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the cathedral and the bazaar
Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary 
eric s. raymond
 
contents
Contents2 WhyYouShouldCare5 ABriefHistoryofHackerdom9
Prologue: The Real Programmers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9The Early Hackers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10The Rise of Unix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13The End of Elder Days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15The Proprietary-Unix Era. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17The Early Free Unixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19The Great Web Explosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
TheCathedralandtheBazaar23
The Cathedral and the Bazaar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23The Mail Must Get Through. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24The Importance of Having Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Release Early, Release Often. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29How Many Eyeballs Tame Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 When Is a Rose Not a Rose?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Popclient becomes Fetchmail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Fetchmail Grows Up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 A Few More Lessons from Fetchmail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Necessary Preconditions for the Bazaar Style. . . . . . . . . . 46The Social Context of Open-Source Software. . . . . . . . . . 48On Management and the Maginot Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Epilog: Netscape Embraces the Bazaar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
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contents
3
HomesteadingtheNoosphere63
 An Introductory Contradiction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63The Varieties of Hacker Ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Promiscuous Theory, Puritan Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Ownership and Open Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Locke and Land Title. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71The Hacker Milieu as Gift Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74The Joy of Hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76The Many Faces of Reputation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Ownership Rights and Reputation Incentives. . . . . . . . . . 78The Problem of Ego. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80The Value of Humility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Global Implications of the Reputation—Game Model. . . . . 84How Fine a Gift?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Noospheric Property and the Ethology of Territory . . . . . . . 88Causes of Conflict. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Project Structures and Ownership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Conflict and Conflict Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Acculturation Mechanisms and the Link to Academia. . . . . 94Gift Outcompetes Exchange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Conclusion: From Custom to Customary Law . . . . . . . . . . 99Questions for Further Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
TheMagicCauldron101
Indistinguishable From Magic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Beyond Geeks Bearing Gifts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102The Manufacturing Delusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103The ”Information Wants to be Free” Myth. . . . . . . . . . . . 108The Inverse Commons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Reasons for Closing Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Use-Value Funding Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Why Sale Value is Problematic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Indirect Sale-Value Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 When to be Open, When to be Closed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Open Source as a Strategic Weapon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Open Source and Strategic Business Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131The Business Ecology of Open Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Coping with Success. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Open R&D and the Reinvention of Patronage. . . . . . . . . . 136
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