Electric Circuits

MCS361 Mechatronics Instrumentation

Ittichote Chuckpaiwong, Ph.D.
Department of Mechanical, Mahidol University

Circuit Terminology

Discussion: Car Battery Jump

+ +
Helper vehicle Run-down vehicle
Good Batterry Dead Batterry

- -

1
Reading Resistor Values

z Standard Carbon Resistors (5-10%)

{Use 4 colored bands (a, b, c, tol)
{R = ab x 10c ± tolerance (%)

z Precision Metal Film Resistors (1,2,5,10%)

{Use 5 colored bands (a, b, c, d, tol)
{R = abc x 10d ± tolerance (%)

Reading Resistor Values

Black 0 Brown 1%
Red 2%
Brown 1
Gold 5%
Red 2
Silver 10%
Orange 3
Yellow 4 Example 1
R = 27 x 101 = 270 Ω ± 5%
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
Example 2
White 9 R = 270 x 100 = 270 Ω ± 1%

R-C-L

z Resistors
V = IR
z Capacitors
1
C∫
V= Idt
z Inductors
dI
V =L
dt

2
Video Demos

z 2.1 Resistors
z 2.2 Electronics components
z 2.3 Capacitors

Kirchhoff’s Laws

z Voltage Law (Loop Law)

∑V = 0
z Current Law (Node Law)
∑I =0

Voltage Divider Circuits

R2VS
VD =
R1 + R2

z Applications
{ Adjust voltage level
{ Convert resistance ⇒ Voltage (non-
linear)
z Considerations
{ Output impedance R1|| R2
{ Power consumption in both resistors
and sensor

3
Discussion: Voltage Divider

z Can we use voltage divider to supply lower

voltage to appliance from the car battery
(12V)?

Voltage Source and Meter

z Ideal voltage source z Ideal voltmeter

{ Zero output impedance { Infinite input resistance
{ Draw no current

Concept of Loading

z Loading can affect signal voltage

z Ideally we want
{Low or zero output impedance Rx
{High input impedance RL

⎛ RL ⎞
Vy = Vx ⎜ ⎟
⎝ RL + Rx ⎠

4
Concept of Loading

z Ex. A temp. sensor with sensitivity 20

mV/°C, output resistance 5.0 kΩ. An
amplifier has gain x10, input resistance 10
kΩ. If temp. is 50°C, find the amplifier
output. (6.7 V)

Current Source and Meter

z Ideal current source z Ideal ammeter

{ Infinite output { Zero input resistance
impedance { No voltage drop

Video Demos

z 2.4 Breadboard contruction

z 2.5 Instrumentation for signal source and
measurement
z 2.6 Light bulb in series and parallel
z 2.7 Connectors (BNC, banana, alligator
clip)
z 2.8 Oscilloscope demo

5
Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Thevenin voltage (VOC) Thevenin resistance (RTH)

VR
e= 1 3 r = R2 + R1 & R3
R1 + R3
R1 R3
= R2 +
R1 + R3

Norton Equivalent Circuit

Norton current (VSC) Norton (&Thevenin) resistance (RTH)

V
i = AB r = R2 + R1 & R3
r
R1 R3
= R2 +
R1 + R3

Thevenin and Norton Example

z What is voltage across load in this case?

z What if the load resistance ⇒ 10 kΩ

6
Alternating Current (AC)
z Why using AC?
{Easy to up/down voltage for transmission
{Easy to drive rotating machinery
{Readily available everywhere
z Voltage and frequency vary country to country
{Thailand: 220 V 50 Hz
{U.S.: 120 V 60 Hz
{Japan: 100 V 50/60 Hz
z Discussion: Can we use the electrical device
purchased in Thailand in the U.S.?

Transformer

z Change voltage and current amplitudes in

AC circuits
z Video Demo 2.9
z Discussion: Can we use transformer in
DC circuits?

Impedance Matching

z Signal termination ⇒ Reduce reflection

z Maximum power transmission

7
Grounding and Interference
z Chassis ground and signal ground
z Vmeasured = Vactual + Vnoise
z Methods to reduce interference (noise)
{Avoid multiple point grounding (ground loop)
{Isolate signal and high-powered circuit using
optoisolators
{Shield the circuits and wires
{Use short leads
{Use bypass capacitors (0.1 uF) at all IC supply

Electrical Safety

z Video Demo 2.10: Human circuit toy ball

Discussion: Dangerous EKG

8
Reading Assignment

z Read chapter 2
{Electric Circuits and Components