a
• faxes/telexes
sound
• essays as part of your studies at school or university
Exp, P, T as far as the ear could hear, I was
• instructions
A, G listening the silence during a short
• study notes or lecture notes
W period . ..
• messages
• stories
• essays in EFL examinations
Your Coursebook will help you with formal letters,
with story-telling, and with the organised writing
needed for studying. This will also help you prepare for
writing as part of an EFL examination. b WO I always had wanted to go in the
If other types of writing are important to you, special Spring to
books are available on the market, particularly for G, G Paris, therefore I was delighted for
business and commercial writing. Also, try to get hold W, W, G getting your gentle invitation, that
of examples from real life, and build up a store of T, WO this morning has arrived. I would like
models. You can learn special vocabulary and stylistic WO very much to come . ..
points from these, which you can use when you write.
How can you improve?
The more you write, the better you will get, as long as
you understand what you need to improve. Your
teacher can help you here by:
• correcting your mistakes Check on page 82.
• rewriting parts of what you have written
2 For each extract, recommend the most important
• helping you to correct your own mistakes and to
ONE of the following areas for the writer to do
rewrite
some remedial work on.
• giving advice about how to improve
Which of these do you think are most useful, and why? Formal and informal vocabulary as (adverb) as past
tenses where to end a sentence and start a new one
Self-correction
vocabulary expansion how connectors like so,
1 If your teacher gives you clues, telling you the type
therefore are used prepositions the order of adverbs
of mistake you have made, it will help you with
and adverbial phrases in sentences.
self-correction. Below are some examples of
correction clues. Check on page 82.

26
 The Third World

Зіпсе ^іїЬ рге5епї регівсї ог раз* зітріе b (get) fat (give up) smoking
1 Зіпсе изшііу ге£егз Ьаск Со разе Сіте \УІСН сЬе разе
зітріе сепзе.
c (eat) lot (live) France
е.§. Не'з Ьееп сіергеззесі зіпсе Не Іозс Ьіз ]оЬ.
Зіпсе сап аЬо ге£ег со ап оп§оІП£ зісиасіоп, \УІСЬ а
рсезепс регїесс ґепзе. d (not learn) much French (start) studying
е.§. Не'з Ьееп сіергеззеіі зіпсе Ке'з Ьееп ипетріоуесІ.
Кеасі ґЬе Іп£огтапоп аЬоиї сЬе ]опез £аті1у, апсі
изе Іс апсі гЬе р ю т р в Ье1о\у со т а к е 5Іпсе e (lose) weight (start) diet
зепсепсез о£ ЬоїЬ Сурез. Оесісіе №Ііетег со изе гЬе
ргезепс регґесс зітріе ог ргезепї; рег£есс
сопїіпиоиз сепзе Іп сЬе т а і п сіаизе. ТЬе Ягзс опе f (look) better (start) doing exercises
Каз Ьееп сіопе £ог уои.

The Jones family moved to France two years ago. g (go) out more (move) France
The situation now is: Ken doesn't smoke any more but
he's very fat. He eats a lot. He's studying French
h relationship (improve) (stop) TV all the time
without much success.
Sue is thinner because she's on a diet now. She does
more exercise. She's looking better. i The children (learn) French (move) France
Ken and Sue go out instead of watching TV.
The children go out more, and have friends now.
They speak French fluently. j (make) friends (go) out more
a Ken (give up) smoking (move) France
Ken has given up smoking since he moved to France. Check on page 82.

27
UNIT 5
2 Study the following sentences.
A: It's a long time since I've eaten a hamburger.
B: It's ten years since I last ate a hamburger.
C: It's ten years since I gave up junk food.
In A, since + present perfect simple refers to
something that used to happen regularly, then
stopped happening (eating hamburgers). It could
still happen again.
In B, since + last + past simple refers to the last
{most recent) time such a thing happened. If it
can't happen again, we use for the last time.
In C, since plus past simple refers to an event that
only happened once (giving up junk food).
For each sentence below, write another type A, B
or C with the same meaning.
a I started studying English a long time ago.
b I haven't seen him for twenty years.
c I used to go riding a lot, but that was ages ago.
d The last time the city saw such celebrations was
thirty years ago.
e He only left ten minutes ago.
f The war ended eighteen years ago.
g I haven't seen such a beautiful girl for years.
h The last time I spoke to him was a year ago, just
before he died.
Check on page 82.
28
Rises, falls and prepositions
3 Read the following editorial carefully. To make
sure you have understood it, find answers to the
questions at the end. The glossary will help you with
words and expressions.
Yesterday' s figures detail ing Britain' s gross domestic
product in the fourth quarter make it painfully clear
not only that we 're now officially in recession (defined
as two successive quarters of negative growth), but
5 that the pattern is looking ominously like a re-run of
1980/81. In 1980 the economy suffered four
consecutive quarters where the output of the whole
economy contracted by one per cent or more, with
manufacturing industry taking the hardest knocks.
10 Yesterday's statistics show that, in the third and
fourth quarters of 1990, output as a whole declined by
1.3 per cent and one per cent respectively, with
manufacturing output falling by one per cent and
three per cent. If the redundancies currently recorded
15 are anything to go by, there will be a third successive
contraction of about one per cent in the first quarter of
1991.
It is important to be clear why this is happening and
why we are having to endure an unnecessarily severe
20 recession for the second time in a decade. It is because
ministers will brook no other way of bringing inflation
down to the levels prevailing in Europe's Exchange
Rate Mechanism: they continue doggedly to rely on
high interest rates and rising unemployment alone.
25 Although it is likely that there will be a substantial
reduction of 2 to 3 percentage points in the annual rate
of price inflation in April... there will be no lasting
reduction in price inflation until Britain's propensity
to pay wage increases comes down to European
30 levels. And what progress is being made there? None.
The problem is actually getting worse.
Last week's figures showed no increase in the overall
annual rise of earnings, which remained at 9.75 per
cent in December. But, within this overall stagnation,
35 average earnings in manufacturing went up from 9.5
to 9.75 per cent, while other sectors remained the
same. In other words, in spite of sharply rising ;
unemployment and high interest rates, companies are
still doling out wage and salary increases at nearly
40 twice the rate of our competitors in Europe.
 UNIT 5

Glossary
a quarter - three months
taking the hardest knocks - suffering most
brook - permit
doggedly - with stubborn determination
propensity to pay - habit of paying
doling out - giving away for nothing
Are these statements about the text true or false?
a From July to September 1990, UK output
(production) rose by 1.3%
b From October to December 1990, UK
manufacturing output fell by more than UK
output as a whole,
c More reduction in manufacturing output is
expected for the current quarter (at the time of
writing, February 1991).
d The real cause of the recession is the way
Ministers are fighting inflation.
e Ministers refuse to use high interest rates in the
fight against inflation.
f There is certain to be a fall of 2 to 3 per cent in
inflation in April.
g The real cause of inflation is the fact that British
companies keep giving wage increases.
Check on page 82.
4 Study the following extracts from the article,
output.. . contracted by one per cent or more
(line 7)
earnings went up from 9.5 to 9.75 per cent (line 35)
there will be a . . . contraction of about one per
cent (line 15)
there will be no . . . reduction in price inflation
(line 27)
With verbs (e.g. contracted, went up), by refers to
the size of the rise or fall, while from and to refer to
the former level and the new level.
With nouns (e.g. contraction, reduction), of refers to
the size of the rise or fall, while in refers to the
thing which is being measured. To and from can
also be used with nouns to refer to the new and
old levels.

5 Study the graphs, and write sentences about them.

Each sentence should be based on one of the
prompts below. The first has been done for you.
29
UNITS

d the sales, in increase notwithstanding

the bad. looks future company's stilt
Notwithstanding

e such should I extraordinary it that a

happened, have find thing absolutely
I

d value of exports Check on page 83.

(substantial)
(sharply)
(£5bn)
Check on page 83,
Sentence construction: word jumble
6 The words in the following sentences have been
jumbled up. Unjumhle them and write the
sentences in the spaces provided. The beginning
of each sentence is given. Punctuation marks
follow the words which they follow in the
sentence.
a looking we long we for. which we
sign driving were saw been when
hadn't the
We hadn't
Nouns derived from . . . ed adjectives
7 Adjectives ending . . . ed often form nouns with
. . . merit, but not always. For each sentence
below, use your dictionary to help you write
another with the same meaning, converting the
adjectives to nouns and making any other
necessary changes. The first one has been done for
you.
a The bonus system has brought about an improved
service,
The cause of the improvement in the service has been
the bonue eystem.
b I was rather disappointed by the result.
The result was
c The look he gave me was more astonished than
pleased.

b misunderstanding, no carefully, I that He looked at me

should explained so there be
I d If you take part-time work you won't be entitled
to unemployment benefit.

c severe revolution, war turn attempted If you take part-time work you'll lose
led to the caused an in which
poverty,
The war

30
 UNIT 5

e The children danced around, they were so excited Cause and effect
and delighted.
8 Fill the gaps with cause and effect connectors. The
The children danced around in first letter of each word is given.
a Describing effects
f We stared at the scene, horrified and fascinated. A drop in consumers' spending power 1 r
We stared at the scene in
in a corresponding drop in demand throughout
the economy. 2 A a r _______ , industrial
g Ordinary people became progressively more
impoverished as a result of the adjustment production had to he reduced, and 3 o
policies. c _____ of this was that many workers were made
The adjustment policies led to the
redundant- 4 O to this rising
unemployment, consumers' incomes and
h He pushed at the locked door, surprised and
annoyed. 5c their spending power fell further. For
He pushed at the locked door in 6t r , demand continued to fall
throughout the economy, 7 c a fall in
i I was more amused than frightened by their industrial production, and in turn, more
behaviour.
redundancies. . .
Their behaviour caused me
b Explaining causes
') 1 gaped at him, utterly stupefied by what he had The recent redundancies are 1 t_ .r
told me.
o______ a reduction in industrial production,
I gaped at him in
which was in turn 2 c b falling

k They lived there contented for many years. demand throughout the economy. This

They lived there in contraction in demand was 3 d to a drop

in consumers' spending power, which fell partly

Check on page 83. 4b of redundancies, when people lost

their jobs 5 b __ industrial production was
reduced 6 a a r _____ o_ falling
demand throughout the economy . . .
Check on page 83.

51
Organising Your Learning: Predicting

Reading (1) c Without reading it, photocopy a short article on a

topic you know something about. Cut it up into
Improving your reading pieces of four or five lines each, keeping the pieces
in the right order. Turn each piece over in turn,
1 Why do you want to read in English?
read it and try to predict what will be said on the
Below are some reasons for reading in English. Are next piece.
any of them true for you?
d Read a short story until two or three pages from
• to get information or ideas unavailable in your
the end, then try to predict what will happen by
own language, perhaps for study
the end. Write you predictions down, and check
• to read literature in the original, rather than in
by completing the story.
translation
There are other ideas for reading activities in the
• because you need to read English at work
Projects and Assignments in your Coursebook. Have
• to pick up new vocabulary
you got any of your own?
Do you have another reason, not mentioned here I
Using your reading to teach yourself phrases
2 What are you going to read?
One way of widening your range of expression,
It is better only to read the sort of thing which you
particularly in your writing, is through consciously
would enjoy reading in your own language.
learning phrases in what you read. For example, read
You and your fellow learners can get hold of
the text below, paying attention to the phrases in
things to read by: bold.
• finding a shop which sells English-language
'Brazil has changed a lot over the past half-decade —
newspapers or books
almost entirely for the worse. In these five years Brazil
• finding an English language library you can join
has had ten finance ministers, ten central-bank
• recommending, lending and exchanging books or governors, five doses of economic shock therapy, and
magazines four currencies... Each of the cruzeiros in circulation
• photocopying short texts like articles, poems and today equals one million of the cruzeiros in circulation
short stories for each other. Build up a stock of at the beginning of 1986. The currency's external
these to keep in your classroom. value fluctuates madly; in the month of October
Can you think of any other ideas? alone, you needed anything from 550 to 1,050
3 What do you want to improve in your reading? cruzeiros to buy $1. Real GDP in 1991 is likely to be
Below are some activities which you may find useful. less than it was in 1986 . . . It is likelier than not that
the economy will shrink again in 1992. If so, that will
Reading quickly make for the third straight year of economic
contraction.'
a If you are in Britain, watch foreign films with
English subtitles. Don't read word for word, but
If you want to practise the phrases in bold for active
glance at each subtitle briefly as a whole,
use, copy them into your file, and invent other
including words you don't know. Your reading will
sentences on the same pattern.
soon become more efficient, and you will be able
Example:
to get all the meaning while the subtitle is on the
anything from
screen.
April temperatures in London can be anything from
b If you are in your own country, skim a newspaper
0°C to l5°C.
for an article which interests you, then give
yourself a short time limit to read it all. Write
down what you think the article says, then go over
it more slowly and check your first impression.

32
 UNIT

Health and medicine

Making comparative structures more informative f Going by car isn't nearly as expensive as flying.
1 Convert each sentence to another with the same It's
meaning, using the sentence stem given.
a This is far easier than I thought it would be,
g But flying is a lot quicker, and a great deal more
This is nowhere comfortable.
But going by car isn't
b My salary is only a quarter as high as his.
He earns four h I think the weather is a bit cooler today.
I don't think
c The tree was four times as high as a man.
The tree was i Keeping fit is much easier if you can do it in a
group.
It isn't
d It's not nearly as simple as people think.
It is a great j I don't find travelling alone nearly as enjoyable as
travelling with friends,
I find it a
e This car is three times the price of that one.
This car costs
Check on page 83.

33
UNIT 6

2 Fill the gaps in the following text.

Wiser Welsh still hanker for chips

Vivek Chaudhary finds a region's health drive
making inroads on workers' traditional fare
Wide-ranging health
targets have been adopted in
Wales 1 the beginning of
last year in a programme 2
community groups and
companies 3 the health-
conscious catering manager at
the Driver Vehicle Licensing
Authority at Swansea conceded
yesterday: 'We could sell chip
butties all day long.'
4 the emphasis on
healthier eating, chips are
5 as traditional as rugby
in this part of South Wales.
Douglas Manning has been
using different oils, wholegrain
rice 6 reducing sugar and
salt used in cooking in the DVLA
canteen. He offers vegetarian
dishes and salads to workers
7 agrees: 'Twenty fiveper
centof food cooked here is chips.'
The Health For All In
Wales scheme was first
formulated as a heart disease
prevention programme, Heartbeat
Wales, in 1985 and expanded in
January 1990 to tackle smoking
stress and other problems. 'We
have blazed a trail and the fact
that both political parties are
devoting attention to a health
programme is a tribute to our
success,' said Dr Simon Smarl of
the Health Promotion Authority
for Wales, a government-backed
body leading the initiative.
8 its launch the
percentage of smokers in Wales
has fallen 9 4 per cent for
men and 3 per cent 10
women. Surveys show those
eating green vegetables and salads
increasing 11 25 per cent
to 45 per cent.
Professor John Catford,
executive director of the Health
Promotion Authority for Wales
admits that there is room for
improvement. 'Areas like the
valleys still suffer enormous
health problems 12 to
middle class areas. Health is
13 to many other factors
and we need a strategy to tackle
14 adequately.'
The DVLA canteen
choice yesterday included six
different salads, as well as pie
and chips. Receptionist Jill Davis,
tucking into a plate of chips,
agreed it was a 'bad habit'
15 only has them once a
week. The health promotion has
made me more conscious of
16 I eat. I don't 17
have a chip pan at home' she
added.
Jan Morgan eating salad,
boiled potatoes and cottagecheese
said 'I have salad every 18
day. Since the health programme
at work people vary more
19 they eat, but my family
20 love egg and chips.!

Glossary KEY
hanker for (headline) - want, desire green vegetable
catering manager {para 1) - person responsible for the white sugar
provision of meals to employees alcohol
chip butties (para 1) - sandwiches containing chips dairy produce
blazed a trail (para 4 ) - done something never done fish
before, making it easier for others to follow wholemeal bread and cereals
the valleys (para 6) - the industrial, mostly working-
class part of Wales
Check on page 83.
3 Colestera and Hypochondra are two small
countries where eating habits have been
changing. Using the graphs and the prompt words,
write sentences comparing consumption ten years
ago with consumption today. Be as informative as
possible. The first one has been done for you.

34
 UNIT 6

a people/many/green vegetables h people/near/white sugar/as

People don't eat quite as many green vegetables as

they usedto.
b people/more/white sugar i people/about a quarter/alcohol

c consumption/wholemeal bread and cereals/than j consumption/dairy produce/than

d consumption/dairy produce/deal k consumption/fish/than

e people/seven/alcohol 1 people/three/quantity/wholemeal bread and

cereals/than

f people/about half/fish

Check on page 83.

