SATUAN ACARA PERKULIAHAN

MATA KULIAH GEOLOGI DASAR

SEMESTER GENAP 2009/2010 KELAS D
Kuliah POKOK BAHASAN SUB POKOK BAHASAN ARAHAN MATERI
1 Pendahuluan Pengertian Pengenalan Ruang Lingkup
22-Feb-10 Tinjauan Umum Pembahasan mata kuliah
    Tujuan Mata Kuliah Pengantar Ilmu Geologi
2 Prinsip Ilmu Geologi Sistem Ilmu Kebumian Kepentingan/aplikasi Ilmu Geologi
22-Feb-10 Landasan Pemikiran Ilmu geologi Konsep studi dan sejarah geologi
Hukum-hukum dasar Geologi (Tektonik Lempeng, Siklus
Geologi)
Uniformitarisma and Katatrofisma
3 Kajian Ilmu Geologi 01-Mar-10 Physical Geology dan Hystorical Geology Cabang dan pembahasan keilmuan Geologi
4 Skala Waktu Geologi 01-Mar-10 Metoda Pentarikhan geologi Determinasi Waktu Geologi
Rekonstruksi Skala Waktu Geologi Pentarikhan Relatif dan absolut
5 Kuliah Lapangan 06-Mar-10 Pengamatan lapangan Pembuatan laporan dan presentasi kelompok
6 Skala Spasial Geologi 08 Mar-10 Rekonstruksi Proses Geologi Skala Mikroskopis - Cekungan
7 Material Bumi 15 Mar-10 Materi Penyusun Bumi Pengenalan dan deskripsi mineral dan batuan
22-Mar-10 Mineral Proses pembentukan batuan
  29-Mar-10 Batuan (Sedimen, Metamorf, Beku) Lingkungan pembentukan batuan
8 Ujian Tengah Semester 5 April - 16 April 2010 Ujian Lisan
9 Dinamika Geologi Deformasi batuan dan metamorfisma Analisis model sederhana bentuk hasil deformasi batuan
19-Apr-10 Vulkanisma Kegiatan ekstrusi dan erupsi, pembentukan dan produk gunungapi
Tektonik Lempeng Pengertian, jenis dan gerakan lempeng
Pemekaran Lantai Samudera Pengertian, jenis dan pemekaran lantai samudera
    Kontinental Margin Pengertian, jenis dan kontinental margin
Fenomena kebencanaan dan geologi
10 Kebencanaan Geologi lingkungan Pemahaman jenis dan intensitas kebencanaan
26-Apr-10 Gempa Bumi Faktor penyebab dan penyebaran kebencanaan
Gerakan Tanah dan Banjir Pemahaman kondisi Geologi Lingkungan
11 Sumberdaya Air 3 May 10 Jenis dan klasifikasi sumberdaya air Elemen dasar keterdapatan sumberdaya air
  Sumberdaya Mineral 3 May 10 Jenis dan klasifikasi sumberdaya mineral Elemen dasar keterdapatan sumberdaya mineral
12 Sumberdaya Energi 17 May 10 Jenis dan klasifikasi sumberdaya energi Elemen dasar keterdapatan sumberdaya energi
13 Kuliah Lapangan 28-29 May 10 Pengamatan lapangan  
14 Presentasi Kelompok 31 May 10    
 Uniformitarianism
The Rock Cycle

Erosion and transport

Weathering

Deposition

Burial and lithification

Melting

Solidification Deformation and metamorphism

 Plate tectonics is the unifying theory of geology
Plate tectonics is useful in the field of geology because it can be used
to explain a variety of geologic processes, including volcanic activity,
earthquakes, and mountain building.
 Plates and Boundaries (Side View)

• Internal Forces
• Tectonism
• Volcanism

• External Forces
• Erosion
• Deposition

• Historical Mixture
McKnight and Hess. 2002. Physical Geography. 5
Sumatran Forearc Basins
 Fields of Geology
Physical Geology Historical Geology
to study aspects of the earth the study of the evolution of earth and its life through time

 Geophysics  Sedimentology
 Geochemistry  Stratigraphy
 Mineralogy and Petrology
 Geochronology
 Structural Geology
 Paleontology
 Geomorphology
 Marine Geology
 Paleoceanography
 Environmental,
and Paleoclimatology
Economic, and
Engineering Geology
to study aspects of the earth
Geophysics

 geologists apply the concepts

of physics to the study of the
earth.
 The largest subdiscipline in
geophysics is seismology, the
study of the travel of seismic
waves through the earth.
 construct models of the earth's
interior using seismic tech-
niques
 Geochemistry
LOM
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-80

