the cathedral and the bazaar
Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary
eric s. raymond
contents
Prologue: The Real Programmers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9The Early Hackers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10The Rise of Unix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13The End of Elder Days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15The Proprietary-Unix Era. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17The Early Free Unixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19The Great Web Explosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Cathedral and the Bazaar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23The Mail Must Get Through. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24The Importance of Having Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Release Early, Release Often. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29How Many Eyeballs Tame Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 When Is a Rose Not a Rose?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Popclient becomes Fetchmail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Fetchmail Grows Up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 A Few More Lessons from Fetchmail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Necessary Preconditions for the Bazaar Style. . . . . . . . . . 46The Social Context of Open-Source Software. . . . . . . . . . 48On Management and the Maginot Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Epilog: Netscape Embraces the Bazaar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
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An Introductory Contradiction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63The Varieties of Hacker Ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Promiscuous Theory, Puritan Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Ownership and Open Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Locke and Land Title. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71The Hacker Milieu as Gift Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74The Joy of Hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76The Many Faces of Reputation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Ownership Rights and Reputation Incentives. . . . . . . . . . 78The Problem of Ego. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80The Value of Humility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Global Implications of the Reputation—Game Model. . . . . 84How Fine a Gift?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Noospheric Property and the Ethology of Territory . . . . . . . 88Causes of Conflict. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Project Structures and Ownership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Conflict and Conflict Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Acculturation Mechanisms and the Link to Academia. . . . . 94Gift Outcompetes Exchange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Conclusion: From Custom to Customary Law . . . . . . . . . . 99Questions for Further Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Indistinguishable From Magic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Beyond Geeks Bearing Gifts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102The Manufacturing Delusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103The ”Information Wants to be Free” Myth. . . . . . . . . . . . 108The Inverse Commons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Reasons for Closing Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Use-Value Funding Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Why Sale Value is Problematic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Indirect Sale-Value Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 When to be Open, When to be Closed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Open Source as a Strategic Weapon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Open Source and Strategic Business Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131The Business Ecology of Open Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Coping with Success. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Open R&D and the Reinvention of Patronage. . . . . . . . . . 136
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indistinguishable from magic for The Cathedral & The Bazaar - Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary
"The Cathedral and the Bazaar" is an essay by Eric S. Raymond on software engineering methods, based on his observations of the Linux kernel development process and his experiences managing an open source project, fetchmail. It…
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