4 Write sentences comparing the two countries

regarding the aspects of health listed below. You
will have to be slightly more imaginative this
time.
a fibre b vitamins c cholesterol d likelihood
of heart disease e alcohol-related injuries
f dental care

g consumption/green vegetables/than c

35
UNIT 6

e
17 to rest with your feet supported and your legs
extended
18 He can't justify his action or opinion.
f
19 to be in such a bad condition that...
20 to begin walking more quickly
Check on page 84.
Check on page 84.
6 Complete the sentences below, using some of the
Parts of the body idioms above expressions,
5 Use your dictionary to help you match the a Don't worry about the trial, the prosecution
following expressions with the meanings below.
Ten of the meanings are false.
We'll soon break their case down.
a to put your foot in it
b Gosh I'm exhausted. When I get home I'm going
b to put your feet up
to for an hoar.
c to put your heads together
c He was so rude to everyone at the party that we
d on your own head be it
e to take something to heart
f I'll be glad to see the back of him
d I'm afraid I rather
g to shut your eyes to something
when I asked how her husband was, but I
h he doesn't have a leg to stand on
didn't know they were separated.
i it's on its last legs
e Come on, if you've got something to say to me,
j I told him to his face that

1 It's nearing the final stages (e.g. a film or a race),

2 to consult and solve a problem together f OK, now and see
3 to say something which causes embarrassment if you agree on the answers to the exercise.
4 He is so poor he can't support himself.
5 You must make this decision for yourself. g In mid 1989, communism in Eastern Europe was
6 I told him that... (but I meant something else). already .
7 to be strongly affected or upset by something
8 It'll be nice to see him again. h He didn't mean to upset you, don't
9 to reserve a table, hotel room etc
10 If anything bad happens to you, it'll be your own
fault. i We can't go on
11 I told him honestly and openly that... the way they treat their children, we've got to do
12 I'm fed up with having him around here.
13 to refuse to do something which is wrong something about it.
14 It's in such a bad state that it will soon stop j 'Look I'm going to do it my way, OK?'
working.
15 to reach an agreement in a negotiation 'OK, OK!
16 to pretend you can't see something bad happening

36
 UNIT6

Advice and suggestions Gladys: I agree entirely. Perhaps I'd better.

Jack: Have you tried doing exercises?
7 Below is the dialogue from Section F of your
Gladys: Oh yes, I tried keep-fit classes, but they
Coursebook, except that now it contains thirty
didn't work any good.
errors. Underline the errors and write the correct
Jack: How many times did you go, if you don't
word or phrase in the space provided below.
bother my asking?
Jack: Good heavens, Gladys, you're getting really
Gladys: Oh, you know, a few. Well, three or four.
fat, you know. You'd better to do something
Jack: Well, what are you expecting? You've got to
about it.
keep it up!
Gladys: Yes, perhaps I would. Do you really think it's
Gladys: Oh, I'm sure you're right, but what's the
too bad?
point?
Jack: Do you mind if I asked how much you weigh
Jack: Look, Gladys, if you don't mind my saying
in these days?
so, I think you're being fairly negative. It's
Gladys: Oh, you know, Jack, a bit more that last year.
simple. If you don't lose weight you're going
Jack: Seriously, Gladys, I didn't laugh about it, if I
to pass through problems.
were you. How much do you weigh, in fact?
Gladys: All right, you've got a point I agree. I try
Gladys: About 14 stone.
again.
Jack: That's a horrible lot, Gladys. I mean, I hope
you let me say so, you are dangerously fat.
How old are you, if you don't care about my 1 16
asking? 2 17
Gladys: 34. What do you mean, dangerously?
Jack: Well, heart attacks of course. I hate to say 3 18
that, but that's a lot of fat for one heart to 4 19
carry. I really think you do ought to lose
weight. 5 20
Gladys: Yes, well, I know your point, and I have tried 6 21
a few diets, but nothing seems to work. What
do you think I should to do? 7 22
Jack: Well, if you asked my opinion, complicated 8 23
diets don't work. How many times a day do
you eat? 9 24
Gladys: Well, I hardly don't stop, really. 10 25
Jack: Well, have you tried just eating less often?
Why don't you just eat twice a day? 11 26
Gladys: I've tried that, but it's not good; I just can't 12 27
resist the temptation.
Jack: Well, the manner I see it, you've simply got 13 28
to resist it. 14 29
Gladys: Well, it's easier saying than doing, isn't it? I
mean it's alright for you, you're thin anyway. 15 30
For you it's easy to talk. The thing is, I've got Check on page 84.
enough weight to lose that it hardly seems
worth starting.
Jack: Well, you've got to statt, if you want to know
what 1 think.

37
Organising Your Learning: b Can I say something? With fellow learners,
choose a topic-card to speak about. Only one
Speaking (2) person speaks at a time. When you want to say
something, speak into the cassette recorder, then
Improving your oral fluency
press 'pause'. The next speaker, perhaps replying,
Even as an advanced learner, you probably still have does the same. After a while, listen to the
problems when you speak in English. recording. This is also a good basis for language
research.
Language problems
c Acting out a scene With fellow learners, watch
If you are fluent, but lack vocabulary, or speak
an English-language video, and choose a scene
ungrammatically, or can't find the right language for
that is not too difficult. Write out the script as
the right situation, the advice in the Cyrganising Your
accurately as you can, act it out together, and
Learning sections: Vocabulary, Grammar and
record yourselves. Compare your version with the
Speaking (1) will help you to solve your problems for
original, and do it again until you are satisfied.
yourself.
d I haven't finished! If you find it hard to have your
Pronunciation problems say in conversations, learn language for
Problems of pronunciation can probably be dealt with interrupting and resisting interruption, and use it.
most effectively in class, or, if your school has one, a You can pick such expressions up from other
language laboratory or self-access centre with mini-labs. speakers. Later in your Coursebook they are
practised.
Lack of oral fluency and confidence
e Speak up! Pay attention to how loudly you speak,
This may be caused by a simple lack of English. If this
If you tend to speak quietly, make an effort to
is the case, follow the advice in the Organising Your speak a little louder.
Learning sections: Vocabulary, Grammar and
f A cassette-friend Instead of a penfriend, try to
Speaking (1) and you should find that your fluency
find a cassette-friend, and correspond by cassette
improves as you become more confident with your rather than letters.
English.
g Get out and about If you are in Britain, try to
If your English is good, but you are still not a
meet British people. Why not join an evening
confident, fluent speaker, try not to worry about class run by your local education authority? You
speaking completely accurately all the time. Perhaps are sure to find an interesting course, and can set
practice in communicating is more important! up social contacts as well.
Below are some suggestions for out-of-class activities
h An English club In your own country, find out if
to provide communication practice and help you
there is an English Club you can join, where
improve your fluency and communicative ability. members meet in each other's houses, and only
a Just a minute Write some topics on pieces of card, English is spoken.
and mix them up. Pick a card and record yourself
speaking for a minute on the topic. Listen to
yourself. You'll probably sound better than you
expected! If not, try the same topic again a little
later.

38
 UNIT

Crime and law enforcement

Crime vocabulary g She said she hadn't committed the crime.

1 The ten sentences below tell a story. Rewrite She p
them without changing the meaning, using the
prompt words given- The first letters of some h People gave important information in court.
words are given.
W gave e
a She broke the law, and the police caught her. i Her lawyer asked questions of the prosecution
She ______ an o_______ , and was a . witnesses.
The C D
b The police formally accused her of the crime.
the prosecution witnesses.
She c . the crime
j The jury decided she was guilty.
c She had to go to a Magistrate's Court.
She was the crime.
She a b a magistrate.
k The judge decided she had to spend five years in
d The magistrate decided that she had to wait for
prison.
her trial in a cell.
She was five years1 i .
e She was r by the
Check on page 85.
magistrate.
f She was tried in London.
She s_ t in London.

39
UNIT 7

Synonyms and antonyms e I don't think it would be very to drive,

2 Synonyms are words which are the same or very after all I've drunk.
similar in meaning. Antonyms are words with
opposite meanings. For each word in the left-hand f Smoking is a dirty and habit.
column, find an antonym or a synonym on the g I vote for them because I their ideas.
right. Use your dictionary.
spiteful sporadic h The referee was accused of being in his
miserly fearless decisions.
oppose hinder
grasp misunderstanding i I don't young people drinking so much.
misapprehension kindly j 'Come here, soldier!' the sergeant .
first-hand parsimonious
intrepid understand k I wish I could help you out, but I'm a bit
incessant vicarious myself.
help support
I I think it might be to go now. Wait till
Check on page 85.
the trouble's over.
Synonyms: the importance of context
m I bought a blue sweater.
3 Two words very similar in meaning may not be
interchangeable in every context because of n He's a nice, little boy. He'll do well at
factors such as slight differences in meaning,
school, I'm sure.
formality, grammatical considerations, and the
other words which they must be used with. Use Check on page 85.
your dictionary to pair the following words up
according to similar meaning. Ellipsis and substitution: rewriting dialogues
4 Some of the sentences in the following dialogue
dangerous hard up hold -with shout
sound strange because everything is said in full.
sensible approve of impoverished prejudiced
Rewrite them, shottening them where possible
wise bawl pale wan harmful biased
through ellipsis and substitution.
Decide which of the words can go in the gaps A: Do you suppose they got home safely?
below, and write your answer. If you think more B: I expect they got home safely. Well of course they
than one word fits, write both. got home safely. Why shouldn't they have got
a 'Hello, darling!', she _ _ _ , waving from across home safely? Don't you think they got home
safely?
the street. A: I certainly hope they got home safely. But Paul
b The people here are so _____ against foreigners! was drinking so much.
B: I was drinking a lot, too.
c He looked a little tired and. as if he'd been A: Yes, but you didn't have to drive home.
ill. B: Paul didn't have to drive home. Rose had to drive
home.
d The villagers lived miserable lives, trying A: Well, if they are home, why haven't they rung to
desperately to make a living. say they are home? They would have rung to say
they were home, if they were home, you know.
B: They don't always ring to say they are home.

40
 UNIT 7

A: They said they would ring to say they are home. c It wasn't necessary to go, so I didn't bother to go.
B: They might have forgotten to ring. d I'd love to come but I can't afford to come.
A: No, they wouldn't have forgotten to ring. I know e I can't be sure that he touched the other car, but
them. he appeared to touch it,
B: I also know them. Oh, all right. Do you want me f 'Will you visit them again?' 'We hope to visit
to call them? them again.'
A: Would you call them? g I tried to get through, but failed to get through.
B: Of course, dear . . . Ah. No reply, dear. h It wasn't easy to persuade her, but I finally
A managed to persuade her.
i She didn't hit him, but she threatened to hit him.
B j She thinks I don't want to see her, but I'm longing
A to see her.
k She didn't like him, she only pretended to like him.
B 1 He doesn't want me to go, but I've decided to go.
A Check on page 85.
B Primary and secondary stress
A 6 Sort the words below into the columns according
to stress. Use a dictionary.
B a
A forthcoming

Check page 85.

b underwear
Ellipsis with the infinitive

5 After some verbs, it is usual to omit the entire

infinitive in short answers. After other verbs, only
the root verb can be omitted.
Examples:
'Can you play the piano?' - 'Well, I'm learning.'
'We don't always eat meat for dinner, but we tend to.'
Shorten the following sentences by deleting the
root verb and wherever possible the to of the substandard outspoken breathtaking fanciful
infinitive. foolhardy outrageous foreknowledge repulsive
a 'Will you succeed?' 'Well I certainly intend to disgusting overdraft fraternal interesting
succeed!1 uprising outpouring substructure lightheaded
b They wanted me to resign, but I refused to resign. exhausted disfigured constructive outbuilding
implement sensible

41
UNIT 7

Say the words substandard and exhausted to yourself. In has a Rolls Royce and a chauffeur.
both, the second syllable carries the main stress, but
the first syllable in exhausted is much more reduced In refusing political asylum, the Government has
than the first syllable in substandard. treated the refugees absolutely 3 .
Say the words breathtaking and sensible to yourself. The
first syllable carries the main stress in both, but the His daughters jane, Jacky and Jill are aged eight,
second syllable in sensible is much more reduced than six and three 4
the second syllable in breathtaking.
Sort the words in columns a and b into the four new His attitude towards the boss was so 5 . that
columns below. he ended up losing his job.
1 ••• 2 •••
The flat is unfurnished except for one or two
substandard exhausted
kitchen 6
The police are utterly 7 about accepting
bribes; they do it openly.
You can't always expect 8 obedience from
your children.
shame respect fit question
3 4
breathtaking sensible
b The search was 1 : we didn't find a thing.
1 wouldn't say he's shy. 2 is a better word, 1
think.
I'm new to the job, so could you give me a few
3 about how to set about it?
I don't think this is a very 4 line of inquiry.
Check on page 85.
It's not going to get us anywhere.
When you have checked, practise saying the words to
yourself. To emphasise the contrast in pronunciation, The Minister was asked some rather 5
reduce the unstressed syllables in columns 2 and 4 questions, which he answered badly.
until they almost disappear.
She expressed serious 6 about the new
Derivatives
policy.
7 Use your dictionary to fill the gaps in the
following groups of sentences with derivatives of I start to feel 7 if I stay in the same job too
the words given below each group. There are two long.
derivatives for each word. The first is done for you.
Feeling 8 after their sleep, they continued
a That was a very 1 questionable decision by the
their journey.
referee, which is sure to cause some debate.
rest fruit point reserve
As 2 a woman in her high position, she

42
 UNIT 7

Guided writing: sentence combination

8 The following text has fourteen sentences.

Sentences 1, 7, 8, and 13 are missing. Combine the short sentences
below to produce the missing sentences, and write them in the spaces
provided. Use the clue words in the order in which they are given.

CUCUMBER THIEF PUT IN COOLER

G A R E T H P A R R Y

approached thecashier with thecucumber

2 Carl Lancaster, aged 30, had successfully
held up a garage brandishing a plastic bag
3 with a 'long object in it'. Two days later
he tried to rob the same garage with the
cucumber.
4 He chose a London taxi as his getaway
vehicle, but this was blocked in the
forecourt by angry customers.
5 He escaped down a subway, flinging
away the bag with the cucumber in it.
6 Police later found him hiding in bushes
where he claimed he was relieving
himself.
said prosecuting counsel
Miss Tracy Ayling.
9 Mr Lancaster and the unwitting taxi
driver then drove to the Shell petrol station
in nearby Old Street where he got out and
10 held inside a plastic bag. Mr Lancaster
told him:'If you don't give me a lot of
11 money, I will shoot and kill you.' The
terrified man gave him £60.
12 Judge Patricia Coles QC said: 'It
undoubtedly was not a joke... I accept it
was not a real gun, but that really in the
final analysis is not the point.
13
14 The least sentence she could pass was
concurrent terms of Vk years for each
robbery.

Sentence 1 East London

A robber held up a petrol station During . . . , i n which . . . , the jury . . . M r Lancaster,
He used a cucumber o f . . . , first
He was given 3.5 years yesterday to think about the
Sentence 8
crime
He offered the taxi driver a banana
The judge said the crime was 'at the lower end of the
He was driven to his flat
robbery scale'
He changed his clothes
The judge said the crime was no joke
He put on a pair of dark glasses
A . . . who . - . with . .. crime, which the . . . but - . .
After . . . , h e . . . , where . . .
Sentence 7
Sentence 13
His trial was at Knightsbridge Crown Court
I accept this is at the lower end of the robbery scale
In his trial he was convicted of the two robberies
This is a serious matter
During his trial, the jury heard how Mr Lancaster first
These courts are required to comply with sentencing
hailed the taxi and then drove to a greengrocer's shop
policy
His purpose was to buy the cucumber and a bunch of
While I . . . , and . . .
bananas
Mr Lancaster lives in Mora Street, Shoreditch, Check on page 86.