-70
Immature Oil window Dry gas
 the study of the earth, its
Condensate
-60 C1

materials, and the cycling of

d 13C (Typical Values)

-50
C2

-40
C3

n-C4
Gas 1
Gas 2 chemicals through its sys-
-30 n-C5

-20
C15-C30
tems
-10
% Ro 0.5 1.0 1.35 1.5 2.0
Source Rock Maturity
2.5  has important applications in
INITIAL TOC (%) OF E-Formation
environmental and economic
B-
Kitchen
geology as well as in the
C-
Kitchen fields of mineralogy, petro-
B-
logy and energy resources
Kitchen
 Mineralogy and Petrology
 mineralogy (the study of
A B minerals)
 petrology (the study of
C D rocks)
 Mineralogists and
petrologists study the origin,
B
A
occurrence, structure, and
history of rocks or minerals
C D
Structural Geology

 Structural geology deals with the form,

arrangement, and internal structure of
rocks, including their history of defor-
mation, such as folding and faulting
 The term tectonics is commonly used for
large-scale structural geology, such as the
study of the history of a mountain belt, or
plate tectonics (the study of the crustal
plates).
 Neotectonics is the study of recent fault-
ing and deformation; such studies can
reconstruct the history of active faults,
and the history can be used in hazard
analysis and land-use planning.
 Geomorphology

 the examination of the

development of present
landforms;
 to understand the nature and
origin of these landforms.
 is important for a basic under-
standing of the active surface that
humans live on, a surface that is
subject to erosion, landslides,
floods, and other processes that
You should all be able to explain every province:
affect our daily lives.
Plate Tectonics, Earth History
Marine Geology
 specific to the ocean
environment
 has helped the field of pale-
oceanography (the recon-
struction of the history of the
oceans, including ancient
ocean chemistry, tempera-
ture, circulation, and bio-
logy).
 Environmental, Economic, and Engineering Geology

 The application of geologic knowledge to

practical problems is the focus of the fields
of environmental, economic, and engi-
200
180 158
178.7 neering geology
160
140 112  The study of geologic hazards
trilliun Rp.

120
100
80
60
72 78

41
58.4  commonly specialize in a particular aspect
31
40
20
16 20
of economic geology
0
95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/2000
 Two fields of engineering that use geology
the Ambacang Hotel which collapsed
in the earthquake-hit area of Padang,
extensively are civil engineering and
West Sumatra province October 4, 2009. mining engineering: stability of a building
or bridge requires an understanding of
both the foundation material (rocks, soil)
and the potential for earthquakes in the
area.
the study of the evolution of earth and its life through time
 Sedimentology

 the study of sediments and

sedimentary rocks and the
determination of their origin.
 determine the features of the
layers, such as their geometry,
or layer shape; porosity, and
permeability,
 important economically for
Model Sedimentation
1S
T
COAL ?
understanding oil and gas
reservoirs as well as ground-
C
Y
C
L

water supplies
E

BRAIDED STREAM

DISORGANIZED CONGLOMERATE
(ALLUVIAL FAN)
EROSIONAL SURFACE
PYROCLASTIC FALL

“CLOSED ENVIRONMENT”
‘SUB-AQUAEOUS’
LACUSTRINE ?
 Stratigraphy
 the study of the history of the
earth's crust, particularly its stra-
tified (layered) rocks.
 concerned with determining age
relationships of rocks as well as
their distribution in space and
N X-2 X-4 S time
Eq. TAF

Limestone
X-1 layer

 Biostratigraphy,
1846 m TOP JTB 2430 m
X-3 2515 m TOP JTB

Shelf Tidal Ridge

Fluvial
TST Tidal shoreline sand
2680 M
2560 M
Basin
ward
X-5
1915 m 2530 M
JTB_1
Shelf Tidal Ridge

