Chapter 7

Y



 



|
 |
    
 Yhe Internet
Yhe internet
 A network of networks
 Yhe internet transmits data from one computer
(called a host) to another
Internet networks
 Linked networks that work much the same
way -- they pass data around in packets, each
of which carries the addresses of its sender and
receiver Schematic

|
 |
    
|
 |
    
 Internet µDiscussion¶ (1)
A global network connecting millions of computers. As of 1999, the
Internet has more than 200 million users worldwide, and that number
is growing rapidly. More than 100 countries are linked into
exchanges of data, news and opinions.

Unlike online services, which are centrally controlled, the Internet is

decentralized by design. Each Internet computer, called a host, is
independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to
use and which local services to make available to the global Internet
community. Remarkably, this anarchy by design works exceedingly
|
 |
    
 Internet µDiscussion¶ (2)
well.

Yhere are a variety of ways to access the Internet. Most online

services, such as America Online, offer access to some Internet
services. It is also possible to gain access through a commercial
Internet Service Provider (ISP).

Note: York University¶s CCS (Computer and Communications

Services) is an ISP.
|
 |
    
  ow the Internet Works
Yransport control protocol (YCP)
 A protocol that operates at the transport layer and is
used in combination with IP by most Internet
applications
Backbone
 An Internet high-speed, long distance communications
links (like a bus; wire that connects nodes)
Uniform resource locator (URL)
 An assigned address on the Internet for each computer
 E.g., http://www.yorku.ca/

|
 |
    
 Domain Affiliations
Domain Affiliations
Ô
 cultural and entertainment activities
 business organizations
 educational sites

 businesses and firms
 government sites

 information service providers

 military sites
 individuals

networking organizations
  organizations
 recreational activities

  businesses offering goods for purchase
 entities related to World Wide Web activities

networking organizations
|
 |
    
 Access to the Internet
LAN servers
‡ Local servers can provide access to the Internet through
normal connections (e.g., Ethernet)
Serial line internet protocol (SLIP) and
Point-to-point protocol (PPP)
‡ Communications protocol software that transmits packets over
telephone lines, allowing dial-up access to the Internet
Connection via an on-line service
‡ Examples are America Online and Microsoft Network. Yhese
services usually require sign-up procedures

|
 |
    
 Yhree Ways to Access the
Internet

Schematic

|
 |
    
|
 |
    
 Internet Service Providers
Internet service provider (ISP)
 Any company that provides individuals or
companies with access to the Internet
 Yhousands of providers including large
communications companies
 Need an account with the ISP and software
that links with YCP/IP

|
 |
    
 ISP Examples
Internet Service Provider Web Address
AY Y WorldNet Service Ô


Digex, Inc. 
 

GYE Internetworking 
 

IBM Internet Connection 
 

MCI Internet 

NetCom On-Line Communication  

Services
PSINet, Inc. 


Sprint Internet Services 

 

Uunet Yechnologies, Inc.  

|
 |
    
 Internet Services
 E-mail
 Yelnet
 FYP
 Usenet and newsgroups
 Chat rooms
 Internet phone
 Internet videoconferencing
 Content streaming
|
 |
    
 Selected Usenet Groups
Ô
 Ô ÔÔ Ô
 Ô




Ô

 Ô
 Ô 
 

Ô
Ô
Ô
ÔÔ  Ô
 Ô  Ô 
Ô

Ô

 Ô


 
Ô
 Ô  Ô


Ô

ÔÔ

  Ô



Ô




Ô
 Ô


Ô

  Ô 

|
 |
    
 Internet Services
Internet telephony
 Also called voice-over-IP (VOIP)
‡ Yechnology that enables network managers to route
phone calls and fax transmissions over the same
network they use for data

|
 |
    
|
 |
    
 VOIP µDiscussion¶
Internet telephony is a category of hardware and software that
enables people to use the Internet as the transmission medium for
telephone calls. For users who have free, or fixed-price, Internet
access, Internet telephony software essentially provides free
telephone calls anywhere in the world. Yo date, however, Internet
telephony does not offer the same quality of telephone service as
direct telephone connections.
Yhere are many Internet telephony applications available. Some,
like CoolYalk and NetMeeting, come bundled with popular Web
browsers. Others are stand-alone products. Internet telephony
products are sometimes called IP telephony, Voice over the Internet
(VOI) or Voice over IP (VOIP) products.
|
 |
    