43
Organising Your Learning:
Listening
1 Listening skills
The skill of listening can be broken down into
subskills, according to what we are listening to and to
our reasons for listening. The two most-used skills are
those of extensive listening (listening for the general
idea, not details or individual words) and intensive
listening (listening hard because individual words are
important, or for some other reason).
In your own language, would you listen extensively or
intensively to each of the following? Why, in each
case?
a an airport announcement
b a boring talkative neighbour whom you meet at a
bus-stop
c the news on TV
d someone who speaks your language with an
extremely strong foreign accent
e a passer-by giving you street directions
f someone reading an important address to you over
the telephone
2 Exposure
Your extensive listening skills will improve naturally
with exposure to English. This is no problem if you are
studying in Britain. If you are studying in your own
country, you have to make more effort to ensure this
exposure. Which of the following could you personally
do?
a See English language films at the cinema as often
as possible.
b Hire English language videos with or without
subtitles.
c Listen to songs in English.
d Arrange to have English language satellite TV at
home.
e Listen to BBC World Service radio.
f Ask colleagues or friends who are native speakers
of English to speak only English to you.
g Join an English Club. (See Organising Your
Learning: Speaking (2).
Do you have any other ideas for increasing your
exposure to English?
44
3 Intensive listening activities
The following are some activities you can do outside
the classroom to improve your intensive listening.
a Record the radio news, and choose an item which
interests you. Write down in your own words what
you understand of it after one listening. Listen
again, sentence by sentence, pausing each time to
write out the sentence as well as you can
remember it. Listen a third time, pausing every
few words, and try to write down exactly what is
said. Compare the final version with your original
understanding of the item.
b Try to write down all the words of one of your
favourite songs in English, listening as many times
as necessary,
c Record English language TV programmes which
interest you, so that you can listen to them again,
replaying parts when necessary.
d If you watch an English language video with
subtitles, cover the subtitles and see how long you
can go on listening and understanding without
them. If you start to get lost, uncover the subtitles
again for a while.
e Listen to a short piece of a video with the TV
screen covered. Try to guess where the characters
are and what they are doing. You may even be
able to guess what their expressions and postures
are. Check by playing the piece with both sound
and vision.
f Watch a short piece of video with the volume
turned down. Try to work out what the charactets
are saying, by lip-reading and by paying attention
to their expressions and postures. Cover the
subtitles if there are any!
g Record a real conversation involving at least one
native speaker of English and yourself. Listen to it
again. Were there any points where you had
listening problems? What was the reason? Try to
write down exactly what was said at that point.
Activities suggested in Projects and Assignments
throughout your Coursebook provide more listening
practice.
Do you have any other ideas? Share them with your
fellow learners and find out theirs.
Relative clauses
These people
1 Combine each group of sentences to form one come
sentence, using relative clauses- Some words and
commas are given, but you must put more commas
where necessary. d 'The United Nations resolutions must and will be
a The work of some people doesn't involve much enforced. This unacceptable military occupation
driving. Even these people are often provided with continues in defiance of these resolutions.'
company cars. The value of the cars is considered The resolutions, in
as part of their income for tax purposes.
Even people
enforced.
cars, the
e However, other UN resolutions show no sign of
being enforced. Dozens of them have been passed
b I don't see the point of our discussing it. You know in recent years condemning similar acts by more
even less than I do about it. acceptable governments.
I discussing something
do.
c These new regulations will not affect some people. However, other Check on page 86.
The annual income of these people is lower than
£12,000. The regulations come into force next
year.

45
UNIT 8

Ellipsis in passive voice relative clauses

2 Expand the sentences below by writing in full the

elliptical passive forms. Be careful with tenses!
The first one has been done for you.
a His latest film, shot in the Sahara, is his most
expensive so far.
His latest film, which was shot in the Sahara, is his
most expensive so far.
b Until now, his last one was the most expensive
film ever made.

c Children brought up in poverty are prone to

disease.

Language register: matching exercise

3 Complete Column A and Column B with the words and expressions below. Put formal items in Column A and
informal items of similar meaning in Column B. Some spaces have been filled for you.
it took everyone by surprise lose your life no longer talk about discover occur all over the world
not any more edifice conceal take pride in people are worried express an interest in gun
I'm afraid be told about die say you're interested in someone who works for me worldwide item
runoff a victory building amazing a great many discuss in search of firearm do

A more formal B less formal

to place your complete trust in to really trust
a win
there was widespread amazement at it

happen

find/find out
a lot of
one of my employees

be informed about

46
 UNIT 8

hide
sorry, but
perform
be proud of

there is concern
extraordinary
looking for
thing
abscond

Check on page 86.

Language register in relative clauses e I've just found out that someone who works for
me, who I really trusted, has run off with £10,000.
4 The sentences below, containing relative clauses,
are informal in style. Using the more formal words
and expressions from exercise 3, make the
sentences more formal without changing the
meaning. All the words and expressions must be f He spends every weekend in his garden, which
used. Remember that formality determines the he's really proud of.
position of prepositions in relative clauses.

a They talked about the situation in Zimbola, which

people all over the world are worried about. g The outcome of the election, which took
everyone by surprise, was a win for the socialists.

b That's the bag the gun was hidden in,

h Here is the diamond, which a lot of men have
died looking for.

c The expedition found this amazing building,

which people used to do human sacrifices in. {use
the passive voice in your answer) i This meeting, which the President was told about
by his staff, happened in New York.

d Sorry, but the thing you said you were interested

in isn't for sale any more. Check on page 87.

47
UNIT 8

Gap-filling exercise

5 Fill the gaps in the following article. Sometimes the first tetter or letters are given.

Albania Tanks Roil to Quell Protests

A week of disturbances in towns Albaniaout of backwardness and isolation
1 th Albania has exposed the danger since he 8 over as communist boss
2 fa Europe's last communist after the death of the post war revolutionary
regime as it tries to liberalise 3 w and tyrant Enver Hoxha in 1985.
losing control. At talks with student leaders last week
Troubles that began a week ago with Alia 9 p to allow independent
student demonstrations in the capital Tirana political parties to take part in elections to
spread as 4 th along a trail of the national assembly already 10pl_
gunpowder to Shkoder in the north and the for February.
comfortless resort town of Sarande in the Ramiz Alia 11 a told the
south. Violence was particularly marked students that he 1 2 _ sacking seven
in Shkoder and the dreary steel town 13 m of the ruling politburo. It is
5 Elbasan near Tirana, though improbable, 14 , that gestures of
6 yesterday the situation appeared this kind will have much 15 ef
calmer. Government forces were The regime's dilemma was brought into
7 rep to be in control with tanks 16 sh focus in October when the
patrolling the streets of Elbasan. President 17 greatest writer, Ismael Kadare,
Ramiz Alia has been trying to move defected while 18 a visit to Paris.
Kadare said then that he had 19 to
the conclusion that Albania's
20 reg could not be reformed.
21 would come only by getting
22 of it.
Last week's events 23 sug
change may come violently. Albanians
were encouraged by the 24 of
Ceausescu in Romania into25 they
could get rid of their 26 o harsh
regime. Last week both Kadare and
intellectuals in Albania 27 exp
apprehension at the 28 pr of violent
. change. The country has an old29tr____
of feuds to the death between tribes and
families, and many scores are waiting to
be settled 30_ almost half a century
of unremitting repression.

Check on page 87.

f drastic reorganisation of personnel
Compound nouns derived from phrasal verbs

6 In compound nouns derived directly from phrasal crack take hold break shake turn
verbs the adverbial particle goes last. (e.g. to knock
g undignified retreat from previous claims,
out - a knock-out; to fight back - a fight-back). Stress
is always on the first word in the compound. admitting you were wrong
For each group of definitions, six verbs are given h large-scale concealment of scandalous facts
below. Using your dictionary, combine each verb
with an adverbial particle (e.g. out, up, down,
i a problem stopping you from continuing with
over) to produce a compound noun which
matches with one of the definitions. The first has your plans
been done for you.
j a newspaper review
a something which causes delay hold up k multiple road crash
b end of a romantic relationship
1 disappointment

write pile climb set let cover

c taking of control over a company etc
m arrangement of objects, material etc

d value of business done by a company

n sudden significant success in war, research etc

e sudden, severe repression

48
 UNIT 8

0 the way an organisation is arranged j Security checks at airports take time and cause
, but they're necessary.
p someone who likes to appear clever or impressive
k Fog has caused a catastrophic on the Ml

q the act of mistaking one thing or person for motorway, involving 142 vehicles.
another 1 The advertisement looked much more attractive
r a very successful show, for which all tickets are after they had changed the
sold
m I thought that film was quite good, but it got a
lay sell mix break set show
terrible in the newspaper.
Check on page 87.
Comparison and contrast
7 Use one of the compound nouns to fill in the gaps
8 Fill the gaps to complete the sentences below
in the following sentences.
comparing and contrasting dolphins and humans.
a I'm afraid there's been a . I'm D.H. Smith, Sometimes, the first letter of a word is given.
not DJ. Smith. 1 dolphins, humans communicate by
b The group's US tour was a huge success; every making noises to each other. However, dolphins,
concert was a . 2u humans, seem to have no interest in
c There are rumours that a multinational company investigating the languages of other species.
is to attempt a of British Copper, which 3 humans nor dolphins can breathe water.
has an annual __ . of over £10bn. Strangely, however, although dolphins breathe
d The discovery of the new drug is a _ , which air, they soon die if they are out of the water.
will revolutionise treatment of heart disease, Humans, 4 , are fairly happy in
e In a humiliating , the administration has either medium.
admitted the previously denied involvement of 5 humans and dolphins are believed by
the President in the scandal, which had been humans to be highly intelligent.
hidden in a massive operation. Humans are social creatures, tending to live in
f The ____^ of their marriage was unexpected. societies. 6 S , dolphins live in groups.
They had seemed to be getting on fairly well. Being mammals, 7 n dolphins 8
g Police have launched a vigorous __ on drug humans lay eggs. 9 dolphins, humans can
dealing. be trained to play skilful games with balls.
h What a ! I expected something much 10 U humans, however, dolphins are not
better! paid for displaying their skills.
1 In the Cabinet , many Ministers have Check on page 87.
changed jobs, and three have been sacked.
49
Organising Your Learning:
Reading (2)
Reading for vocabulary consolidation and expansion

1 Reading consolidates vocabulary you have studied or picked up elsewhere.

Read the following text and underline words or expressions you have studied
in your Coursebook. How many did you remember?

Evidence in robbery case 'was planted by police'

AWINDOWCLEANERyesterdayaccused
three police officers in the High Court of
fabricating forensic evidence to support a
charge of attempted armed robbery.
Milton Morris, 41, who spentnine months
in custody before being acquitted, said the
officers took part in a 'wicked conspiracy' to
implicate him in a raid on a sub-post office
in west London.
They planted fibres from his clothing on
a mask and pair of overalls abandoned by
the robbers as they fled after the abortive
raid, it was claimed.
Mr Morris, who has no previous
convictions, is seeking damages for
malicious prosecution from the
MetropoKtanPoliceCommissionerandPCs
Desmond Cooke, Stephen Deacon and Leif
Bailey.
The police deny fabricating evidence and
claim they had an honestbelief in Mr Morris's
guilt.
The forensic evidence - fibres from Mr
Morris's clothing on the overalls, his hair on
the mask and glass from the scene of the
crime on his shoes - appeared damning.
Itlinked himto the raid, Colin Challenger,
his counsel, told the court. But Mr Morris, of
Chiswick, west London, had played no part
in the raid and the fibres must have been put
there by the police, he said.
His arrest in November 1983 and his
prosecution and months in custody had
had a 'profound and devastating' effect on
him, Mr Challenger added.
Mr Morris was charged with attempted
armed robbery on 15 December and
remanded in custody. He was tried and
acquitted at Acton Crown Court in
September 1984, after spending nine months
in custody.
The trial continues today.

Check on page 87.

2 Reading will also show you new ways to use familiar Exercises
vocabulary. 4 Reread the text, and find five new words or
You have already studied the expressions: expressions to add to your own list of Crime and Law
to be charged with (a crime) Enforcement vocabulary. Use your dictionary to help you.
to be remanded in custody Check on page 87.
to be convicted
5 Study the four lists below. Decide what is the
But the text demonstrates that we can also say:
common characteristic of the items on each list, and
a charge of (crime)
find at least one word or expression in the text which
to spend (time) in custody
could be added to each.
to have (previous) convictions
a evil, immoral, naughty
3 Use your reading to consciously acquire new b to falsify (information, accounts etc), a forgery, to
vocabulary. take someone in
Set yourself a target of, say, five new words from every c cap, bow-tie, waistcoat
newspaper article or every page of a novel which you d catastrophic, destructive, disastrous
read. These words can be recorded as discussed in
6 Sometimes you may want to start a new list because
Organising Your Learning: Vocabulary.
of vocabulary items you come across.
In the text there are two expressions using part:
.. .the officers took part in a wicked conspiracy... (para2)
...Mr Morris... had played no part in the raid... (para 7)
Find three other uses of part in your dictionary and add
them to your list with example sentences of your own.
Language register and the passive voice
1 Rewrite the sentences below from the active voice
to the passive voice, beginning with the words
given. Make any other changes which make the
passive voice sentence sound more formal.
a 'It says you can't take pictures in the museum.'
Cameras are
b 'Look, it says you've got to leave it at the desk.'
Cameras
c 'Someone's doing his house up for him.'
He
d 'They've talked her into changing her mind.'
She
e 'People are searching for the kid who's gone
missing.'
The
f 'It was crazy ever to close this window.'
This
g 'You'd better finish writing the book by January.'
The book
h 'OK, no problem with January.'
I assure
Check on page 87.
The passive voice with prepositions
2 The sentences below contain prepositional
phrases and verbs. Most are possible in the passive
voice, but two are not. Decide which these are,
then convert the others, beginning with the words
given. Pay careful attention to the position of
prepositions, and mention the agent only when
necessary.
There is no rule about when prepositional phrases
and verbs can be used in the passive voice (even
native speakers may disagree!), but you will
gradually pick up a feeling for this.
a I can't stand it when people stare at me.
I can't stand
b He's fallen in love with his teacher.
His
c The whole town is talking about us.
We
d Don't worry, someone will take care of them.
Don't worry, they
e We're not going to stand for it!
It
51
UNIT 9

f Children hate it when adults don't listen to them. d to flog a dead horse
Children hate
e to feel like a fish out of water
g A team of special investigators ought to look into
this whole takeover. f to smell a rat
This whole takeover needs
1 to waste your efforts for no return
2 to sense that something suspicious is going on
Check on page 87. 3 to eat too much of something
Verbs of movement and posture 4 to lose your courage
3 Below are anagrams of some of the movement and 5 to be uneasy, in a place which doesn't suit you
posture verbs in your Coursebook. Solve the
anagrams and write in the middle column. 6 to decide to ignore some problem which is not
a ttsur f pale causing trouble at the moment

b fuselhf g trowe 6 Complete each sentence with one of the

expressions in exercise 5.
c gloneu , h sadh
a Some people enjoy living abroad, and feel they
d plotep i direst _______
belong in the new country, but British footballers
e creph ______ j redawn _
usually in Italy.
4 Match the words below to the verbs in exercise 3 b His wife when he started coming
above, bearing in mind the special meaning of each
verb. The first has been done for you. home late from work every night. He had a
a lazy lounge f crash ______ lover, she was sure,
b directionless __ g slippers ______ c Don't start that old argument again. OK, she
c tall ______ h kangaroo ______ shouldn't have done it, but it was a long time ago.
d bird i hurry ______ Just why don't you?
e arrogant _______ j sudden ______ , d Pm beginning to feel I'm trying to
Check on page 87. teach that student anything. Do you think she

Idiomatic expressions with names of animals really wants to learn ?

5 Using your dictionary, match the following e Oh dear, I don't feel too good this morning. I'm
animal-based idiomatic expressions with their afraid I with the curry last night.
meanings below.
f He intended to ask her out, but at the last minute
a to chicken out
he lost his nerve and .
b to make a pig of yourself
Check on page 87.
c to let sleeping dogs lie

52
 UNIT 9

Gap-filling exercise

7 Fill the gaps in the following advertisement with one word.

HOW TO TALK TO YOUR CAT

Your cat is talking to you. 1_______ ! - your cat is telling
you how much she loves you. Watch! - the spcxial
friend who 2 your life has so much to say to you
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like me, and wish to better communicate with your pet
for a deeper, more loving 4______ , then you'll want
to find out HOW TO TALK TO YOUR CAT.
Remember- there's a lot more cat talk than 'meow1.
In fact. . .
There are nineteen different ways cats say ' meow1.
And each has its own special 5 ! Cats also talk in
body language - with their ears, whiskers, eyes and
6 ... with their poses and movements! YOUR
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Registered in England No.2470149

53
UNIT 9

Verbs of facial expression 9 What expression(s) might be associated with the

following?
8 Read the following and find verbs of facial
expression which have the meanings given below. a looking into the eyes of someone you love
Underline the verbs, then write them in the
spaces provided.
1 'It's not fair, I won't go, and you can't make me,' b trying to read a bus timetable which is old and
pouted the little girl. Her mother glared at her dirty
furiously, but said nothing. The headmistress
frowned slightly with irritation, and tried again. c passing your exams
2 'Don't gape like that; shut your mouth at least. d seeing a polar bear walk down your road
Haven't you ever been to a topless beach before?
And please stop staring at that girl, she'll notice, if
you're not careful!' e concentrating on a crossword puzzle
3 We gazed in silence as the sun slowly went down
over the sea. f a snob
4 'Hello everyone/ he beamed. 'I've got some good g a childish person not being allowed to do
news for you all.'
5 I peered into the darkened room, but couldn't see something he wants to
anybody. h someone being hypnotised
6 'I can't say I'm surprised that you enjoy hot dogs,'
he sneered. 'After all, you're British, which says i being unable to speak, but showing your boyfriend
something about your taste in food.' you are very displeased with something he has just
a to look intently, because something is hard to
said
see
Requests and permission: gap-fill dialogue
b to look at something in a steady, relaxed way
10 Fill the gaps in the following dialogues. The first
letters of some words are given.
c to push your lips forward, showing that you feel A dialogue between two friends at work
you're being treated badly Colin; John, c 1 ._ f_______?
d to smile broadly and happily John: S_______ , what ?
e to contract your forehead in annoyance or Colin: Well, I've got to go into the centre at
concentration lunchtime, and it's raining. I' d
f to be so amazed that your mouth falls open s_______' 1I me your car,
w ?
g to show in your expression that you feel yourself to John: Ah, well, normally I w , but it's a
be superior b______ d today, because I'll be using
h to give a very intense, angry look it myself. S_______ a______ t .
i to watch in a fixed way, with eyes wide open Colin: OK, no problem.