Lithostratigraphy,
FS/TSE
Fluvial/interfluve Tidal shoreline sand
LST
Eq. JTB

1948 m
2730 M 2620 M

X-6
2630 M

JTB_2 SB 2585 M

Shelf Tidal Ridge SB 2905 M

Fan Delta
HST
2785 M 2675 M
2690 M

FS 2640 M

Choronostratigraphy,
JTB_3 Tidal Delta
SB
2720 m 2720 m 2970 m
2825 m

Fan Delta
SLATE

TOP BSM 2700 m

SB ON
E
EST MARBLE
d LIM
lize 2880 M 2770 M 3020 M
rbe
Ma
BSM_1
Eq. Basement

Sequence Stratigraphy,
MARBLE
SLATE

Magnetostratigraphy
3040 M 2930 M 3170 M

BSM_2
Geochronology
 The determination of the age
of rocks
 The fundamental tool of
geochronology is radiome-
tric dating (the use of radio-
active decay processes as
recorded in earth materials
to determine the numerical
age of rocks)
Paleontology

 study of ancient or fossil life

 These fields are fundamental
to stratigraphy and are used
to reconstruct the history of
organisms' evolution and
extinction throughout earth
history.
Paleoceanography

 the study of ancient oceans

 use carbon and other chemi-
cals to reconstruct aspects of
ancient oceanographic and
climatic conditions
 Geologic Time
Time is an important
component of geology; this
separates geology from most
other sciences
 The Geologic Time Scale
 Geologists have created a geologic time scale to
provide a common vocabulary for talking about
past events.
 The geologic time scale is generally agreed upon
and used by scientists around the world, dividing
time into eons, eras, periods, and epochs.
 Every few years, the numerical time scale is
refined based on new evidence, and geologists
publish an update.
 SKALA WAKTU GEOLOGI

masa

zaman
 Methods to determine geologic
time
 Physical stratigraphy, or the placement of events
in the order of their occurrence.
 Biostratigraphy, which uses fossils to determine
geologic time.
 Correlation, which allows geologists to determine
whether rocks in different geographic locations
are the same age.
 Radiometric dating, geologists use the rate of
decay of certain radioactive elements in minerals
to assign numerical ages to the rocks.
 Physical stratigraphy
Stratigraphic Principles and Relative Time

 The principle of superposition - in a vertical sequence of sedimentary or

volcanic rocks, a higher rock unit is younger than a lower one. "Down" is
older, "up" is younger. 
 The principle of original horizontality - rock layers were originally
deposited close to horizontal. 
 The principle of original lateral extension - A rock unit continues laterally
unless there is a structure or change to prevent its extension. 
 The principle of cross-cutting relationships - a structure that cuts
another is younger than the structure that is cut. 
 The principle of inclusion - a structure that is included in another is older
than the including structure. 
 The principle of "uniformitarianism" - processes operating in the past
were constrained by the same "laws of physics" as operate today.
 Sedimentary beds in outcrop, a graphical plot of a
stratigraphic section, and a "way up" indicator example:
wave ripples.
 Biostratigraphy
concerned with determining age relationships of rocks
as well as their distribution in space and time
N X-2
X-4 S
Limestone layer

Eq. TAF
X-1
X-3
TOP JTB 2430 m 2515 m TOP JTB
1846 m

Shelf Tidal Ridge

Fluvial TST Tidal shoreline sand 2560 M

Basinward
2680 M

1915 m
JTB_1 FS/TSE 2530 M

X-5
Shelf Tidal Ridge

Fluvial/interfluve Tidal shoreline sand

1948 m
LST 2730 M 2620 M

2630 M
X-6
JTB_2 SB 2585 M SB

Eq. JTB
2905 M

Shelf Tidal Ridge

Fan Delta
2785 M 2675 M

2690 M
HST
JTB_3 FS 2640 M
Tidal Delta

2825 m 2720 m 2720 m

SB 2970 m

Fan Delta

SLATE

SB
TOP BSM
2700 m
E
ON MARBLE
EST
d LIM
ize
rbel
Ma 2880 M 2770 M 3020 M

BSM_1
Eq. Basement

MARBLE

SLATE

3040 M 2930 M 3170 M

BSM_2
 Index Fossils

 Characteristics that make effective index

fossils include:
 distinctive morphology
 rapid evolution
 widespread distribution
 abundance
 Often biostratigraphic correlation is aided by
the use of fossil assemblage zones
 Correlation

 Interpretation of rock exposures includes

correlation of rock units; this can be done via:
 Lithostratigraphy (marker beds)
 Biostratigraphy (index fossils)
 Magnetostratigraphy (paleomagnetism)
 Chronostratigraphy (absolute dating)
Lithostratigraphy
 Magnetostratigraphy

