DuracapTM 86103: a Feasible for producing Gravitational Shieldings

Duracap

TM

86103: a Feasible for producingGravitational Shieldings

Fran De Aquino

Maranhao State University, Physics Department, S.Luis/MA, BrazilCopyright

©

A polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compound, called Duracap

TM

86103, can have its weight stronglydecreased when subjected to extremely-low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields, and isfeasibly suited for producing Gravitational Shieldings.

1. INTRODUCTION

It was recently discovered that,when electromagnetic fields are appliedthrough a body, the

gravitational mass

of the body decreases, independently of its inertial mass [1]. The mass decreasedepends on the electrical properties of the body (magnetic permeability,electric conductivity), and is directlyproportional to the intensity of theelectromagnetic field applied on thebody, and inversely proportional to thefield frequency. Thus, when

extreme-low frequency

(ELF) electromagneticfields are applied on a body its

gravitational mass

,, can be strongly

decreased

, and even made

negative

.This means that the

weight

of abody,, can be

reduced

, and even

inverted

by means of ELFelectromagnetic fields. Here, it is shownthat a PVC compound, calledDuracap

g

mgmP

g

=

TM

86103

1

,

can have its weightstrongly decreased when subjected to ELFelectromagnetic fields, being a feasiblematerial to be used for producingGravitational Shieldings.

2. THEORY

It was shown [1] that therelativistic

gravitational mass

22

1

cV m M

gg

−=

and the relativistic

1

Duracap

TM

86103 is produced by Polyone Inc.,www.polyone.com

inertial mass

220

1

cV m M

ii

−=

are

quantized

, and given by,

)

M

whereand are respectively, the

gravitational quantum number

and the

inertial quantum number

;is the elementary

quantum

of inertial mass. The massesand are correlated by means of the following expression:

(

min

02

igg

mn M

=

)

min

02

iii

mn

=

(

g

n

i

n

( )

kgm

i

730

1093

−

×±=

.

min

g

m

0

i

m

( )

1.112

0200

iiig

mcm pmm

⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡−⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ Δ+−=

where

p

Δ

is the

momentum

variation onthe particle and is the inertial massat rest.

0

i

m

In general, the

momentum

variation

p

Δ

is expressed by

t F p

ΔΔ

=

where is the applied force during atime interval

F

t

Δ

. Note that there is norestriction concerning the

nature

of theforce, i.e., it can be mechanical,electromagnetic, etc.

F

For example, we can look on the

momentum

variation

p

Δ

as due toabsorption or emission of

electromagnetic energy

by the particle.In this case, it was shown [1] that

p

Δ

can be expressed by means of thefollowing expression

2

r

ncU p

=Δ

where

U

, is the electromagnetic energyabsorbed by the particle and

vcn

r

=

is the index of refraction.Substitution of

p

Δ

into Eq. (1)yields

( )

21121

0220

ir ig

mncmU m

⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡−⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ +−=

This equation can be rewritten in thefollowing form

( )

31121

022

ir g

mncW m

⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡−⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ +−=

ρ

where

V U W

=

, is the

density of electromagnetic energy

and V

0

i

m

=

ρ

is the density of inertial mass.The density of electromagneticenergy in an

electromagnetic

field canbe deduced from Maxwell’s equations[2] and has the following expression

( )

4

221221

H E W

μ ε

+=

It is known, that

H B

μ

=

,

r

k B E

=

[3] and

( )( )

5112

2

⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎝ ⎛ ++===

ωε σ μ ε κ ω

r r r

cdt dzv

Where is the real part of the

propagation vector

r

k k

r

(also called

phaseconstant

[4]);

ir

ik k k k

+==

r

;

ε

,

μ

and

σ

,

are the electromagneticcharacteristics of the medium in whichthe incident (or emitted) radiation ispropagating (

0

ε ε ε

r

=

, where

r

ε

isthe

relative dielectric permittivity

and;

mF

/ 10854.8

120

−

×=

ε

0

μ

r

=

, where

r

μ

is the

relative magnetic permeability

and ;

m / H

70

104

−

×=

π μ

σ

is the

electrical conductivity

).From (5), we see that the

index of refraction

will be given by

r

n

( ) ( )

