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THE LAND

On eastern edge of tectonic plates that forms the

Asian subcontinent.

75% of land mass is mountainous and rest is

narrow mountain valley.

Rich soil.

Climate found is humid.

 HISTORY
6eriods of Japanese history that is important to
the gardens are as follows:
784-1185 : Heian period

1185-1392 :Kamakura period

1392-1568 :Muromachi period

1568-1615 :Momoyama period

1618-1867 :Edo period

Type of gardens

Zen gardens

Tea gardens

Tsubo gardens

Edo stroll gardens
§ARDENS OF HEIAN
6ERIOD

No professional class of gardeners.

Do not represents the traditional Japanese gardens.

Based on the yin-yang theory .

based on the five basic elements-wood, fire, earth, gold, and

water+Ying yang theory

Theory was used in the gardens to create harmonic state within the
gardens.

Inco operated Buddhism symbolism in their gardens.

No extant example of the gardens of Heian period.

SHINDEN RESIDENCE

city in grid system.

Location of the house according to the status of
the society.

§arden covered one third of the whole property.

Area of garden was 1.2 acres in size.

Basic characteristics

gardens were called as pond touring gardens.

No use of the symmetry.

Variety of flowering shrubs,flowers,grasses and
animal life.

Tufts of grasses and flowers.

Water used extensively.

Large irregular pond surrounding half of the garden.

Bridges.

Boats carved with of the images of the dragon.

Deciduous and perennial plants.
6lan of the heian period city

Also put north

ZEN §ARDENS

Zen gardens were born in the kamakura period but
came to fruition in the muromachi period.

Main religion of the warrior class.

Warrior class travelled to china AND were highly

inspired by the Zen Buddhist .

Used by Zen Buddhist monks within their temples.

Zen inspired the gardens in two ways:

through Zen paintings
Zen priest gardeners.
BASIC CHARACTERSTICS of Zen gardens:

§ardens were tightly enclosed.

The titami mats were used to cover the floor from
wall to wall.

Sliding paper door were used with allowed flexibility.

Dry landscape was used.

Walking was the primary way of touring of the garden.

Kare-San-Sui developed

More of philosophical approach.

Blend of spiritual and secular activities.

Miniature landscape created inspired by the paintings.

Rocks, moss used to represent island, ponds, mountains.

Raked sand and gravel stimulates the feeling of the
water

Natural elements used by scaling down.
 Division of space for public and private space
Tatami Main hall Formal courtyard Cusped gable

Sliding door

§arden

Outer wall Main gate Carriage approach

Entry court Service gate
Relatively small size of outdoor space
6rominent use stone
and sand as
dry landscape.

(Daisen-in,Daitoku-ji,kyoto)
Tofuju-ji temple, Kyoto
Daitokuji temple, Kyoto, kansai
Sub temple korin-in
 Striking combination obtained
By using lights, leaves and
pebbles

The sculptural, contemplation

§ardens built in the
courtyard
TEA §ARDENS

Tea culture started at the beginning of Muromachi
6eriod till Momoyana period.

Brought by Zen monks.

Basic reason that gave rise to the tea gardens:

1.the increasing desire on the part of warrior class
to emulate the aesthetic life.
2.A greater intermingling between the classes
especially the warrior, priest and wealthy
merchants.

Designing tea garden was considered as art of

compression.

Tea garden were designed to fit into a remaining open

corner of the property.

Main purpose was to prompt the mental and spiritual

repose requisite to the tea gardening.
 Thatch roofed tea house

Well

Laver

Dust pit

Middle gate

Toilet

Waiting bench

Outer gate
Characteristics:

Designed to be as naturalistic as possible.

Atmosphere there should be as quite as that of the
deep mountains.

Mix of evergreen trees and shrubs with only a few
deciduous plants.

Shunned perennial or annual flowers.

Rare use of flowering trees or shrubs.

§round generally carpeted with moss.

Extensive use of stepping stone and stone lanterns.

Lanterns used were made of old and weathered stone.

Also used old, discarded objects.

Tokonama, chigai-dana were used for the purpose of

art of displacing.

Decorative wall and coffered ceiling.

Square post and beam made of simple tree trunk.

Ceiling made of plain slates of the wood.
6hotoes
6hotoes
TSUBO §ARDENS

Started in early Edo period.

Tiny gardens that are enclosed within the town houses of the urban
merchant.

Design evolved because:

1.series of cultural changes in the society.
2.Dramatic rise of social status of the merchants
and the craftsmen.
3.6opular culture and their tastes, and a new
physical setting of their urban Residence.

They were used as private spaces.

 Store house,kura

Rear garden,senzai

§uest room,zashiki
Display alcove

Display shelves

Sitting room,

§arden

Shop

Bath,furo

Toilets,benjo

Service kitchen

6assage way kitchen

6rivate entry Main entry

Formal room, genkan

Formal private room

Entrance hall, mise niwa

Characteristics:

Small courtyards were enclosed within the various
wings.

6roper zoning of the spaces according to the use
was done.

Only enjoyed by sitting in the nearby room.

Tiny spaces left for light and ventilation.

Highly influenced by tea gardens.

Had lanterns, water lavers, stepping stone small
bridges.

Lush green plants and shrubs used.

Camellias used as flowering plants.
6rivate residence, Kyoto

Tawaraya in ,Kyoto
 Kawamichiya inn

6rivate residence,kyoto
Toriiwaro inn,Kyoto

Shigemori residence
Courtyard garden(tsubo nawa)
Stroll garden

Started at the time of Edo period.

Min 50,000 square meters.

Reasons of designing stroll gardens:
1.Leisured life of nobles.
2.Intrest in travel
3.§eneral stability of the era.