54
 UNIT 9

A telephone conversation between two business Guided writing: sentence combination

acquaintances
11 Join each of the following groups of sentences to
Derek: Derek Reynolds. form one or two long sentences, as indicated,
John: Hello, Derek, John Carling. using the clues given below.
a Many people find the presence of so many dogs in
Derek: Hello, John, n to speak to y Britain a nuisance.
a .W c Id_ They often provide uncomplaining
companionship to people.
?
These people have no other friends.
John: Hi. Listen, Derek, I'm s__. This is because of age or other circumstances.
This cannot be denied.
p y o , but that meeting Although .. . , it. .. denied . . . friends
we arranged. W

________ to change the time?

Derek: It d When d y .

m I

John: Sometime during the afternoon, if possible.

S 2pm? b Most people would support a moderate movement.

Its aim would be to end the use of animals in non-
Derek: Let me see. Well, I'm supposed to be busy
medical experiments.
then, but I could try to rearrange that, I It would pursue peaceful means.
Some animal rights activists use wildly
s .
inappropriate terrorist methods.
John: W _I'd g if These activists only alienate the majority of the
population.
. As I say, I'm s_________ to
The majority of the population ask themselves if
o________ like this, but there's these people are quite right in the head.
They ask themselves this with some justification.
no w_______ I c make the morning.
M o s t . . . a movement. . . aim was to . . . long . . .
Derek: Don't w a________ it. I'll s pursued . .. activists who . . . methods only . . .
population, justification.. . head. (Two sentences).
w I about rearranging

the other thing, and g_______ back to you, all

right?

Check on page 88.

55
Conditionals with but for, if not for a wifc/move/house
1 Write sentences based on. the paragraph,
beginning!/ it hadn't been for..., If it weren t for..., or
But for... Use the prompt words given. b financial situation/New York

We moved to this house a few months ago. It's an old

wooden house in a small town in New England. It was c low price/buy
my wife's idea, not mine. I hated the idea of leaving
New York, but I'd lost my job, so it was a question of
improving our financial situation. Hie price was really
d strange stories/worry
low, that's how come we managed to buy it. I've often
wondered why it was so low. But I don't worry really,
it's just the strange stories I've heard about the place
e noises/like
which . . . well, I suppose it's nothing. I quite like the
place really. Apart from these noises at night. And the
other day, when that wardrobe nearly fell on my baby
daughter for no reason, and my little boy just pulled f my little boy/daughter/killed
her out of the way in time. Well, accidents will
happen. Haunted? No, no! It's just those stupid
Hollywood films that make people believe in ghosts. g films/nobody/believe

Check on page 88.

56
 UNIT 10

Tenses in long second conditional sentences
2 In long second conditional sentences, verbs in the
main clause, non-identifying relative clauses and
coordinate clauses are conditional. Otherwise,
verbs are in the past tense.
Examples:
If I lost my job, I would work for whoever offered
me employment, and I would do as 1 was told.
If I lost my job, I would do any kind of work that was
offered to me and wasn't illegal, which would be an
interesting life, in a way.
If I lost my job, I would sell antiques, which I would
buy in auctions and sell in a market.
In the monologues below, choose whether to use the
past tense or the conditional tense. Underline your
choices.

I a 'If I were offered a job in another country, which was probably one where they wouldn't speak
would be offered would probably be ' didn't speak

English, I. would take ' it like a shot unless the salary I would he really low. In which case the conditions of
took i was

employment had to be really good, or I wouldn't take it.'

would have didn't

b 'If I would have so much money that I was I in a position to stop working for good, even supposing that I
had would be

would go on spending money as fast as I do now, I think I would buy a yacht, and my wife and I would go
went on I bought went

sailing whenever we would want . And it wouldn't matter that we wouldn't know how to sail, because we
wanted didn't matter didn't know

would have a professional crew to sail it for us, if we still had enough money left. Otherwise, we
had would still have
1
would send our children on a training course (whether they would like i it or not), and they crcwed
sent liked would crew

the yacht for us!'

Check on page 88.

Noun-preposition collocations b It is simply 1 ___________ belief rhat important

3 Complete the noun-preposition collocations by decisions taken by the most powerful man in the
filling the gaps below. Each line represents a word.
world, a US president who was 2 _____ office for
a 1 whole, I'm 2 of
eight years, were taken on 3 . of an
fringe religions and cults. They do less harm than
astrologer. Though, 4 thoughts,
religions usually do, to my 3 .Devotees are
perhaps nothing in politics should surprise us any
4 obligation to join, after all, and if
more.
they do give up their freedom or possessions,
Check on page 88.
5 they receive peace of mind. It
seems a fair bargain, to me.

57
UNIT 10

Prepositions

4 Fill the gaps in the article with prepositions.

You may use each word more than once-

Krishna leaders face criminal charges

by Mark Hnsenbali, Washington
THE GENTLE image of Hare
Krishna disciples chanting their
way 1 American streets
hides a sinister world of murder,
drug running and prostitution,
according 2 investigators
hunting 3 the crooked
leaders of the sect. They say they
have been acting more 4
associates of Al Capone than
children of a benevolent eastern
deity.
A federal grand jury in West
Virginia is expected to order a
nationwide probe 5 charges
that some Krishna leaders have
engaged in brutal violence to
silence rivals and 6 large-
scale racketeering to line their
own pockets.
There's a kind of holy war
going on 7 the Krishna
movement,' said Donald
Bordenkircher, sheriff of Marshall
county, West Virginia, where the
Hare Krishna cult has a large
settlement.
Trouble has been brewing in the
sect 8_ the death in 1977
9 Swami Prabhupada, the
82-year-old Indian holy man who
is credited 10_______ importing the
religion to North America. Several
of his saffron-robed leading
disciples then carved the United
States 11 independent
fiefdoms which competed with
each other 12 money and
converts.
Two years later, evidence
surfaced that some factions of the
movement had adopted highly
unorthodox fund-raising activities.
Alexander Kulik, a temple leader
in California and a close associate
of the late guru, was convicted
13_ charges of distributing
heroin.
The authorities said a financial
firm set 14_ under the
auspices of the Krishna
movement, Prasadam Distributors
International, was used to
launder drug dealing profits.
Two of the company's officials
pleaded guilty 15 charges
of kidnapping a business
associate whom they suspected
16 embezzling cash. The
business associate was eventually
murdered.
Violence 17 rival cult
members has intensified 18
the last year. Kirtanananda Swami
Bhaktipada, settlement leader,
was beaten unconscious 19
a disgruntled devotee who
attacked him 20 a steel
pipe.
The swami, who was known as
Keith Ham while a student 20
years ago at Columbia University,
New York, claimed that the
incidentresulted21. aclash
22 materialism and the
Krishna's religious devotion.
In May, Steven Bryant, a former
devotee who had launched a
campaign to expose what he
claimed were corrupt Krishna
leaders, was shot dead while
driving his van near the sect's
Los Angeles temple.
Before his death, Bryant gave
lengthy interviews to police in
which he charged some Krishna
leaders 23 condoning child
abuse and immorality, and
organising prostitution and
burglary rings.
Although at first authorities
did not take Bryant seriously,
24 his death they began to
investigate his charges and
discovered evidence to support
many of them.
Thomas Dresher, a Krishna
devotee, was recently charged
with murdering Bryant. Police
believe a high-ranking sect
memberpaid25 the murder
to silence Bryant. Dresher had
already pleaded guilty to
murdering a second Krishna
disciple who disappeared
in 1983.

Glossary 5 Having checked your answers to exercise 4, fill the

racketeering: making money from illegal business following gaps with prepositions.
fiefdoms: areas of influence
a He was convicted charges of causing
factions: competing groups within a movement,
political party etc. explosions.
launder: convert illegally-earned money into
b Under the auspices of UNESCO, an international
apparently legal money
condoning: approving of, allowing to happen agency has been set .
auspices: approval and support
c He is credited the success of the
Check on page 88.
campaign.
d In the nineteenth century, Africa was carved
European colonies.

58
 UNIT 10

e The accident resulted a failure of safety 7 Fill the gaps below with collocations from exercise
procedures. 6. Each line represents a word. The first letters of
some words have been given.
f MPs are calling for a probe the
a 'The latest trade figures are a 1 s
Government's role in the scandal,
in favour of lowering interest rates,' she said.
g The bank is suspected __ having laundered
'Should the Government not have the 2_
drug money,
s_ to do this, it will be making a 3
h In competing with each other customers,
m , and losing a 4 g o to
the two supermarkets engaged_____a price war.
resuscitate the economy.
Check on page 88.
b He had 1 d in writing the essay. It
Adjective/noun collocations
took him a 2 half-hour just to understand
6 Match the nouns on the left with the adjectives the question, and then the 3 b p of
on the right which can combine with them to
strengthen them. Sometimes, more than one the evening to answer it.
adjective could he used. c Good evening, here is the weather. 1_
a unemployment
b the majority w and 2 h hit most of the
c wishes big country today. There is a 3 p of
d sense
e winds heavy snow tonight, so don't drive unless it is
f the part great absolutely necessary.
g rain
h an opinion of d A1 quantity of 2 h q sound
i a blow heavy equipment was stolen today from a disco in the
j an opportunity
k a while/an hour/ten minutes West End of London. A man with a 3_
1 speeds (s) good Scottish accent forced staff at gunpoint to load the
m a possibility
n views equipment into a van, and drove off at 4
o a smell/taste strong . Police say there is 5
p quality
q business c that the man will be caught, since he was
r profits high recognised by one of the staff as an ex-employee.
s finance
t industry Check on page 89.
u difficulty best
v a mistake
w a quantity
x an accent large
y losses
z an influence
Check on page 88,
UNIT 10

Go and get with adjectives a On seeing us, he bright red with

8 Go and get are commonly used with adjectives to embarrassment.
mean become {e.g. to go pale, to get angry).
Put each adjective below into one of the columns. b Come on, ready, we're going.
Your dictionary should help, if you look carefully c He bald since you last saw him.
at the example sentence(s) it gives for each
adjective. Some adjectives can go in either d I think you're a bit too thin, you know.
column, usually with a change in meaning,
e I'm _____ tired, can we have a break?
go get
f At this rate we're going to bankrupt in a
pale angry
few months.
g Younger students quickly bored unless
there is a charge of activity.
h Everything _____ wrong. I knew it would.
i Dear Mum, everything's very well here.
j The kids are _____ too exited, and it's bedtime
in half an hour.
k He had two hit records and famous
bald angry blind pale old deaf bad cold overnight.
mad wild bored drunk crazy violent
white (and other colours) thin fat nasty 1 The weather was beginning to a bit wet,
bankrupt wrong insane ready tired so we came home.
unfriendly cloudy difficult windy famous
rich well impossible excited wet dry m I believe the nights are colder.
broke lost n His hair ever so grey, hasn't it?
Language register: go, get, turn and become with o I hate it when my dad ______„ mad at me and
adjectives
shouts.
9 In more formal style, become can be used with
most adjectives from the get list, but not usually p Turn that walkman down, you'll deaf if
with go adjectives. you're not careful.
Turn is also more formal and is used especially
with changes of colour, behaviour, and weather. q The crowd. wild when she appeared on
Put a correct form of go, get, turn or become in stage in a blaze of light.
each gap below. You must use become or turn if
you think it is both possible and stylistically r In autumn, the leaves brown and begin to
appropriate.
fall.

Check on page 89.

60
1 Use the prompts to produce sentences expressing a change of mind. The first has been done for you.

previous intention new fact new intention/prediction

a inform police damage paid for forget about it
/ was going to Inform the police, but now that the damage has been paid for, I guess/think/suppose Hi forget about it.
b buy dollars exchange rate up wait a while

c walk weather clouded over in after all

d they offer him job found out prison think twice

e Luis party World Cup Final TV Brazil out call off

f call doctor her fever down wait see how tomorrow

g take mortgage buy flat interest rate up have keep renting

h take job El Pagador civil war stay Britain

i write you you phoned not bother

j they baby he lost job wait

Check on page 89.

61
UNIT 11

The future, arrangements, intentions and predictions

2 The following conversation has been split into questions (in the correct order) and jumbled answers. Decide
which order the answers go in, number them accordingly and complete them by converting the verbs in
brackets into the present continuous, the future continuous, or future simple with to be.

Questions
1 I heard you were going to move abroad. Is that 5 I've heard the traffic's bad.
right? 6 What about the kids?
2 Got a job? 7 That's fixed up, the house, is it?
3 That's all fixed up, is it? 8 Is it a nice area?
4 Great. Nice place to work, is it, Lisbon? 9 What about money, by the way?

Answers
a Yes, we (move) straight in as soon as we arrive.
b Well, I (work) . outside the centre, so it (not be). all that picturesque, but yes, Lisbon's nice.
c Not especially, no. We (not live) ______ as close to the beach as we would like, but at least it's not too expensive.
d Yes, I (teach) English in a small school in Lisbon.
e They (go) ______ to school in the afternoons, so I (can) spend some time with them in the mornings.
And we (live) _ _ _ in a house, so there (be) ______ a garden to play in.
f Yes, I (start) at the beginning of September.
g Well I (not earn) very much but enough to live on quite comfortably. We (be) ________ OK.
h Yes, that's right, next month actually. We (move) to Portugal on the twentieth.
l Apparently, yes, but I (work) in the evenings, so I (go) ______ to work in the late afternoons. And
that's when everybody else (come) back. So I (not sit) in a traffic jam every day, I hope.

Check on page 89.

3 In the following utterances, the future forms used
are either incorrect or stylistically inappropriate
(too formal or informal). Rewrite the utterances
correctly.
a Newsreader: 'The Prime Minister is attending a
special session of the UN Security Council later
this week.'
d 'I would ask her, but I forgot.1
e 'You won't go out in this rain just to get a
newspaper, will you? Look, I'll go to the town
centre myself a bit later on, so I'm walking past
the newsagents anyway. I'm going to get you one
then if you like.'

b Hotel receptionist: 'Do you want breakfast in your

room?'

c Child: 'I am to spend the weekend at my Grannie's.'

Check on page 89.

62
 UNIT 11

Sound-words c There was 1 polite on the door.

4 Fill each gap with one of the sound-words given 'Yes, come in, come in!' he 2 , irritably,
below (noun, gerund, or the correct tense of the
verb). Use each word once only. Where necessary, His butler stood before him, a man so old and thin
put the definite or indefinite article. The first one that he looked as if his bones 3 if you
has been done for you.
shook him.
a The house was quiet. 1 The creaking of the old
stairs as Chalmers walked up was startlingly loud. bark howl tinkle screech creak thud
roar tap hiss rattle crunch crack click
Inside the bedroom he turned the light on with
Check on page 89.
2 . The window was closed and the wooden
Sentence stress and sounds: vowels
shutters were fastened, but he could still hear
5 Say the dialogues below to yourself, and decide
3 of the gale outside. Suddenly he heard which vowel in each utterance carries the main
4 of a powerful engine outside, and stress. Pair each utterance with another which
stresses the same vowel. Beside each utterance
5 of tyres as a car was driven away at top write the letter of the other one in the pair, and
the stressed sound in phonemic script. The first
speed. His car! He whirled round, just as the small
has been done for you.
masked figure behind him brought the heavy
a Shall I call round about seven? o /___/
walking stick down with all her strength. The
b No, a bit after, please. / /
stick struck Chalmers on the forehead with
c How much is she earning these days?
6 sharp and he fell to the carpet.
7. . heavy his body made as it hit the
d A fortune, apparently. / /
floor told his attacker that he was already
unconscious. As she turned away, she stepped on e You don't absolutely have to do it, you know. -
his glasses, and the broken lenses 8 under
her foot. Well, what of it, she thought, he f I'll let you know soon, Jenny. / /
wouldn't be needing glasses where he was going.
g Do I say, 'between' in that situation?
b He reached inside the lampshade, and drew in his
breath with 1 sharp of pain as he
h No, 'among' is better. / /
touched the hot light bulb. He got a cloth, and
i We'll send out search parties. / /
took the light bulb out. Holding it to his ear he
j But he could be anywhere in the country.
shook it and heard 2 faint . Thank
goodness, it was nice and simple; all that was
needed was a new light bulb!