 Content Streaming
Content streaming
‡ A method for transferring multimedia files over the
Internet so that the data stream of voice and pictures
plays continuously, without a break, or very few of
them
‡ It also enables users to browse large files in real
time

|
 |
    
 Yhe World Wide Web
World Wide Web
‡ A collection of tens of thousands of independently-
owned computers that work together as one in an
Internet service

|
 |
    
 WWW Yerminology
 ome page
‡ Yhe cover page for a Web site that has graphics,
titles, coloured text, etc.
 ypermedia
‡ Yools that connect the data on Web pages, allowing
users to access topics in whatever order they wish
 ypertext markup language ( YML)
‡ Yhe standard page description language for Web
pages

|
 |
    
 Some Interesting Web Sites

Library of Congress 



PointCast 



Ô

In-Box Direct 

 
Ô
Online Career Center 


New York Yimes 

 


Project Gutenberg 


   
Sportsline USA 




White  ouse 




MIY Lab for Computer Science 




Yhe Wall Street Journal 



|
 |
    
 WWW Yerminology
Web browser
‡ Software that creates a unique hypermedia-based
menu on your computer screen and provides a
graphical interface to the Web
Web page
‡ A screen of information sent to a requesting user
and presented through a browser
Applet
‡ A small program embedded in Web pages

|
 |
    
  YML
âYhe´ language of WWW pages
 Need we say more!!!

|
 |
    
 Search Engines
Search engines
 A search tool for the Web (like card catalogs in
libraries)
 E.g., Altavista 

Ô
Ô

Ô


Ô
Excite 




Galaxy 



 

 otbot 




Infoseek 



Lycos 


Webcrawler 

 Ô 
Yahoo! 

Ô
|
 |
    
 Java
Java
 An object-oriented programming language
 Developed by Sun Microsystems
 Based on C++
 Allows small programs -- applets -- to be
embedded within an  YML document

|
 |
    
 Applets
Applets are small java programs that are
downloaded from the server to the local
machine

|
 |
    
 Push Yechnology
Push technology
‡ Yechnology that enables users to automatically
receive information over the Internet rather than
searching for it using a browser
‡ Also called Webcasting
 E.g.,
‡ PointCast
‡ InterMind

|
 |
    
 Webcasting µDiscussion¶
Using the Internet, and the World Wide Web in particular, to
broadcast information. Unlike typical surfing, which relies on a pull
method of transferring Web pages, webcasting uses push
technologies.

|
 |
    
 Push µDiscussion¶ (1)
In client/server applications, to send data to a client without
the client requesting it. Yhe World Wide Web is based on a pull
technology where the client browser must request a Web page
before it is sent. Broadcast media, on the other hand, are push
technologies because they send information out regardless of
whether anyone is tuned in.

Increasingly, companies are using the Internet to deliver information

push-style. One of the most successful examples of this is
PointCast, which delivers customized news to users' desktops.
|
 |
    
 Push µDiscussion¶ (2)
Probably the oldest and most widely used push technology is e-mail.
Yhis is a push technology because you receive mail whether you ask
for it or not -- that is, the sender pushes the message to the
receiver.

|
 |
    
 Business Use of the Web
Uses:
 Applications, E-mail, Product Display, Catalogs,
Order placement
Products people are likely to buy on the Web
Software 77%
Books 67%
CDs 64%
Computer hardware 63%
Airline tickets 61%
Magazine subscriptions 53%
Concert/theater tickets 48%
Flowers 45%
|
 |
    
 Intranets and Extranets
Intranet
‡ An internal corporate network built using Internet
and World Wide Web standards and products that
allows employees of an organization to gain access
to corporate information
Extranet
‡ A network based on Web technologies that links
selected resources of the intranet of a company with
its customers, suppliers, or other business partners

|
 |
    
 Intranet µDiscussion¶
A network based on YCP/IP protocols (an internet) belonging to an
organization, usually a corporation, accessible only by the
organization's members, employees, or others with authorization. An
intranet's Web sites look and act just like any other Web sites, but
the firewall surrounding an intranet fends off unauthorized access.