6112

2

⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎝ ⎛ ++==

ωε σ μ ε

r r r

vcn

Equation (5) shows that

v

r

=

κ

.Thus,

vk B E

r

==

, i.e.,

H vvB E

μ

==

.Then, Eq. (4) can be rewritten in thefollowing form:

( )

7

2212221

H H vW

μ μ μ ε

+=

For

ωε σ

<<

, Eq. (5) reduces to

r r

cv

μ ε

=

Then, Eq. (7) gives

( )

8

22212221

H H H cW

r r

μ μ μ μ μ ε ε

=+⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ =

This equation can be rewritten in thefollowing forms:

( )

9

2

μ

BW

=

or

( )

10

2

E W

ε

=

For

ωε σ

>>

, Eq. (5) gives

( )

112

μσ ω

=

v

Then, from Eq. (7) we get

( )

122

2212212221221

H H H H H W

μ μ μ σ ωε μ μ μ μσ ω ε

≅≅+⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎝ ⎛ =+⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ =

Since

H vvB E

μ

==

, we can rewrite(12) in the following two forms:

( )

132

2

μ

BW

≅

or

( )

144

2

E W

⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎝ ⎛ ≅

ω σ

Substitution of Eq. (14) into Eq. (3)gives

( )

15144121

02432

ig

m E f cm

⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡−⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ +−=

ρ π σ μ

Note that

t E E

m

sin

=

.The averagevalue for

2

E

is equal to

221

m

E

because

E

varies sinusoidaly ( is themaximum value for

m

E

). On the other

3hand,

2

mrms

E E

=

. Consequently wecan change

4

E

for , and theequation above can be rewritten asfollows

4

rms

E

( )

16110758.1121

0432327

irmsr g

m E f m

⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡−⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ ×+−=

−

ρ σ μ

The Duracap

TM

86103 has the followingcharacteristics:

1

=

r

;

3

=

r

ε

mS

/ 3.3333

=

σ

3

1400

−

=

m.kg

ρ

mmKV strengthdieletric

/ 87.3

=

Thus, according to Eq. (16), the

gravitational mass

,, of the

Duracap

g

m

TM

86103, when subjected to anelectromagnetic field of frequency, isgiven by

f

( )

171103.3121

03423

irmsg

m f E m

⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡−×+−=

−

Note that, if the electromagnetic fieldthrough the Duracap has

extremely-low frequency

, for example, if, and

Hz f

1

=

( )

mmkV mV E

rms

/ 44.0 / 104.4

5

×=

.Then, its the

gravitational mass

will bereduced down to, reducing inthis way, the

weight

0

≅

g

m

)

gmP

g

=

of theDuracap to a value close to zero.It was shown [1] that there is anadditional effect of

GravitationalShielding

produced by a substancewhose gravitational mass was reducedor made negative. This effect shows that just

above the substance

the gravityacceleration will be reduced at thesame proportion

1

g

0

ig

mm

=

χ

, i.e.,

gg

χ

=

1

( is the gravity acceleration

bellow

thesubstance).

g

Thus, samples hung above theDuracap plate should exhibit a weightdecrease when the frequency of theelectromagnetic field is decreased orwhen the intensity of theelectromagnetic field is increased.

3.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND FOREXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS

The Duracap

TM

86103 is soldunder the form of small cubes. Itsmelting temperature varies from 177ºCto 188ºC. Thus, a 15cm square Duracapplate with 1 mm thickness can beshaped by using a suitable mold, as theshown in Fig.1.Figure 2(a) shows the Duracapplate between the plates of a parallelplate capacitor. The plates of thecapacitor are made of Aluminum andhave the following dimensions:19cm

X

15cm

X

1mm. They are paintedwith an insulating varnish spray of highdielectric strength (ISOFILM). They areconnected to a Function Generator,which generates voltage

sinusoidal

waves. The distance between theAluminum plates is. Thus, theelectric field through the Duracap isgiven by

mmd

1

=

( )

1822

0

d V E E

r mrms

ε

==

where

r

ε

is the relative permittivity of the dielectric(Duracap), and is thevoltage applied on the capacitor.

0

V

The maximum value of theamplitude of the voltage produced bythe Function Generator is.The turns ratio of the transformer(Bosch red coil) is. Thus, themaximum secondary voltage is. Consequently,Eq. (18) gives

V V

p

10

max

=

1:200

kV V V

s

2

max0max

==

mV E