63
UNIT 11
k Where shall we sir? / /
1 I'm not that bothered, really. / /
m Now how shall I put this? / /
n Oh, get on with it! / /
o And were you upset when that happened?
p Wouldn't you have been? / /
q Where have you been all day?
r It's none of your business where I've been.
s Can I have a chat for a moment?
t Of course you can. / /
u Why don't we go by car, then?
v Well we could, I suppose. / /
Check on page 89.
When you have checked your answers, say the
dialogues aloud, making sure you stress the right
syllable and pronounce the vowel correctly.
Mixed structures: sentence rewriting
6 For each sentence below, write another with the
same meaning, including the word in brackets in
the form in which it is given.
a Originally, I intended to leave early, (my)
My original intention wae to leave early.
b The reason they failed wasn't lack of planning, (it)
c He believed in his own ability and this gave him
confidence, (what)
64
d There appeared to have been a fight, (looked)
e I've always liked walking in the countryside,
(something)
f She was far less interested in football than I was.
(as)
g Please don't do that, (didn't)
/ / h You mustn't forget how young he is. (account)
i I suddenly realised I hadn't seen John all day. (to)
j People resented his behaviour, (rise)
Check on page 89.
Words describing light
/ /
7 Fill each gap below with one of the 'light' words
listed at the end of the exercise. Use your
dictionary to check the meanings of the words,
paying special attention to the example sentences.
a There was a of lightning and almost
immediately afterwards a deafening crack of
thunder overhead.
b She lit a cigarette. I saw her face for a moment as
the match ______ . ..
c . . . then the match went out, to be replaced by the
quiet red of her cigarette in the darkness.
d I find night driving very tiring because of the
of the car headlights coming in the other
direction.
 UNIT 11

e Sometimes, when you are driving on hot days, c earth beyond did thing utterly why she such me. is
a on
there seems to be water on the road ahead, as the
hot air makes a effect. I think it's called a
mirage. d companies, offered return helping refused, in one I
f He gazed across the valley at the lights of the for was of which him, a his job I in reluctantly
In
distant town _ _ _ in the soft darkness,
g I love to see the sea like diamonds in the
e glad if touch get number, you, him I'd you'll me
sunlight. his for with in to let have be
h The newly polished car ___ in the bright I'd
sunlight,
i Seen from the garden, the great ballroom was f sorted shortly, calm, everything as everyone long
stays should out as be
with the light of many chandeliers.
As
j My candle _____ as a slight breeze blew in
through the window. g Government, was he of cause downfall of
attempting to the accused the
glow flash gleam glare sparkle shimmer
flicker twinkle blaze flare He

Check on page 90.

h largest said built, it to ship be the ever by is far
Sentence construction: word-jumble

8 The words in the following sentences have been

jumbled up. Unjumble them, and write the
sentences in the spaces provided. Sometimes, the i it what there? how long difference make get does
beginning of the sentence is given. Punctuation to it takes
marks follow the same word that they follow in
the sentence.
a say, no be let matter persuaded, what don't they
yourself j as a this which Mr Smith by conditions, was
caused unsafe accident, result arm, of an directly
lost working
This
b whole deforestation, consequence from as area soil
a uncontrolled of the erosion, suffers
As

Check on page 90.

65
 UNIT

Motoring, cars

Register: formal expressions to talk of probability 2 Use the expressions in exercise 1 to form answers
to the questions below. Each time, you are given a
1 Study the following list of formal it is . . . and there
Yes or No as your basic answer, and a number of
is . . . constructions. Which ones have a basically
stars (from six to one) to indicate the degree of
affirmative meaning (i.e. that something
probability. You need not use all the expressions
happened or will happen), and which have a
above, and may use any more than once. The first
negative meaning? Which ones express strong
two are done for you.
probability {or certainty), and which ones weaker
a Were they going too fast? (yes **)
probability!1
It is impossible t h a t . .. It is possible that they were going too faet
It is possible that. .. b Will the climate change dramatically in the near
It is inconceivable t h a t . . . future? (No ****).
There is no doubt whatsoever t h a t . . . There is very little likelihood that the climate will
There is very little likelihood that - . .
It seems beyond doubt that. . . change dramatically in the near future.
There is a strong possibility t h a t . . . c Will the government fall this month? (No ******)
It's unlikely that. . .
It is not beyond the bounds of possibility t h a t . . .
It's quite possible that. . .
Check on page 90. d Will the government fall this year? (Yes *)
 UNIT 12

e Will Japanese car manufacturers take over the
luxury car market in the next few years?
(Yes *****)
f Have the hostages been taken to another
location? (Yes ****)
g Will there be another global conflict in the near
future? (N
h Will cars be banned from all cities in the future?
(Yes *)
Language register: seems + infinitive or sounds/
looks as though
3 In interpreting situations, we can use seems with
an infinitive (more formal) or it looks/sounds as if/
though (less formal).
Examples:
type A There seems to have been a mistake.
From what I hear, he seems to be very
happy in his new job.
OR
type B It looks as if there's been a mistake.
It sounds as if he's happy in his new job.
Below, convert type A sentences to type B
sentences, and vice versa.
a Everything was going well, by the sound of it.
It „_____

b It looked to me as if everything had been prepared

correctly.
i Are women drivers safer than men? (Yes ******) Every th ing _______

c It looks as if the situation has been brought back

under control.
j Has he left the country already? (Yes ***)
The situation

d Judging by appearances, everything seems to be

k Has he left the country already? (No **)
getting back to normal.
It

Check on page 90. e Judging from what he said, they seem to be

heading for a divorce.
It

f It sounds to me as if they made a mistake getting

married so young.
They __

67
UNIT 12

g In conversation, he seemed to me to have no f It's strange that he so early.

intention of changing his mind.
Normally he stays quite late, (leave)
It
g It is quite unacceptable that prisoners

h It sounded as if we'd been wasting our time trying in such conditions, (keep)
to persuade him. h I wonder if I _ a suggestion?
We
(make)
i No, don't call then. I the
i It looked to us as if they were arguing about
something. house by that time, (leave)
They j It's interesting that you
that, (say)
j Judging by appearances, they seemed to have Check on page 90.
come to blows already that evening.
US and GB vocabulary
It
5 Complete the columns with words from section C
of your Coursebook.
Check on page 90.
GB US
Modal verbs: sentence completion a ground floor
4 Complete the following sentences, using a modal b take-away food
verb phrase including the correct form of the verb
in brackets. c liquor store

a Isn't this ready yet? It _____ hours d mates

ago. (finish) e a crossroads
b You'd already done it? You mean I f a flashlight

? (bother) g the pavement

c We'll need to stop for a break around lunchtime. h mean
By then we for four or five l mean
hours, (drive) j rubbish
d So you left the club three hours later, you say. Check on page 90.
That _______ after midnight, then?
(be)
e Didn't you see that car coming?
You , you silly child (kill)
 UNIT 12

Words borrowed from French 7 Fill each gap below with one of the words or
phrases from exercise 6.
6 Words borrowed from French are very common in
English, some having become truly English words a The police made straight for the centre of the
(e.g. garage) while newer entrants still seem quite
in an attempt to stop the fighting.
foreign (e.g. duvet). US speakers invariably stress
the second syllable of these words. b We'd better buy a new before winter
Use your dictionary to match the following words
comes on.
and phrases with their meanings below, and write
them in the spaces provided. c He seems very about his exam tomorrow,
nouns but it might be tougher than he thinks.
decor debut duvet melee fiance faux pas
carte blanche genre farce d He made his professional against Benfica
adjectives in Lisbon. What a way for a footballer to start!
grotesque gauche blase naive brusque
e I knew very little about the social rules of their
a exaggerated to the point of being ugly or
culture, so the occasional was inevitable.
ridiculous
f Rooms in our hotels have the same
b a performer's first public performance
anywhere in the world.
c a lot of people struggling or fighting in a confused
g It was rather of him to trust her,
way
considering he hardly knew her.
d a particular style in literature, music or art
h The new manager is going to put people's backs
e uncomfortable and awkward in social situations
up with his way of dealing with colleagues.

i The police must have freedom to act as they think

f a free hand, permission to act freely
right, but a democracy cannot give them a
g a thick, warm bed cover
complete .
h casual and dismissive, instead of nervous or
Check on page 91.
excited

i an indiscreet act, socially embarrassing

j having an over-simple or a too innocent view of
the world
k something which is absurdly disorganised
1 style of furnishing and decoration
m abrupt in manner, not considering people's
feelings
n the man a woman is going to marry
Check on page 91.
Words borrowed from other languages
9 The commonly-used words and expressions below
come from a variety of languages, though some
have taken on slightly different meanings in
English. Use your dictionary to help you match
them to the meanings on the right.
scenario a smooth, convincing speech aimed at
persuading someone
fiasco a respected adviser or expert (slightly
ironic expression)
bravado a long story or narration
prima donna something getting louder or more
intense

69
UNIT 12

guru detailed prediction of the way a Guided writing: rewriting a text

situation could develop
11 Rewrite the story below. Keep as closely to the
crescendo considered by society to be too 'bad' or
original as possible, but incorporate all the word
offensive even to talk about
and punctuation prompts provided below, making
saga failure so complete as to be ridiculous
whatever grammatical and lexical changes are
spiel a reckless, courageous attitude,
necessary.
intended to impress
taboo something you are especially good at I had only been driving a few minutes when I noticed
forte someone temperamental and that the car wasn't right. It was making a strange noise
difficult to work with. and every now and then it would shake so alarmingly
that it seemed to be about to disintegrate. This sort of
Check on page 91. thing ha d happened before of course - the car was fifteen
years old and was no longer the car it had been when it
10 Fit one of the words from exercise 9 into each gap.
was new, but it was the first time I had felt so concerned.
a Ugh, that's disgusting! Sorry, but mixing cocktails I decided to pull over to have a look at the engine.
As I lifted the bonnet I thought I could smell burning.
isn't my .
I looked carefully, and sure enough there were wisps of
b Once again we had to listen to the of his acrid smoke coming from the engine. Not being by any
means an expert on cars, particularly on an old wreck
failed job application. like mine, I backed off to the other side of the road so that
c The election campaign was such a that I could think things over from a safe distance. By the
look of it, this might be serious trouble. I had to do
the organisers were sacked. something, plainly enough, but it was a bit harder to see
what that something should be. On the other hand,
d The college has invited a number of linguistics perhaps if I waited a minute or two, the engine would
to speak at the conference. cool down. I concluded that this was the most sensible
thing I could do, and sat down on a rock.
e What a ! How can you put up with Just then, I saw the first small flame above the engine.
behaviour like that?
1 . . . hadn't. .. more . . . few minutes. . . when . . .
f Coursebook writers must take care in choosing struck . . . matter . . . car. . . . c o m i n g . . . engine,...
time .. . time . .. alarming shaking . . . car . . . point
themes and texts, since some topics are in
. . . disintegration. . . . means. . . first time . ..
many countries. behaved . . . this way . . . . . . . fifteen years,. . . n o t . . .
more . . . never caused . . . concern before. . . . seemed
g The President's promises to resist the invasion to
. . . me . . . wise . . . off... road . .. could . . . bonnet.
the end turned out to be pure . Lifting . . . . . . . noticed . . . f a i n t . . . burning....
carefully, . . . thought, . . . engine . . . off... smoke.
h In response to the of public criticism, the
. . . I am . . . no m e a n s . . . e x p e r t . . . c a r s , . . . alone
national coach had no option but to resign. . . . wreck . . . o w n , . . . retreated . . . order . . .
the situation . . . safety . . . side .. . road- . . . looked
i A number of can be envisaged as a result
. . . I . . . trouble.... be done, . . . plain . . . see, . ..
of the revolution. quite . . . should be. . . . hand, . . . possible . . .
cool down . .. few minutes. .. waited. . . . come . . .
j Every time he meets a girl he fancies he uses the
conclusion . .. wisest. . . action . . . adopt,.. . rock,
same old _____ to get her interested in him. w a s . . . this point. . . flame . . . itself. .. engine.

Check on page 91. Check on page 91.

70
 UNIT

Travel, holidays

Phrasal verbs e I studied ail the information I could find on the

company before I took the job.
1 Replace the words in italics with phrasal verbs
from Section E of your Coursebook, and rewrite
the sentences.
a He tried to allay their suspicions about his absence
f Don't worry. He'll threaten you, but he hasn't got
with a false explanation.
the nerve to really do what he threatens.

b Come on, into the kitchen, you're not going to

g Don't take out insurance with the first company
escape doing the washing up this time!
you speak to, be patient and find out all the
alternatives first.

c Unfortunately, your theory is not supported by the

facts.
h It was only when the lesson began that 1 suddenly
realised I was in the wrong classroom.

d It's not fair, you always support her when we argue.

Check on page 91.

71
UNIT 13

2 Fill the gaps with phrasal verbs from Section E of persuade someone not to do
your Coursebook. Each line represents a word.
something
a Don't it , do it today!
g come obtain, get possession of
b What it all___________________is that they
h happen
don't really like each other any more: that's the
i take admit that something you said
real problem.
was unfair or wrong
c Sports stars often _____ their
j write down exactly what
popularity by doing advertisements.
someone is saying
d I was rather to see Jack. I thought
k deceive, trick someone
he was in Australia.
1 accept a task, responsibility etc.
e As soon as the kids get back from school, they
Check on page 91.
straight _____ the television.
f Take your flowers and go! Nothing can 4 Put one of the phrasal verbs you discovered in
exercise 3 into each of the gaps below. Each line
all those horrible things you said! represents a word.
g She's incredibly creative; she's always a Can you the address if I read it to
. interesting ideas. you?
h I didn't want to do it, really! The others b We've got to try and her

me _ it. resigning. We need her!

Check on page 91. c How do I getting a visa for the

3 Below are five root-verbs commonly used in States?

phrasal verbs, with meanings beside them. Look d Don't your students, treat
up each root-verb in your dictionary and find a
phrasal verb for each of the meanings. Write the them as your equals.
particle or particles on the correct line. The first
e They persuaded him to the job of
has been done for you.
secretary of the committee.
a set out begin
i Look, I'll this offer with my wife,
b consider as counterbalancing
then talk to you again.
another fact
g Yes, it's bigger and faster, but that's got to be
c read see more in a book, attitude
the fuel consumption, which is
etc. than is really there
huge.
d talk speak to someone in a superior,
h Nowadays, genuine antiques are very hard to
patronising way
unless you pay a fortune.
e discuss

72
 UNIT 13

i Some people try to _____ all sorts of significant B

meanings their dreams. A: Ah, yes, the scenery is fantastic, isn't it? So that
was all right in the end, then.
j OK, I'm sorry, I it , I didn't mean
B
to upset you. A: Back to Crete, actually, at least that's the plan.
1 He was a very popular President abroad, but his How about you?
B
own people weren't _____ by his fine
A: You don't seem very sure. Hmm. Scotland, eh?
words.
B
m Reformers try to make social change _____
A: Wrong? Nothing as far as I know! Lovely place,
through political action. apparently.
Check on page 91. B:

Dialogue completion exercise A: I'm sure there is. Beautiful place, they say.

5 Fill in speaker B's part of the dialogue. B

A: Have you ever been to Greece? A: Have you? Ah, well I've heard just the opposite,
actually.
B
B
A: 1976? So was I! A: My brother. He was there last summer.
B Apparently it poured with rain for the whole week.
Check on page 91.
A: July. How about you?
B Mixed structures: sentence completion

A: Oh, I don't mind a lot of people around, and the 6 Complete the following sentences. Each line
hot weather is the reason I go! Anyway, April is a represents a word. Contractions count as one
month I like to spend in England. word. Sometimes the first letter of a word is given.
B The first one has been done for you.
a I wonder if you'd mind turning that radio down.
A: Crete. I love it. The people are so friendly.
It's giving me a headache.
B
b I haven't the f i you're
A: Oh, did you? Perhaps you met the wrong ones.
talking about.
B
c I refused to have anything d
A: I found it delicious. How about you?
him. I didn't like the look of him.
B
A: Oh come on, don't exaggerate. Anyway I like d I wouldn't t t be a very
plenty of oil on my food, personally. good idea, if you want my opinion.
B:
e The truth o m is that you
A: Well, they say it is, but I'm perfectly healthy.
Anyway, did you have a nice time there ? don't really care, do you?

73
UNIT 13

f No m a says, I'm going to Words borrowed from French

marry him. 7 Use your dictionary to help you fill each gap in
the following sentences with one of the French
g In s ___ w words or expressions below. All are commonly
which he'd been treated, he didn't stop loving her. used in English.
a She certainly seems to have a wonderful
h Contrary w I'd b 1
with the students. What a relaxed, sympathetic
to suppose, the food at the restaurant was rather
atmosphere!
good,
b Don't be deceived by his manner; he's a
i Had there b p
very dangerous man!
o reaching the summit, we would have
c Some of his jokes are a bit , considering
continued, but it was clear that there wasn't.
his programme is on when children might be
j Not being in for going out, they
watching.
decided to spend the evening watching television.
d The whole of NATO was to oppose the
k As f I know, the meeting is still
Soviet Union.
scheduled for 3 pm,
e Her article is a well-argued of current
1 Well, it's. __t you,
policy, which she finds totally inadequate.
but I must be going now,
f There is a certain . about working on TV,
m It'll be a long job, but regardless
but it's just another job, really.
1 takes, it's got to be done.
g He doesn't do much else on the field, but he is a
n Much a r__ h
goalscorer !
. so, I'm afraid I must turn your offer down.
h In bringing about a between the warring
o I must s I'd r he hadn't told them,
wings of his party, he enabled it to present a more
but I suppose he thought he was acting for the
united image.
best.
i Even the children's rooms have
p I'm afraid there seems
bathrooms.
s k of accident in the street outside,
j All the guests seemed to arrive , and the
q In no s this be taken as an
party suddenly livened up.
admission of guilt.
rapprochement rapport raison d'etre en suite
Check on page 92. en masse critique par excellence suave
risque mystique
Check on page 92.