Like the Internet itself, intranets are used to share information.

Secure intranets are now the fastest-growing segment of the
Internet because they are much less expensive to build and manage
than private networks based on proprietary protocols.
|
 |
    
 Extranet µDiscussion¶
A new buzzword that refers to an intranet that is partially
accessible to authorized outsiders. Whereas an intranet resides
behind a firewall and is accessible only to people who are members
of the same company or organization, an extranet provides various
levels of accessibility to outsiders. You can access an extranet only
if you have a valid username and password, and your identity
determines which parts of the extranet you can view.

Extranets are becoming a very popular means for business partners

to exchange information.
|
 |
    
 Firewall
Firewall«
‡ A device that sits between your internal network
and the outside Internet and limits access into and
out of your network based on your organization¶s
access policy

|
 |
    
 Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
‡ A secure connection between two points across the
Internet
Yunneling
‡ Yhe process by which VPNs transfer information by
encapsulating traffic in IP packets and sending the
packets over the Internet

Schematic

|
 |
    
|
 |
    
 VPN µDiscussion¶
Short for virtual private network, a network that is constructed by
using public wires to connect nodes. For example, there are a
number of systems that enable you to create networks using the
Internet as the medium for transporting data. Yhese systems use
encryption and other security mechanisms to ensure that only
authorized users can access the network and that the data cannot
be intercepted.

|
 |
    
 Yunneling µDiscussion¶
A technology that enables one network to send its data via another
network's connections. Yunneling works by encapsulating a network
protocol within packets carried by the second network. For example,
Microsoft's PPYP technology enables organizations to use the
Internet to transmit data across a virtual private network (VPN). It
does this by embedding its own network protocol within the YCP/IP
packets carried by the Internet. (Note: PPYP = point-to-point tunneling
protocol)

Yunneling is also called encapsulation.

|
 |
    
 Internet Issues
Management issues
 No centralized governing body for the Internet
Service bottlenecks
 Phenomenal growth has left a service void
 Providers underestimating computing power
needed
 Reconciling router addresses needed to
transverse the network
|
 |
    
 Privacy Security
Cryptography
‡ Yhe process of converting a message into a secret code and
changing the encoded message back to regular text
Encryption
‡ Yhe original conversion of a message into a secret code
Digital Signature
‡ An encryption technique used for online financial transactions

|
 |
    
  

  Encryption
software
running on
sending
computer

p


Decryption  

 
software
running on
Receiving
computer

|
 |
    
 Firewalls
Firewalls
‡ A method of preventing unauthorized access
between a company¶s computers and the Internet
(looks at the header of a packet)
Assured pipeline
‡ An Internet security method that looks at the entire
request for data and then determines whether the
request is valid

|
 |
    
 Firewall µDiscussion¶ (1)
A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a
private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and
software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to
prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private
networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All
messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall,
which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet
the specified security criteria.

|
 |
    
 Firewall µDiscussion¶ (2)
Yhere are several types of firewall techniques:
 D  : Looks at each packet entering or leaving the network and
accepts or rejects it based on user-defined rules. Packet filtering is fairly
effective and transparent to users, but it is difficult to configure. In addition, it
is susceptible to IP spoofing.
 3   : Applies security mechanisms to specific applications,
such as FYP and Yelnet servers. Yhis is very effective, but can impose a
performance degradation.
   : Applies security mechanisms when a YCP or UDP
connection is established. Once the connection has been made, packets can
flow between the hosts without further checking.
 D   : Intercepts all messages entering and leaving the network. Yhe
proxy server effectively hides the true network addresses.

|
 |
    
 Firewall µDiscussion¶ (3)
In practice, many firewalls use two or more of these techniques in
concert.

A firewall is considered a first line of defense in protecting private

information. For greater security, data can be encrypted.

|
 |
    
 End of Chapter 7

Chapter 8

|
 |