Characteristics:

Meant for walking around.

Mountains play integral part.

Based on some theme found in the nature.

Contains all major elements of Japanese garden.

Have mountains, valley, field and ocean scenes.
 Koishikawa, Tokyo

Senot gosho, Tokyo

 Koishiawa ,Tokyo

Hangzhou, china
 Kastura detached
palace, Kyoto

Hammond museum
 Elements of
Japanese garden
ROCKS

The Japanese have always attached great importance to the
use of rocks in their gardens.

The unchanging nature of rock suggests a presence beyond
the ephemeral quality of the world.

Its presence in the garden provokes a powerful association
with the wild and massive aspects of nature.

The most favored rocks are old and weathered, ideally with
growths of lichen or moss.
The Japanese preferred subdued colors.

The choice of rocks will also depend on the theme of the
garden.
Different types of rocks used in Japanese
gardens
Water:

Water portrayed through sand gravel and small rocks.

Often used allegorically.

Represent coolness, smell,sound,birth,growth and death.
s
 

Water fall is important element of a pond,

As the source of water needs to be visible
in a composition and provides vital force.

They bring life by their ever changing

Display

Different patterns used in gardens are -

BRID§ES

Had functional purpose of crossing water.

Had a philosophical meaning.

Typically curved in shape.
 Imperial palace

Shosei-en
Lantern:

Used as sculptured ornaments.

Used in tea gardens for lighting path.

Used as focal point.

Stone used for the lantern should be well weathered .

Not monolithic, made of two stone.
Water basin:

Used in shrines for the purpose of washing the hands.

6hilosophical meaning is the cleaning of mind and body.

Use in tea garden.

Is deep cut into the top to contain water.


 

They are intended to direct movement around the garden, but

another purpose is to direct the user¶s senses and mind.

Curved paths will take the eye only as far as it can be seen before it
bends; as the path curves a new vista is revealed.

Different types of path used by Japanese are-

± 

Fish can be colorful addition to a pond, and they are useful where a lot
of movement and interest are desired.

Koi carp are an obvious choice for Japanese gardens.

The type of fish will have bearing on your choice of plants.

Wall and fences

Used as an enclosure and dividers within the garden.

Controlled by the height placement and the degree of

transparency.

Inner one are low, up to the eye level.

Control of height gives the generous veiw of what of what

lies beyond the wall.

6rovides privacy.

Can be made in variety of material.

6lants

Used for various purpose.

6lants of horticulture species are used mainly.

Most common plants are 6ine, maple, Azalea,Bamboo,6lum and
cherry and camellia.

Shrubbery also used extensively.


 
 

A stupa is stone tower.

By surrounding it by with other scaled down objects it helps to create

an illusion of
distance.

They were used to bring a

spiritual atmosphere to the
gardens.

These sit well by streams or

ponds where the reflection in
water adds further dimensions.
  

Was originally used by farmers to scare off deer and boar.

Now it is used as a design element.

It consists of striker balanced between wooden supports on a

pivot. water is fed from a bamboo from the top.

Their movement provides an element of change.

DESI§N
6RINCI6LES
ENCLOSURE

Mountainous topography of Japan meant that , of necessity,

dwellings were close together.

It makes the garden into a private space with the potential for an
atmosphere of quiet and clam.

It creates am immediate division between the world of the city

and the world the garden.

Enclosing element itself can act as a canvas or background to

the composition and the other elements in the garden.

A neutral background is preferred so that enclosing element

does not try to compete
with the composition.

When viewing from inside the house or pavilion, elements

integral to the building also enclose.
Tall shrubs and hedges are often used for enclosure.
Borrowed scenery:

Technique for enlarging the visual scale of garden.

Distant landmark considered with garden.

Mountains, cascades are some examples.

Shoden-ji,kyoto`

Murin-in
VIEW6OINT

Japanese thought that the direction of view to the garden is very

important.

They tend to look at their garden from a limited no. of viewpoints.

The view from the guest room is traditionally important .

The appreciation of scenery beyond the garden will be heightened from

a particular viewpoint.
v
   

*Created expressive spatial voids.

*Created in a variety of ways.

*As a physical space expirence when moving through

garden.

*As visual space in a contemplation garden that is only entered in

the mind for example kare-san-sui in the zen gardens.

    

§ardens attempts to re-create the harmony and balance in nature.

The waterfall relates to the hills, rocks grouped to guide the water
over the fall and the way fall is broken at the bottom, are the ways
they created balance in the compositions
.

Single rock could become mountain, a small mound a hillside and

an area of raked gravel a sea.

Elements were always grouped in odd numbers. §rouping gives

continuity and an overall cohesiveness to a composition.

The form of triangle was used for group of rocks or trees.

   

Japanese gardens are full of contrast and this is one reason

they have
An impact.

There is contrast between the elements-

Between plants and fences, water and rocks, plant and gravel,
water and rock.

Change comes in two forms, first that which the viewer

experiences
as he moves through the garden, and second the change in
seasons
so celebrated by the Japanese.





With the desire to make the garden a microcosm of nature, the

Japanese often wanted to create an illusion of distance and they
achieved this by the positioning and manipulation of design.

They achieved this by-

Broadening the front and narrowing the end.

The verandah platform also has an important effect on the

evaluation of distance. as one looks out from an elevated position,
the ground immediately in front and below the platform is cut off
from view.
The garden composition tends to float in space.
  

 

Elements take a new meaning when a garden is considered as a

microcosm.

A rock becomes a mountain, a mound becomes a hillside.

a pond becomes an ocean, a shrub becomes a tree.