74

Sentence stress and sounds: diphthongs
8 Say the dialogues below to yourself, and decide
which diphthong in each utterance carries the
main stress. Pair each utterance with another
which stresses the same diphthong. Beside each
utterance write the letter of the other one in the
pair, and the stressed sound in phonemic script.
One has been done for you.
a How much do I owe you?
b That'll be forty-five pounds, sir.
c So I should take better care of myself, doctor?
d Starting right away, Mr Robinson!
e You said the girl ran away today?.
f No, it was the boy that ran away.
g There's been a big drop in output.
h Which has meant less overtime, of course.
i Why did you steal such a thing?
j I'm not sure any more, really.
k Let's try and find a timetable.
1 There's one over there, by the look of it.
m What's a more formal way of saying 'hide'.
n 'Conceal' is more formal, I think I'm right in
saying.
UNIT 13
o The car was completely destroyed, apparently.
p Just as well it was insured, then
Check on page 92.
When you have checked your answers, say the
dialogues aloud, making sure you stress the right
diphthong and pronounce it correctly.
Mixed structures: sentence rewriting
9 For each sentence below, write anothet with the
same meaning, including the word in brackets in
the form in which it is given. The first is done for
you.
a I need to know if he was telling the truth,
(true)
b Recently, crime has been increasing, (on)
c Don't say it's my fault, (put)
d It's impossible to know for sure, (way)
e If Henry hadn't helped, we would never have
managed. (Henry's)
f I made the most honest reply that I could, (as)
g That's what we should do. (course)
75
UNIT 13

h I assure you I don't normally ask strangers for

money, (habit)

i In the eighties, Britain's industrial base

contracted, (saw)

j Not enough information is provided,

(provision)

k Soon afterwards, they left, (wasn't)

1 Considering the recent troubles, I have decided to

cancel my visit, (light)

Check on page 92.

76
 8 a as light as a feather b to eat like a horse
Answer Key c as old as the hills d to smoke like a chimney
Organising Your Learning: Introduction e as quiet as a mouse f as clean as a whistle
4 The following are some ideas, though you may have g to sleep like a log h as pretty as a picture
others which are equally valid, i as blind as a bat j to drink like a fish
in class 9 h wrench c grabbed d loath e hurled f shattered
lots of speaking opportunities g scoured h begged i shoved j soared k burst
you have company 1 rushed m hammering n swear o despair
there is a teacher to organise activities, to guide and p stare q demanded r ruined
advise you, and to monitor your English
outside 10 asothat b (in order) to give them c forworkingon
you can work only on what you need d so that e (in order) to f for showing
you work when and for as long as you want g so that students can h (in order) to show
you work at your own speed i so that j (in order) to k for students to 1 so that
you follow your own interests
11 b A good language student will not only participate in
you can use language in 'real-life' situations
classroom work, but also work independently
Unit 1 outside class time, in order to achieve her own
2 1m 2k 31 4f 5d 6c 7n 8g learning objectives.
9h l0j 11i 12b 13a 14 e c Apart from supporting its teachers with efficient
teaching materials, a good language school will pay
a Alice no longer resides at this address. them for preparation time, so that they can present
b He no longer has any respect for his parents' beliefs. an organised programme of work.
c We no longer have any objection to their presence, d A good language teacher will not only work hard in
d I no longer have any interest in that matter. the classroom, but also spend time on lesson
or That matter no longer holds any interest for me, preparation, in order to be able to present an
e He no longer has any desire to continue living. organised programme of work.
f There is no longer any reason for him to take such
an attitude. Organising Your Learning: Dictionaries
g I no longer have any intention of accepting the 4 a longingly /lorjirjli/
position. b yawning /p:nrrj/
h There is no longer any hope that the crisis can be c flame-thrower /fleimQreoa/
resolved peacefully. d jumbled /d3Ambald/
i This structure no longer presents any difficulties for e lotion /foujan/
me. f chocolate /tfokalat/
S fearless /fisbs/
I OK 2 absolutely/utterly amazing 3 OK /fraitful/
h frightful
4 absolutely infuriating 5 absolutely incredible
6 OK 7 absolutely terrified 8 rather pleased 6 a irksome b encroach c roughage d phial
9 absolutely delighted 10 OK e curtail f autopsy g chaotic h psalm i knoll
II absolutely hideous 12 utterly ridiculous j earl

5 a absolutely delicious rather/quite tasty Unit 2

b absolutely hilarious quite funny
c absolutely essential quite important
6 dead tired fast asleep bored stiff dead right
wide awake dead slow stone cold filthy rich
raving mad stone deaf blind drunk
7 a stone cold b dead tired, fast asleep, wide awake
c filthy rich, raving mad d dead right e bored stiff
1 1 could tell 2 had known
3 would never have started 4 were
5 you'd never met 6 couldn't go
7 wouldn't go 8 you'd never been born
9 could keep up with 10 would have been
11 hadn't laughed 12 I'd never bought
13 would take 14 had never mentioned

77
ANSWER KEY

2 b I wish you'd take more care, so you wouldn't always 1 •••• 2 •••• 3 ••••
make such a mess, figurative fortuitous outmanoeuvre
c I wish you would be quiet/wouldn't make so much formidable impractical schizophrenia
noise, so we could get some sleep, saturated preservative unrestricted
d I wish they would go home, so we could go to bed. satisfying impossible sentimental
e I wish you'd stop talking all the time, so I could get disorderly notwithstanding
some work done. extravagant hesitation
f I wish you would make up your mind, so I could insensitive disenchantment
book the tickets. subsidiary polytechnic
g I wish he would fix the car, so I wouldn't have to
take the bus to work. 4 •••• 5 •••
oversubscribed secondary
h 1 wish you kids would behave yourselves, so I could
nevertheless secretary
hear the television.
underexposed literary
3 b I wish we hadn't spent such a lot; we could have reasonable
taken a taxi home if we hadn't.
7 a get on with b put forward c let me down
c I wish you'd told me you were coming; I would have
d takes after e gone off f get away with
cooked something nice for dinner if you had,
g tell her off h to go round
d I wish I'd studied harder at school; I could have
gone to university if I had. 8 a fell behind b caught up with c stand for
e I wish I'd gone to university; I could have got a good d got over e go without f longing for
job if I had. g work out h frown on
f I wish we'd known she could babysit; we wouldn't
have had to stay in if we had. 9 a grow on, grow out of
fall out with, fall for, fall about catch on, catch out
4 a It's high time the government did something about get it across, get round, get on
inflation!
b It's high time you started doing some homework! 10 a get on b fallen out c catch (them) out
e It's high time you children went to bed! d grows on e caught on to f grown out of
f It's high time they put a stop to all these strikes! g fell about h fell for i get (it) across j get round
h It's high time you started being a bit more punctual! 11 Possible answers:
i It's high time you grew up and acted responsibly! b Developing countries have the capacity to create
5 a If he wasn't rich, he wouldn't (couldn't) have wealth, but are crippled by debt, Brazil, for example,
bought that new car. has one of the largest economies in the world, but
b If I weren't such a fool, I would have left him long its huge export earnings are used to pay the interest
ago. on its foreign debt.
c If I hadn't lost my address book, I could ring them c It is apparently difficult to find reasonably-priced
up. accommodation in London at short notice. Take
d If this government knew what it was doing, it the case of the German students mentioned in the
wouldn't have raised interest rates. letter about London in Unit 1. Having arrived at
e Things would be better for business if interest rates Euston Station at 1 lpm, they still hadn't found a
place to stay after half-an-hour's working through
hadn't gone up.
the Yellow Pages.
f My marriage wouldn't have broken up if I hadn't
lost my job. d European young people are tending to stay at home
g Perhaps somebody would give him a job if he had a and have an easy life instead of living on their own.
The German law student in The stay at home kids
fixed address.
is a case in point. He has a four-room apartment,
h If he had a job, he could save some money.
yet he doesn't have to cook, and his mother washes
i If he had some money, he could rent a place to live.
his clothes for him.
j He wouldn't be in this mess if he hadn't come to
London.

78
 ANSWER KEY

Organising Your Learning: Vocabulary m After graduating, I spent 3 months in Paris to

perfect my French, which I had studied for the
Bubble puzzle
previous 6 years,
a A 1 to owe 2 to pay off 3 rate of interest
n Over the next few weekends I hope to see as much
4 budget deficit 5 overdraft
as possible of England.
B 1 overdraft 2 to overthrow 3 to overtake
o I have just finished my studies in Germany.
4 to overturn 5 overcoat
p In case I need advice, can I ask you after lessons?
C 1 to overthrow 2 to throw out 3 a throwback
q Whatever we do, I'm sure it will be useful.
D 1 an MP 2 a poll 3 constituency 4 overthrow
r I would rather talk than always study grammar,
5 coup d'etat
s I arrived back in Spain and began working for a
E 1 coup d'etat 2 fiasco 3 bizarre 4 fiance
multinational company, whose head office was
F 1 fiance 2 to break up 3 to fall for
in my home town.
4 to fancy someone
t I had never seen such a beautiful place as that.
G 1 to fall for 2 to fall to pieces 3 to fall ill
4 fall-out 2 word order: f, h, o, r, t future tenses: j
H 1 fall-out 2 power station 3 nuclear waste sequences and time expressions: j, 1, n
4 H-bomb logical connectors: 1, a, b prepositions: e, n, s
in case: b, p too, enough, so, such: a, t
b Possible answers:
relative clauses and what clauses: c, m, s
MP: acronyms (e.g. BBC, UNESCO)
punctuation: c, q first time: g
to fall ill: sickness and health
adjective + infinitive: i present tenses in future
H-bomb: weapons and war
subordinate clauses: j, q modals: I, d
overtake: driving vocabulary
rather: d, r neither/nor: k
overcoat: clothes and accessories
present perfect/past simple/past perfect: m
Organising Your Learning: Grammar
Unit 3
1 a There are far too many qualified lawyers, so it's hard
1 1 couldn't afford 2 couldn't see
to find work.
3 had managed to sleep 4 would have been able to/
b I went to an Italian-speaking school, so that my
could have 5 could make/would be able to make
mother could help me with my work jf I needed it.
6 could see 7 were able to run 8 managed to make/
c I'm glad to hear that some of what I said was of
were able to make 9 couldn't understand
interest.
10 were able to/managed to get 11 couldn't believe
d I'd rather you corrected my errors, please, and
12 could speak 13 could make out
mightn't it be a good idea to do a dictation every
14 could have offered 15 could feel
week?
16 had been able to/had managed to achieve
e Certificates prove you're really good at something.
17 having been able to make 18 could have wept
f It sometimes seems almost impossible to keep pace
19 was able to understand 20 hadn't been able to
with the others,
continue 21 to be able to offer 22 could give
g It's the first time I have had to correct my own
23 had been able to/had managed to arrange
writing,
24 was able to help 25 could hardly find
h I don't see any reason to go to the computer room
26 to have been able to offer
with the class again.
i That is easy to understand. 2 a outmoded b outfit c outgoings d outlandish
j When I'm back in Switzerland I'm going to have a e outline f out-of-the-way g upgrade h upheaval
holiday, and after that I'm going to enter university 1 upkeep j uprising k uptight 1 upturn
to study law.
3 a outgoings b uptight c upheaval d outmoded
k I'm not used to writing either in English or in
e outfit f upgrading g upturn h outlandish
Italian.
i uprising j upkeep k out-of-the-way 1 outline
1 After this, 1 could have gone to university, but I did
a secretarial course instead.

79
ANSWER KEY
4 1 of 2 through (during would also be possible here)
3 without 4 of 5 on 6 for 7 at 8 on 9 in
10 of 11 under 12 under 13 to 14 for 15 of
16 on 17 of 18 in 19 on 20 from 21 against
22 of 23 with 24 in 25 until
5 Polite dialogue
j Manager: Good evening, can I be of any help?
n Customer: Good evening. Sorry to bother you, but
are you the manager?
f Manager: I am, sir. What can I do for you?
m Customer: Well, it's about these spare ribs. There
doesn't seem to be very much meat on
them, I'm afraid.
v Manager: I'm sorry to hear that, sir. May I see
them?
u Customer: Certainly. I don't like to complain, but
as you can see . . .
o Manager: Hmm. Well, sir, I must say they seem
very similar to the spare ribs we usually
serve, b u t . . .
q Customer: You see, I do actually eat here regularly,
and they definitely don't seem to be the
same quality as usual. Not quite as
meaty.
e Manager: Well, sir, I'm sorry you feel that way.
Naturally, I'll be glad to return them to
our kitchen. Can I offer to bring you the
menu again?
d Customer: Yes, please. Thank you very much, and
I'm sorry to cause any inconvenience.
a Manager: Not at all, sir. One moment, sir, and I'll
bring the menu.
Rude dialogue
1 Manager: Hello.
c Customer: You're the manager, I suppose.
p Manager: Yeah, what do you want?
g Customer: These spare ribs are no good, there's no
meat on them.
t Manager: Rubbish. Let's have a look at them,
k Customer: Don't tell me I'm talking rubbish. Are
you looking for trouble or something?
b Manager: Just let me look at the ribs, all right? It's
you who's making the trouble. Wei!,
they look all right to me. What's wrong
with them?
i Customer; What's wrong with them? Look, I eat
here a lot, and I'm telling you they're
80
rubbish. Just look at them! There's no
way I'm paying for that!
r Manager: Look, just keep your voice down, will
you? OK, I'll take them back. What do
you want instead?
s Customer: Give me a steak, and hurry it up, I
haven't got all day.
h Manager: One steak. It'll take as long as it takes.
We're very busy.
6 b There doesn't seem to be very much meat on them,
I'm afraid.
c Good evening. Sorry to bother you, but are you the
manager?
d Naturally, I'll be glad to return them to our
kitchen.
e . . . but as you see . . .
f Can I offer to bring you the menu again?
7 b Possible answer:
Of course it's got some problems. To start off with, it's a
long way from the centre - even from the tube station, in
fact - and you'd be even more isolated because it hasn't got
a telephone. So your social life would probably suffer. And
that's not to mention the rent, which is a bit high at £100 a
week. On the other hand, it is self-contained, which is
important, and there's a lot of space, considering it's got
two bedrooms and a sitting room, plus kitchen and
bathroom. The garden and TV are also a plus, especially if
you would be spending quite a lot of time about the place.
Organising Your Learning: Speaking (1)
1 Possible answers
a 'Well, it's been nice talking to you. Bye!'
b 'By the way, I was sorry to hear you failed your
exam. You must be really disappointed.'
c 'I'm beginning to wish we'd never come here, you
know.'
d 'We must stop meeting like this!' or 'Hi, we meet
again
e 'Have you seen (the film)? You must try and see it,
it's really good!'
a You would say I wished I had known (but in fact,
you didn't know).
b No, that's a polite thing some people say when a
person does something nice for them without being
asked to.
c No, you only use didn't live up to when something
isn't as good as expected.
 ANSWER KEY

Unit 4
1 a 1 leaving 2 me to be 3 to have 4 to betray
5 undermining 6 to me to be 7 to be doing to
b 1 being 2 to accept 3 to offer 4 on acting
5 them to do 6 being 7 for being
8 for patronising
c 1 to continue 2 in saving 3 enabling us
4 to increase 5 to decrease 6 reducing 7 to say
8 making 9 us to take
d 1 to give me 2 him of letting me down
3 to have offered 4 to give
5 saying (or having said) 6 by claiming
7 to remember 8 doing (or having done)

2 a I see him as (being) essential to the success of the

deal.
b She dismissed him as (being) unworthy of serious
consideration.
c He comes over as (being) rather arrogant.
d I regard him as (being) the best in his field.
e He struck me as (being) rather nervous.
f I've never thought of him as (being) mean,
g Witnesses describe the man as (being) tall and
heavily-built.

3 a refusing b I arrive c burning d smoking

e to arrive f watching g I admire h I know
i to be j windsurfing

4 a You are to stay here until (you are) called.

