Probability and Statistics

Formula Sheet

I. Descriptive Statistics
Sample Mean Sample Mean Depth of Median Midrange Range
(List of Data) (Freq. Distrib.)
∑x ∑ xf n +1 H +L
x= x= d ( x )= Midrange= R=H −L
n ∑f 2 2

Sample Variance Pop. Variance Sample St. Deviation Pop. St. Deviation
(List of Data) (List of Data) (List of Data) (List of Data)
∑ ( x− x ) ∑ ( x−µ ) ∑ ( x− x ) ∑ ( x−µ )
2 2 2 2

s2 = σ 2= s= σ=
n −1 N n −1 N

Variance St. Deviation

(Grouped Data) (Grouped Data)
 ( ∑ f ⋅ xm ) 2   ( ∑ f ⋅ xm ) 2 
∑ f ⋅ xm − 
2
∑ f ⋅ xm − 
2
 n   n 
s2 =    
s=
n −1 n −1

Chebyshev’s Standard Score Percentile of a Piece of Data kth Percentile Interquartile

Theorem z-score Range
1 x −µ number of values below + 0.5 nk
at least 1− 2 z= percentile= ⋅100 Pk = IQR =Q3 −Q1
k σ total number of values 100

II. Probability
Permutation Rule: The arrangement of n objects in a specific order using r objects at a time is called a permutation of n objects taken
n!
r objects at a time. It is written n Pr and the formula is n Pr =
( n − r )!
n
Combination Rule: The number of combinations of r objects selected from n objects is denoted by n Cr , or   , and is given by the
r 
n!
formula n Cr = .
r !( n − r )!

Empirical Theoretical Complement General Special Addition Rule

Probability Probability Rule Addition Rule Mutually Exclusive Events
n ( A) n ( A)
P′( A) = P ( A) = P ( A ) =1− P ( A) P ( Aor B ) =P ( A) + P ( B )− P ( Aand B ) P ( Aor B or ... D ) =P ( A) + P ( B )+...+ P ( D )
n n( S )

General Special Multiplication Rule Conditional

Multiplication Rule for Independent Events Probability
P ( Aand B )
P ( Aand B ) = P ( A)⋅P ( B| A) P ( Aand B and ... and D ) = P ( A)⋅P ( B )⋅...⋅ P ( D ) P ( A|B ) =
P( B)

Mean of a Variance of a St. Deviation of a Binomial

Prob. Distribution Prob. Distribution Prob. Distribution Prob. Function
 
n
µ =∑ [ x ⋅ P ( x )] σ 2 =∑  x 2 ⋅ P ( x )  − µ 2 σ = ∑  x 2 ⋅ P ( x )  − µ 2 P ( x ) =  ⋅ p x ⋅ q n−x for x =0,1,2,...
 x

Mean of a Variance of a Standard Deviation of a

Binomial Random Variable Binomial Random Variable Binomial Random Variable
µ =np σ 2 =npq σ = npq
III. Inferential Statistics
z-score z-score Standard Error Confidence Interval Sample Size Needed for an
(Piece of Data) (Sample Mean) of the Mean Estimate for µ , ( σ Known) Interval Estimate of Pop. Mean
2
x −µ x −µx σ σ  zα ⋅σ 
z= z= σx= x±z ⋅
α n = 2 
σ σx n 2 n  E 
 

Confidence Interval Confidence Iterval Sample Size Needed for an

Estimate for µ , ( σ Unknown) Estimate for p Interval Estimate of Pop. Proportion
2
s ˆˆ
pq  zα 
x ± tα ⋅ pˆ ± zα ⋅ ˆ ˆ 2
n = pq 
2 n 2 n E 
 

Test Statistic – Mean Test Statistic – Mean Test Statistic – Proportions

( σ Known) ( σ Unknown)
x −µ x x −µx pˆ − p x
z* = t* = with df = n −1 z* = with pˆ =
σ s pq n
n n n

Equation for Slope for y-intercept for Pearson’s Product

Line of Best Fit Line of Best Fit Line of Best Fit Moment r
∑ ( x − x )( y − y ) 1  x − x  y − y 
ŷ =b0 +b1 x b1 = b0 = y −b1 x r= ∑  
∑ ( x− x ) n −1  sx  s y 
2

Test Statistic Confidence Interval Confidence Interval

Variance or St. Deviation Variance Standard Deviation
( n −1) s 2 ( n −1) s 2 ( n −1) s2 ( n −1) s 2 ( n −1) s2
χ2= with df = n −1 <σ 2 < 2 <σ <
σ2 χ larger
2
χ smaller χ larger
2
χ 2 smaller

Goodness-of-Fit Chi-Square
Chi-Square Test Test for Independence
(O − E ) 2 (O − E ) 2
χ 2 =∑ χ 2 =∑
E E
df = # categories – 1 df = (rows - 1)(columns – 1)
row sum×column sum
expected value =
grand total