STRATIGRAFI POLARITAS GEOMAGNET

CEKUNGAN BANDUNG

2009 GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

 Absolute dating
 Absolute dating is based upon the fact that
atoms of radioactive elements decay to form
stable isotopes
 Important data about atoms:
 Atoms are the smallest particles of
elements
 Atoms are composed of a nucleus
containing protons and neutrons
and an outer shell that contains
electrons
 The number of protons determines
the type of element and is known as
the atomic number
 Absolute dating

 Not all atoms of the same element have the same

number of neutrons in their nuclei; these variable
forms are called isotopes
 Radioactive Decay

 Some isotopes are unstable, or radioactive, and decay to a

more stable form; this decay rate is constant and mea-
surable; geologists measure this rate to determine the
absolute ages of rocks
 Radioactive Decay
 Decay of the original isotope, or parent elements,
into its product, the daughter element, is measured
in half-lives; the time it takes for half of the original
number of parent atoms to decay into the daughter
product atoms
 Absolute dating is accomplished by measuring the
ratio of daughter product atoms to parent atoms,
and comparing this ratio to the known quantity of a
non radioactive element; measurements are done
with a mass spectrometer
 Absolute Dating

 There are three types of radioactive decay, and a

number of elements that undergo radioactive
decay with varying half-lives
 Radioactive elements useful in absolute dating
include:
 Uranium 235 (Lead 207) Half-life of 713 Million Years
 Potassium 40 (Argon 40) Half-life of 1.3 Billion Years
 Uranium 238 (Lead 206) Half-life of 4.5 Billion Years
 Rubidium 87 (Strontium 87) Half-life of 47 Billion Years
 Absolute dating

 Radioactive dating can only be accomplished

on rocks that contain radioactive elements,
this usually is limited to igneous rocks that
have not been secondarily altered; this
includes volcanic ash
 POTASSIUM-ARGON DATING
limited to igneous rocks that have not been secondarily altered; this
includes volcanic ash, the whole ages

K in VOLCANIC ROCKS 10%

39
K STABLE
41
K STABLE 40
Ar
40
K 40
K UNSTABLE (0.01)
H A L F L IF E = 1 . 2 5 X 1 0 9 Y E A R S
40
Ca

-
+
40
Ar

40
C a
40
Ar
40
R a t io K
A r d ik e t a h u i u m u r
40 Age Results
K-Ar Results
 How Old is the Earth?

 In the early 20th century Pierre and Marie Curie

discovered radioactive decay, which led to
methods of measuring the decay of radioactive
isotope ratios and provided a way to establish
absolute dates
 Using radiometric absolute dating geologists
have dated Earth’s oldest rocks, Moon rocks, and
meteorites. These dates provide an estimated
age of our planet of 4.6 billion years
 The Geologic Time Scale
 The Geologic Time Scale is a graphical representation of
the history of the Earth, divided into units related to
geologic events as evidenced by the fossil record
 It was first developed as a relative time scale that was
pieced together by numerous researchers at widespread
localities over a long period of time, using the techniques
of relative dating
 The development of absolute dating allowed the relative
time scale to be tied to absolute dates, based upon dates
from thousands of rock exposures, which provided
today’s Geologic Time Scale (2009 Geologic Time Scale)
How relative dating of events and radiometric (numeric) dates are combined to produce a
calibrated geological time scale
Lithostratigraphy (i.e. the sedimentary rocks),
biostratigraphy (fossils) and radiometric dates
Simplified Geologic Time Scale
In order to understand geologic processes and to reconstruct the
geologic past, geologists work at different spatial
 Scales that range from microscopic to
planetary
 The microscopic level:
 traditional tools include the petrographic microscope,
used to identify minerals and examine rock textures.
 microprobes that can obtain very small geologic or
mineralogic samples,
 mass spectrometers (instruments that measure the
quantity of atoms, or groups of atoms, in a geologic
sample).
 Geologists can also use lasers and particle accelerators
for high-precision work, such as in argon-argon
radiometric dating, the use of isotopes of the element
argon to date geologic samples.
Scales that range from microscopic to
planetary
 Some geologic features are very large
 geologists must create detailed maps to observe
them completely
 to record basic information
 to examine trends
 to understand processes and geologic history
 Geologic maps can help geologists understand the
history of a mountain belt or locate new mineral
deposits
Scales that range from microscopic to
planetary

 On a planetary scale
 geologists can map the earth’s surface using data
from orbiting satellites
 make maps reconstructing a view of the earth at
some time in the past;
 study Mars map the planet’s surface features with
the help of images and information from
spacecraft probes sent to Mars