(instruction)
b The Queen is to visit Canada next month.
(arrangement)
c You are not to leave this room for any reason.
(instruction)
d There's nothing to be done, (impossibility)
e She turned to see her car disappearing into the
distance, (discovery)
f He is to be executed tomorrow, (arrangement)
g He was nowhere to be seen, (impossibility)
h She arrived to find the city in turmoil, (discovery)

5 a well-founded b well-to-do, well-heeled

c ill-at-ease d ill-advised e well-groomed
f well-intentioned g well-spoken h ill-fated
i ill-defined j well-appointed

6 a 1 well-appointed 2 well-groomed 3 well-to-do

4 ill-at-ease 5 well-spoken
b 1 well-intentioned 2 ill-fated 3 ill-defined
4 well-founded 5 ill-advised

81
ANSWER KEY

b That should be OK. I'll have to check, but I think willingness to meddle militarily in the affairs of
we're free. smaller states, compared with the cautious former
c Good. Let me know tomorrow, then, if you can. president, who, when he did act, preferred discreet
d Hi, want to come for a drink? diplomatic pressure to the use of armed force.
e We're having dinner in a few minutes, but later
Organising Your Learning: Writing
should be OK. Will that be all right for you?
1 a . . . I went up the path to the door. It was open, so I
f I was wondering if you'd like to come out with me
entered the gloomy old house as quietly as I could.
tonight.
There wasn't a sound to be heard. I listened to the
g I was thinking of going out for dinner together.
silence for a short time - -.
h I'm sorry, but I don't really think so. Thanks
b . . . I had always wanted to go to Paris in the spring,
anyway. Look, I must go now. Bye.
so I was delighted to receive your kind invitation,
9 a which arrived this morning. I would very much like to
i We looked around Jones' cosy apartment, with its come...
inexpensive furnishings and cheerful colours. He
2 It looks as if Student a should concentrate mostly on
was a slim, pale man with a proud, self-confident
where to end sentences, and Student b on the order of
air.
adverbials in sentences.
ii We looked around Jones' cramped apartment, with
its cheap furnishings and gaudy colours. He was a Unit 5
skinny, pasty-faced man with an arrogant, 1 b Ken has got fat since he gave up smoking.
cocksure air. c He's been eating a lot since he's been living in
France-
b i He is more likely to make bold decisions than the
d He hasn't learnt much French since he started
previous president, his staff will find him a
studying.
forthright and strong-willed person to work with,
e She's lost weight since she started her diet.
and his views more straightforward than those of his
f She's been looking better since she started doing
predecessor. However, he is a very shrewd man, and
exercises.
in order to achieve the high position he now holds,
g They've been going out more since they moved to
he must have shown greater flexibility in private
France.
than was usually expected from his more rigid
h Their relationship has improved since they stopped
predecessor. At home, I think we expect a more
watching TV all the time.
frugal style of government, and probably firmer
i The children have learnt French since they moved
law-and-order policies. In foreign policy, expect a
to France.
greater willingness to intervene militarily in the
j They've made friends since they've been going out
affairs of smaller states compared with the hesitant
former president, who, when he did act, preferred more.
surreptitious diplomatic blackmail to the use of 2 a It's a long time since I started learning English.
armed force. b It's twenty years since I've seen him.
c It's ages since I've been riding.
ii He is more likely to make rash decisions than the
d It's thirty years since the city has seen such
previous president. His staff will find him an
celebrations/since the last time the city saw such
abrasive and domineering person to work with, and
celebrations.
his views more simplistic than those of his
e It's only ten minutes since he left-
predecessor. However, he is a very devious man,
f It's eighteen years since the war ended,
and in order to achieve the high position he now
g It's years since I've seen such a beautiful girl,
holds, he must have shown greater lack of principle
h I spoke to him for the last time a year ago.
in private than was usually expected from his more
principled predecessor. At home, I think we can 3 a False. It fell by 1.3% (line 12) b True, {lines 10-13)
expect a more penny'pinching style of government, cTrue. (lines 14-17) d True {lines 20-24)
and probably more repressive law-and-order e False. They insist on doing so (lines 23-24)
policies. In foreign policy, expect a greater f False. It is likely (lines 25-27) g True, (lines 27-29)

5 a There has been a slight fall in output.
Output has fallen from 21 million tons to 20.9
million tons. There has been a contraction of "A% in
output.
or Output has suffered a contraction of/2%,
b Unemployment has risen by 250,000,
There has been an increase of 10% in
unemployment,
c The rate of inflation has risen by 3%.
There has been an increase of 3% in the rate of
inflation.
d There has been a substantial rise in the value of
exports.
The value of exports has risen sharply,
The value of exports has risen by £7 billion.
6 a We hadn't been driving long when we saw the sign
which we were looking for.
b I explained carefully, so that there should be no
misunderstanding,
c The war caused severe poverty, which in turn led to
an attempted revolution.
d Notwithstanding the increase in sales, the
company's future still looks bad.
e 1 find it absolutely extraordinary that such a thing
should have happened,
7 b The result was a disappointment to me.
c He looked at me more in astonishment than
pleasure.
d If you take part-time work you'll lose your
entitlement to unemployment benefit.
e The children danced around in excitement and
delight.
f We stared at the scene in horror and fascination,
g The adjustment policies led to the progressive
impoverishment of ordinary people.
h He pushed at the locked door in surprise and
annoyance.
i Their behaviour caused me more amusement than
fear.
j I gaped at him in utter stupefaction at what he had
told me.
k They lived there in contentment for many years.
8 a 1 resulted 2 As a result 3 one consequence
4 Owing 5 consequently 6 this reason
7 causing
b 1 the result of 2 caused by 3 due 4 because
5 because 6 as a result of
ANSWER KEY
Unit 6
1 a This is nowhere near as hard as I thought it would
be.
b He earns four times as much as I do.
c The tree was four times the height of the man,
d It is a great deal more complicated than people
think.
e This car costs three times as much as that one.
f It's far cheaper to go by car than to fly.
or It's far more expensive to fly than to go by car.
g But going by car isn't anywhere near as quick or as
comfortable.
h I don't think the weather's quite as hot today.
i It isn't nearly as hard to keep fit if you can do it in a
group.
j I find it a lot more enjoyable to travel with friends
than to travel alone.
2 The following are the words which appeared in the
original text, though in some cases other words would
not be incorrect.
1 since 2 involving 3 although 4 despite 5 still
6 and 7 but 8 since 9 by 10 for 11 from
12 compared 13 linked 14 these 15 but
16 what 17 even 18 single 19 what 20 still
3 b People consume/use slightly more white sugar than
they used to.
c Consumption of wholemeal bread and cereals is
slightly lower than it used to be.
d Consumption of dairy produce is a great deal higher
than it used to be.
c People drink seven times as much alcohol as they
used to.
f People only eat about half as much fish as they used
to.
g Consumption of green vegetables is far higher than
it used to be.
h People don't use/consume anywhere near as much
white sugar as they used to.
i People only drink about a quarter as much alcohol
as they used to.
j Consumption of dairy produce is far lower than it
used to be.
k Consumption offish is slightly higher than it used to
be.
1 People eat three times the quantity of wholemeal
bread and cereals that they used to eat.
83
ANSWER KEY

4 Possible answers: Gladys: Yes, well, 1 14 know your point, and I have
a People in Hypochondra eat much more fibre (than tried a few diets, but nothing seems to work.
people in Colestera), What do you think I 15 should to do?
b The diet in Hypochondra contains far more Jack: Well, if you 16 asked my opinion,
vitamins (than that in Colestera). complicated diets don't work. How many
c People in Colestera consume far more cholesterol times a day do you eat?
(than people in Hypochondra). Gladys: Well, I 17 hardly don't stop, really.
d There is a far greater likelihood of suffering from Jack: Well, have you tried just eating less often?
heart disease in Colestera (than in Hypochondra), Why don't you just eat twice a day?
e Alcohol-related injuries are probably much more Gladys: I've tried that, but it's 18 not good; 1 just can't
common in Colestera (than in Hypochondra). resist the temptation.
f People in Colestera probably need a lot more dental Jack: Well, the 19 manner I see it, you've simply-
care (than people in Hypochondra). got to resist it,
Gladys: Well, it's 20 easier saying than doing, isn't it?
a 3 b 17 c2 dl0 e7 f 12 g16 h 18
1 mean it's all right for you, you're thin
i 14 j l l
anyway. 21 For you it's easy to talk. The thing
6 a hasn't got a leg to stand on is, I've got 22 enough weight to lose that it
b put my feet up hardly seems worth starting.
c were glad to see the back of him Jack: Well, you've got to start, if you want to know
d put my foot in it what I think.
e say it to my face Gladys: I 23 agree entirely. Perhaps I'd better.
f put your heads together Jack: Have you tried doing exercises?
g on its last legs Gladys: Oh yes, I tried keep-fit classes, but they didn't
h take it to heart 24 work any good.
i closing our eyes to Jack: How many times did you go, if you don't
j on your own head be it 25 bother my asking?
Gladys: Oh, you know, a few. Well, three or four.
7 Jack: Good heavens, Gladys, you're getting really Jack: Well, what 26 are you expecting? You've got
fat, you know. You'd 1 better to do something to keep it up!
about it. Gladys: Oh, I'm sure you're right, but what's the
Gladys: Yes, perhaps I 2 would. Do you really think point?
it's 3 too bad? Jack: Look, Gladys, if you don't mind my saying so,
Jack: Do you mind if I 4 asked how much you I think you're being 27 fairly negative. It's
weigh 5 m_these days? simple. If you don't lose weight you're going
Gladys: Oh, you know, Jack, a bit 6 more that last to 28 pass through problems.
year. Gladys: All right, you've got a point I 29 agree. I
Jack: Seriously, Gladys, I 7 didn't laugh about it, if I
30 try again.
were you. How much do you weigh, in fact?
Gladys: About 14 stone. 1 better do 2 should 3 that 4 ask 5 these days
Jack: That's a 8 horrible lot, Gladys. 1 mean, I hope 6 more than last year 7 I wouldn't laugh 8 an awful lot
9 you let me say so, 10 you are dangerously 9 you don't mind me saying 10 but you 11 if you don't
fat. How old are you, if you 11 don't care mind 12 it 13 you ought to 14 see 15 ought to
about my asking? 16 want 17 I hardly stop 18 no good 19 way
Gladys: 34. What do you mean dangerously? 20 easier said than done 21 It's easy for you to talk
Jack: Well, heart attacks of course. 1 hate to say 22 so much 23 I suppose you're right 24 do 25 mind
12 that, but that's a lot of fat for one heart to 26 do you expect 27 rather 28 have 29 suppose
carry. I really think 13 you do ought to lose 30 I'll try
weight.

84
 ANSWER KEY

Unit 7 B: Neither did Paul. Rose did.

1 a She committed an. offence, and was arrested. A: Look, if they're home why haven't they rung to say
bShe was charged with the crime. so? They would have, if they were, you know.
cShe appeared before a magistrate. B: They don't always.
dShe was remanded in custody by the magistrate. A: They said they would. They promised to.
eShe stood trial in London. B: They might have forgotten,
fShe pleaded not guilty. A: No, they wouldn't have. I know them.
gWitnesses gave evidence. B: So do I. Oh, all right, you win. Do you want me to
hThe Counsel for the Defence cross-examined the call them?
prosecution witnesses. A: Would you?
i She was convicted of the crime. B: Of course, dear . . . Ah. No reply, dear.
j She was sentenced to five years' imprisonment.
5 a 'Will you succeed? 'Well, I certainly intend to!'
2 Synonyms b They wanted me to resign, but I refused.
miserly - parsimonious grasp - understand c It wasn't necessary to go, so I didn't bother,
misapprehension - misunderstanding d I'd love to come but I can't afford to.
intrepid - fearless e I can't be sure that he touched the other car, but he
Antonyms appeared to.
spiteful - kindly oppose - support f 'Will you visit them again?' 'We hope to.'
first-hand - vicarious incessant - sporadic g I tried to get through, but failed.
help - hinder h It wasn't easy to persuade her, but I finally managed.
i She didn't hit him, but she threatened to.
3 dangerous - harmful hard up - impoverished
j She thinks I don't want to see her, but I'm longing
hold with - approve of shout - bawl
to.
sensible - wise prejudice - biased pale - wan
k She didn't like him, she only pretended to.
a shouted (bawled sounds too rough and vulgar)
1 He doesn't want me to go, but I've decided,
b prejudiced (biased is to do with a particular
situation, not a general attitude) 6 a •••
c pale, wan forthcoming, substandard
d impoverished (hard-up is too informal) outspoken, outrageous
e wise, sensible foreknowledge, repulsive
f harmful {dangerous suggests that something bad disgusting, fraternal
might happen, whereas we know that smoking lightheaded, exhausted
causes harm) disfigured, constructive
g approve of (hold with must be in the negative)
b •••
h biased (see above)
underwear, breathtaking
i approve of, hold with
fanciful, foolhardy
j bawled, shouted
overdraft, interesting
k hard-up (see above)
uprising, outpouring
1 dangerous (see above)
substructure, outbuilding
m pale (if people are wan they look pale and not well)
implement, sensible
n sensible (for people, wise implies age and
experience) 1 ••• 2 •••
substandard exhausted
4 A:Do you suppose they got home safely?
forthcoming repulsive
B: I expect so. Well, of course they did. Why shouldn't
outspoken disgusting
they have? Don't you think they did?
outrageous fraternal
A: I certainly hope so. But Paul was drinking so much.
foreknowledge disfigured
B: So was I.
lightheaded constructive
A:Yes, but you didn't have to drive home.

85
ANSWER KEY

3 4 f Intensive. You have no visual help, and must hear

breathtaking sensible every word.
foolhardy underwear
Unit 8
uprising fanciful
1 a Even people whose work doesn't involve much
outpouring interesting
driving are often provided with company cars, the
substructure implement
value of which is considered as part of their income
outbuilding sensible
for tax purposes.
7 a 2 befits 3 shamefully 4 respectively b I don't see the point of our discussing something
5 disrespectful 6 fittings 7 shameless you know even less about/about which you know
8 unquestioning even less/than I do.
b 1 fruitless 2 reserved 3 pointers 4 fruitful c These new regulations, which will not affect people
5 pointed 6 reservations 7 restless 8 rested whose annual income is lower than £12,000, come
into force next year.
8 Sentence 1
d 'These United Nations resolutions, in defiance of
A robber who held up a petrol station with a cucumber
which rhis unacceptable military occupation
was given 3% years yesterday to think about the crime,
continues, must and will be enforced.'
which the judge said was 'at the lower end of the
e However, other UN resolutions, dozens of which
robbery scale' - but still no joke.
have been passed in recent years condemning
Sentence 7
similar acts by more acceptable governments, show
During his trial at Knightsbridge Crown Court, in
no sign of being enforced.
which he was convicted of the two robberies, the jury
heard how Mr Lancaster, of Mora Street, Shoreditch, 2 b Until now, hts last one was the most expensive film
east London, first hailed the taxi and then drove to a that had ever been made,
greengrocer's shop to buy the cucumber and a bunch of c Children who are brought up in poverty are prone
bananas. to disease.
Sentence 8 d In the 1950s, many countries, which had been ruled
After offering the taxi driver a banana he was driven to by colonial administrations for years, achieved
his flat, where he changed his clothes and put on a pair independence.
of dark glasses. e However, nations which have been denied political
Sentence 13 expression for years often take time to achieve
While I accept this is at the lower end of the robbery genuine democracy.
scale, this is a serious matter, and these courts are f Civil rights which are considered to be basic in rich
required to comply with sentencing policy, countries have to be fought for elsewhere.
Organising Your Learning: Listening a more formal b less formal
1 a Intensive. First, to hear if it is relevant to you. to place your complete
Then, if it is relevant, to hear all the information. trust in to really trust
All this, with no visual clues to help you. a victory a win
b Extensive. All you need is to follow approximately there was a widespread it took everyone by
in order to 'make polite noises' from time to time, amazement at it surprise
c Extensive, unless you heard something of urgent lose your life die
interest. In any case, visual information would help occur happen
you, so the listening itself wouldn't need to be so discuss talk about
intensive. discover find/find out
d Intensive, because of the difficulty of recognising a great many a lot of
the words. one of my employees someone who works for me
e Intensive. You have visual help, probably, but the worldwide all over the world
information may be complex, and all the details are be informed about be told about
important. edifice building

86

conceal hide
I'm afraid sorry, but
perform do
take pride in he proud of
express an interest in say you're interested in
there is concern people are worried
extraordinary amazing
in search of looking for
item thing
abscond run off
firearm gun
no longer not any more
4 a They discussed the situation in Zimbola, about
which there is worldwide concern.
b That is the bag in which the firearm was concealed,
c The expedition discovered this extraordinary
edifice, in which human sacrifices used to be
performed.
d I'm afraid the item in which you expressed interest
is no longer for sale,
e I've just discovered that one of my employees, in
whom I placed complete trust, has absconded with
£10,000.
f He spends every weekend in his garden, in which
he takes great pride,
g The outcome of the election, at which there was
widespread amazement, was a socialist victory.
h Here is the diamond, in search of which a great
many men have lost their lives.
i This meeting, about which the President was
informed by his staff, occurred in New York.
5 1 throughout 2 facing 3 without 4 though 5 of
6 by 7 reported 8 took 9 promised 10 planned
11 also 12 was 13 members 14 though
15 effect 16 sharp 17 country's 18 on 19 come
20 regime 21 change 22 rid 23 suggest
24 overthrow 25 hoping 26 own 27 expressed
28 prospect 29 tradition 30 after
6 b break-up c takeover d turnover e crackdown
f shake up g climb-down h cover-up i set-back
j write-up k pile-up 1 let-down m layout
n breakthrough o set-up p show-off q mix-up
r sell-out
7 a mix-up b sell-out c takeover, turnover
d breakthrough e climb-down, cover-up t break up
g crackdown h let down i shake up j hold-ups
k pile-up 1 layout m write-up
ANSWER KEY
8 1 Like 2 unlike 3 Neither 4 in contrast 5 Both
6 Similarly 7 neither 8 nor 9 Like 10 Unlike
Organising Your Learning: Reading (2)
1 You should recognise: accused, evidence, in custody,
acquitted, prosecution, charged with, remanded in
custody, tried, trial.
4 Possible additions are: fabricating evidence, armed
robbery, to plant (evidence), raid, {to seek) damages,
PC, forensic evidence, the scene of the crime
5 a (bad) wicked
b (deception, untruth) to fabricate, planted
c (clothes) overalls
d (damage, disaster) devastating
Unit 9
1 a Cameras are not to be taken into the museum.
b Cameras must be left at the desk.
c He is having his house redecorated.
d She has been persuaded to change her mind.
e The missing child is being searched for.
f This window should never have been closed.
g The book must be finished by January.
h I assure you that the book will be finished by
January.
2 a I can't stand being stared at.
b No passive
c We are being talked about by the whole town.
d Don't worry, they will be taken care of.
e No passive
i Children hate not being listened to by adults,
g This whole takeover needs to be looked into by a
team of special investigators.
3 a strut b shuffle c lounge d topple e perch
f leap g tower h dash i stride j wander
4 b wander c tower d perch e strut f topple
g shuffle h leap i stride j dash
5 a4 b3 c6 dl e5 (2
6 a feel like fish out of water b smelt a rat
c let sleeping dogs lie d flogging a dead horse
e made a pig of myself f chickened out
7 The following words appeared in the original
advertisement, though in some cases other words
would not be incorrect.
1 Listen 2 shares 3 needs 4 relationship
5 meaning 6 tail 7 interpret 8 language
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ANSWER KEY
9 yours 10 down 11 translating 12 expressions
13 range 14 bonds 15 once 16 understanding
17 delighted 18 refund 19 enclose 20 charge
8 a peer b gaze c pout d beam e frown
f gape g sneer h glare i stare
9 a gazing b peering c beaming d gaping/staring
e frowning f sneering g pouting h gazing
i glaring
10 Colin: John, can I ask a favour?
John: Sure, what is it?
Colin: Well, I've got to go into the city centre at
lunch time, and it's raining. I don't suppose
you'd lend me your car, would you?
John: Ah, well, normally I would, but it's a bit
difficult today, because I'll be using it myself.
Sorry about that.
Colin: OK, no problem.
Derek: Derek Reynolds.
John: Hello, Derek, this is John Carling.
Derek: Hello, John, nice to speak to you again. What
can I do for you?
John: Hi. Listen, Derek, I'm sorry to put you out,
but that meeting we arranged. Would it be
possible to change the time?
Derek: It depends. When did you have in mind?
John: Sometime during the afternoon, if possible,
Say 2 pm?
Derek: Let me see. Well, I'm supposed to be busy
then, but I could try to rearrange that, I
suppose.
John: Would you? I'd be grateful if you would As I
say, I'm sorry to put you out like this, but
there's no way I can make the morning.
Derek: Don't worry about it. I'll see what 1 can do
about rearranging the other thing, and get
back to you, all right?
11 a Although many people find the presence of so
many dogs in Britain a nuisance, it cannot be
denied that they often provide uncomplaining
companionship to people who, because of age or
other circumstances, have no other friends.
b Most people would support a moderate movement
whose aim was to end the use of animals in non-
medical experiments, as long as it pursued peaceful
means. However, animal rights activists who use
wildly inappropriate terrorist methods only alienate
88
the majority of the population, who ask themselves
with some justification if these people are quite
right in the head.
Unit 10
1 a If it hadn't been (But) for my wife, we wouldn't
have moved house.
b If it hadn't been (But) for my financial situation, we
wouldn't have left New York,
c If it hadn't been (But) for the low price, we
wouldn't have been able to buy our house.
d If it weren't (But) for the strange stories I've heard,
wouldn't worry,
e If it weren't (But) for the noises at night, I would
quite like the place.
f If it hadn't been (But) for my little boy, my baby
daughter would have been killed.
g If it weren't (But) for all those stupid Hollywood
films, nobody would believe in ghosts.
2 a were offered, would probably be, didn't speak, wouk
take, was, would have, wouldn't
b had, was, went on, would buy, would go, wanted,
wouldn't matter, didn't know, would have, still had.
would send, liked, would crew
3 a 1 On the 2 in favour 3 mind 4 under no
5 in return
b 1 beyond 2 in 3 the advice 4 on second
4 The following are the prepositions which appeared in
the original article, though in some cases other
prepositions would not be incorrect.
1 along 2 to 3 for 4 like 5 into 6 in
7 within 8 since 9 of 10 with 11 into 12 for
13 on 14 up 15 to 16 of 17 among
18 during 19 by 20 with 21 from 22 between
23 with 24 after 25 for
5 a on b up c with d into e from f into g of
h for, in
6 Where more than one adjective is possible, the most
common is given first. The stronger adjective is
written in italics.
a high unemployment b the great majority
c best, good wishes d good sense
e high, strong winds f the best part g heavy rain
h a high opinion of i a heavy blow
j a great, good opportunity
k a good ten minutes/a good while/a good hour
1 high speeds m a strong possibility n strong views

o a strong smell/taste p high, good quality
q big business r high profits s high finance
t heavy industry u great difficulty v a big mistake
w a large quantity x a strong, heavy accent
y heavy losses a z strong influence
7 a 1 strong argument 2 good sense 3 big mistake
4 great opportunity
b 1 great difficulty 2 good 3 best part
c 1 High winds 2 heavy rain 3 strong possibility
d 1 large 2 high quality 3 strong 4 high speed
5 a good chance
8 go
cold, bald, pale, mad, crazy, white, (and other colours)
wrong, bad, blind, deaf, broke, wild, insane, bankrupt,
well
get
angry, old, cold, drunk, violent, thin, fat, ready, tired,
unfriendly, cloudy, windy, bored, excited, lost, wet,
well, nasty, mad, difficult, dry, impossible, famous, rich,
9 a turned b get c has gone d getting e getting
f go g become h has gone/is going i going
j getting k became 1 get m turning n has gone
0 gets p go q went r turn
Unit 11
1 b I was going to buy dollars, but now the exchange
rate has gone up, 1 think I'll wait a while.
c 1 was going to go for a walk, but now the weather
has clouded over, I suppose I'll stay in after all.
d They were going to offer him a job, but now they've
found out he's been in prison, I guess they'll think
twice about it.
e Luis was going to have a party to watch the World
Cup Final on TV, but now Brazil have been
knocked out, I guess he'll call it off,
f I was going to call the doctor, but now her fever has
come down, I think I'll wait and see how she is
tomorrow.
g I was going to take out a mortgage to buy a flat, but
now the interest rate has gone up, I suppose I'll
have to keep renting.
h I was going to take a job in El Pagador, but now
civil war has broken out, I suppose I'll stay in
Britain.
1 I was going to write to you, but now you've phoned,
I guess I won't bother.
j They were going to have a baby, but now he's lost
his job, I suppose they'll wait.
ANSWER KEY
2 1 h Yes, that's right, next month actually. We're
moving to Portugal on the twentieth.
2 d Yes, I'll be teaching English in a small school in
Lisbon.
3 f Yes, I'm starting at the beginning of September.
4 b Well, I'll be working outside the centre, so it
won't be all that picturesque, but yes, Lisbon's
nice.
5 i Apparently, yes, but I'll be working in the
evenings, so I'll be going to work in the late
afternoon. And that's when everybody else will
be coming back. So I won't be sitting in a traffic
jam every day, I hope.
6 e They'll be going to school in the afternoons, so
I'll be able to spend some time with them in the
mornings. And we'll be living in a house, so
there'll be a garden to play in,
7 a Yes, we're moving straight in as soon as we
arrive.
8 c Not especially, no. We won't be living as close to
the beach as we would like, but at least it's not
too expensive.
9 g Weli, I won't be earning very much, but enough
to live on quite comfortably. We'll be OK.
3 a 'The Prime Minister is to attend a special session of
the UN Security Council later this week.'
b 'Will you be wanting breakfast in your room?'
c i'm spending the weekend at my Grannie's.'
d 'I was going to ask her but I forgot.'
e 'You're not going to go out/not going out in this
rain just to get a newspaper, are you? Look, I'm
going to the town centre myself a bit later on, so I'll
be walking past the newsagents anyway. I'll get you
one then if you like.'
4 a 2 a click 3 the howling 4 the roar 5 a screech
6 a sharp crack 7 The heavy thud 8 crunched
b 1 a sharp hiss 2 a faint tinkle
c 1 a polite tap 2 barked 3 would rattle
6 b It wasn't because of lack of planning that they
failed/It wasn't lack of planning that caused them to
fail/their failure.
c What gave him confidence was his belief in his own
ability/It was his belief in his own ability that gave
him confidence.
d It looked as if there had been a fight.
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ANSWER KEY
e Walking in the countryside is something I've always
liked.
f She wasn't nearly as interested in football as I was.
g I'd rather you didn't do that.
h You must take his age into account/take into
account how young he is.
i It suddenly occurred to me that I hadn't seen John
all day.
j His behaviour gave rise to resentment.
7 a flash b flared c glow d glare e shimmering
f twinkling g sparkling h gleamed i blazing
j flickered
8 a No matter what they say, don't let yourself by
persuaded,
b As a consequence of uncontrolled deforestation, the
whole area suffers from soil erosion,
c Why on earth she did such a thing is utterly beyond
me.
d In return for helping him, 1 was offered a job in one
of his companies, which I reluctantly refused,
e I'd be glad to get in touch with him for you, if you'll
let me have his number.
f As long as everyone stays calm, everything should
be sorted out shortly,
g He was accused of attempting to cause the downfall
of the Government.
h It is said to be by far the largest ship ever built.
i What difference does it make how long it takes to
get there?
j This accident, as a result of which Mr Smith lost an
arm, was directly caused by unsafe working
conditions.
Unit 12
1 Affirmative, in order of strength
There is no doubt whatsoever t h a t . . .
It seems beyond doubt t h a t . . .
There is a strong possibility t h a t . . .
It's quite possible t h a t . . .
It is possible t h a t . . .
It is not impossible t h a t . . .
It is not beyond the bounds of possibility t h a t . . .
Negative, in order of strength
It is inconceivable t h a t . . .
There is very little likelihood t h a t . . .
It's unlikely t h a t . . .
90
2 c It is inconceivable that the government will fall this
month.
d It is not beyond the bounds of possibility that the
government will fall this year.
e It seems beyond doubt that Japanese car
manufacturers will take over the luxury car market
in the next few years.
f There is a strong possibility that the hostages have
been taken to another location.
g There is very little likelihood that there will be
another global conflict in the near future, (or There
is very little likelihood of another global conflict in
the near future.)
h It is not beyond the bounds of possibility that cars
will be banned from all cities in the future.
i There is no doubt that women drivers are safer than
men.
j It's quite possible that he has left the country
already.
k It is unlikely that he has left the country already,
3 a It sounded as if/though everything was going well.
b Everything seemed to have been prepared correctly.
c The situation seems to have been brought back
under control.
d It looks as if/though everything is getting back to
normal.
e It sounds as if/though they're heading for a divorce.
f They seem to me to have made a mistake getting
married so young,
g It sounded to me as if/though he had no intention
of changing his mind.
h We seemed to have been wasting our time trying to
persuade him.
i They seemed to us to be arguing about something.
j It looked as if/though they had come to blows
already that evening.
4 a ought to/should have been finished
b needn't have bothered c will have been driving
d would have been e might/could have been killed
f should have left g should be kept h might make
i will have left j should say
5 GB US
a ground floor first floor
b take-away food take-out food
c off-licence liquor store
d mates buddies
e a crossroads an intersection

f a torch a flashlight
g the pavement the sidewalk
h tough, vicious mean
i mean stingy
j rubbish garbage
6 a grotesque b debut c melee d genre e gauche
f carte blanche g duvet h blase i faux pas
j naive k farce 1 decor m brusque n fiance
Note: naive is used for both men and women, while a
female fiance is spelt fiancee.
8 a melee b duvet c blase d debut e faux pas
f decor g naive h brusque i carte blanche
9 scenario detailed prediction of the way a
situation could develop
fiasco failure so complete as to be ridiculous
bravado a reckless, courageous attitude,
intended to impress
prima donna someone temperamental and difficult
to work with.
guru a respected adviser or expert (slightly
ironic expression)
crescendo something getting louder or more
intense
saga a long story or narration
spiel a smooth, convincing speech aimed at
persuading someone
taboo considered by society to be too 'bad' or
offensive even to talk about
forte something you are especially good at
1 0 a forte b saga c fiasco d gurus e prima donna
f taboo g bravado h crescendo i scenarios j spiel
11 I hadn't been driving more than a few minutes when it
struck me that something was the matter with the car. A
strange noise was coming out of the engine, and from time
to time there would be such an alarming shaking that the
car seemed to be on the point of disintegration. It was by
no means the first time the car had behaved in this way -
I'd had it for fifteen years, and it wasn't a new car any more.
However, it had never caused me such concern before. It
seemed to me that it would be wise to pull off the road so
that I could look under the bonnet.
Lifting the bonnet, I noticed a faint smell of burning. I
looked carefully, and as I thought, the engine was giving off
wisps of acrid smoke. Since I am by no means an expert on
cars, let alone on an old wreck like my own, I retreated in
order to consider the situation from the safety of the other
ANSWER KEY
side of the road. It looked as if I might be in serious trouble.
Something had to be done, that was plain to see, but it
wasn't quite as easy to see what that something should be.
On the other hand, it was possible that the engine could
cool down in a few minutes if I waited. Having come to the
conclusion that this was the wisest course of action to
adopt, I sat down on a rock.
It was at this point that the first flame showed itself
above the engine.
Unit 13
1 a He tried to explain away his absence.
b Come on, into the kitchen, you're not going to get
out of the washing-up this time!
c Unfortunately, your theory is not borne out by the
facts.
d It's not fair, you always side with her when we
argue.
e I read up on the company before I took the job.
f Don't worry. He'll threaten you, but he hasn't got
the nerve to go through with it.
g Don't take out insurance with the first company you
speak to, be patient and shop around first.
h It was only when the lesson began that it dawned
on me that I was in the wrong classroom.
2 a put it off b boils down to c cash in on
d taken aback e head straight for f make up for
g coming up with h talked me into
3 b set against c read into d talk down to
e talk over f talk out off g come by h come about
i take back j take down k take in 1 take on
4 a take down b talk . . . out of c set about
d talk down to e take on f talk . . . over
g set against h come by i read . .. into
j take . . . back I taken in m come about
5 The following are only suggestions, but the main ideas
should be as here.
B: Yes, I was there in 1976.
B: Really, what month?
B: April. Greece gets so crowded in summer, and the
weather's too hot for me.
B: Which part of Greece did you go to?
B: You think so? I found them rather unfriendly,
actually.
B: Maybe I did. How did you like the food?
B: I thought it was absolutely disgusting, to tell you the
truth. So oily. I don't think I've ever eaten worse in
my life.
91
 B: Fair enough, but it's very bad for the health, you
know.
B: Overall, I did, yes. Mostly because it's such a
9 b Recently, crime has been on the increase,
beautiful place.
c Don't put the blame on me.
B: Where are you going this year?
d There's no way of knowing for sure.
B: Well, we were thinking of perhaps going to
e But for Henry's help we would never have managed.
Scotland, but nothing's fixed.
f I made as honest a reply as I could,
B: What's wrong with Scotland?
g That's the course {of action) that we should follow.
B: There's some lovely scenery there, I've heard.
h I assure you (that) I am not in the habit of asking
B: I've heard the weather's good in summer,
strangers for money,
B: Who from?
i The eighties saw a contraction in Britain's
6 b 1 haven't the faintest idea what you're talking industrial base.
about. j There is insufficient provision of information.
c I refused to have anything to do with him. I didn't k It wasn't long before they left./It wasn't Song after
like the look of him. that that they left.
d I wouldn't think that would be a very good idea, if 1 In the light of the recent troubles, 1 have decided to
you want my opinion, cancel my visit.
e The truth of the matter is that you don't really care
do you?
f No matter what anybody says, I'm going to marry
him.
g In spite of the way in which he'd been treated, he
didn't stop loving her.
h Contrary to what I'd been led to suppose, the food
at the restaurant was rather good.
i Had there been any possibility of our reaching the
summit, we would have continued, but it was clear
that there wasn't.
j Not being in the mood for going out, they decided
to spend the evening watching television.
k As far as I know, the meeting is still scheduled for
3pm.
1 Well, it's been nice talking to you, but I must be
going now.
m It'll be a long job, but regardless of how long it
takes, it's got to be done.
n Much as I regret having to do so, I'm afraid I must
turn your offer down,
o I must say I'd rather he hadn't told them, but I
suppose he thought he was acting for the best.
p I'm afraid there seems to have been some kind of
accident in the street outside.
q In no way should this be taken as an admission of
guilt.

7 a rapport b suave c risque d raison d'etre

e critique f mystique g par excellence
h rapprochement i en suite j en masse

92