10/4/2010

Uses of Friction

Chapter 7
Dry Friction
Walking
You could not walk without the friction between your shoes and the ground. As you try
to step forward, you push your foot backward. Friction holds your shoe to the ground,
allowing you to walk.

Consider how difficult it is to walk on slippery ice, where there is little friction.
Bear did not pay attention to warning sign

Writing
Writing with a pencil requires friction. You could not hold a pencil in your hand without
friction. It would slip out when you tried to hold it to write. The graphite pencil led
would not make a mark on the paper without friction.
A pencil eraser uses friction to rub off mistakes written in pencil lead. Rubbing the
eraser on the lead wears out the eraser due to friction, while the particles worn off
gather up the pencil lead from the paper.
Driving car
Your car would not start moving if it wasn't for the friction of the tires against the
street. With no friction, the tires would just spin. Likewise, you could not stop without
the friction of the brakes and the tires.

Object on Surface
Weight Object wants to move in this FRICTION (F) – a force component that is tangent to
directon
the surface that resists sliding.
Coefficient of friction() F
Force

Friction Force tangent Dry Friction – refers to the friction force that exists
Smooth
Rough Surface
Surface F to the surface between two unlubricated solid surfaces.
N Normal
force

Fluid Friction – acts between moving surfaces that are

separated by a layer of fluid.
Friction Force is a force that acts in the opposite direction of the movement.

Friction Force = N

Friction Force occurs in ROUGH surfaces.

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Dry Friction Coulomb’s Theory of Dry Friction

A. Static Case
Static Friction (Fs)– friction force that exists when
there is NO MOTION.
If there is NO relative MOTION between two surfaces
that are in contact, the Normal force, N and the friction
force, F satisfy the following relationship:
Limiting Friction (F)– friction force that exists when
MOTION IS IMPENDING.
F  Fmax
Impending Motion – is the moment when the BODY IS ABOUT where : Fmax  sN
TO MOVE or is in the verge of sliding.
Fmax – is the maximum static friction force that can exist
between the contacting surfaces.
Kinetic Friction (Fk)– friction force that exists when s - coefficient of static friction.
THERE IS MOTION.

Coulomb’s Theory of Dry Friction Coulomb’s Theory of Dry Friction

B. Impending Sliding Case C. Dynamic Case

If the surfaces are on the VERGE OF SLIDING, the If the two contact surfaces are SLIDING relative to each
friction force, F equals its limiting value. other, the friction force, F is postulated to be:

F  Fmax F  Fmax where : Fmax  sN

where : Fmax  sN F  Fk where : Fk  kN

Fmax – is the maximum static friction force that can exist Fk – is the kinetic or dynamic friction.
between the contacting surfaces. k - coefficient of kinetic friction.
s - coefficient of static friction.

Sample Problem 7.1

The 50-Kg block is initially at rest on a horizontal plane. Determine

the friction force between the block and the surface after P was
gradually increased from 0 to 150N.

Table 7.1 Approximate Coefficients of Friction for Dry Surfaces

Materials in Contact s k
Hard steel on hard steel 0.78 0.42
Aluminum in mild steel 0.61 0.47
Teflon on steel 0.04 --- s = 0.5
k = 0.2
Nickel on nickel 1.10 0.53
Copper on cast iron 1.05 0.29

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Determine the friction force between the block and the surface Determine the friction force between the block and the surface
after P was gradually increased from 0 to 150N. after P was gradually increased from 0 to 150N.

50(9.81) N Assume Equilibrium: 50(9.81) N

Fy  0 :
Directon of motion Directon of motion

Check if Equilibrium really exists!

N  50(9.81)  0
N  490.5N Fmax  sN
Fmax  0.5(490.5)  245.25N
s = 0.5
F
Fx  0 : s = 0.5
F=150N
k = 0.2 k = 0.2
P F  0 Compare Limiting Friction, F=150N and Fmax
N N
F  Fmax Case A: Static Case
P  F  150N
Check if Equilibrium really Block will remain in equilibrium
exists!
F=150N

Case A: F  Fmax Static Case Case B. F = Fmax Impending Motion Case

50(9.81) N Fmax  sN 50(9.81) N Fmax  sN

Fmax  0.5(490.5)  245.25N Fmax  0.5(490.5)  245.25N
P=150N P=245.25N
Fmax=maximum available friction that Fmax=maximum available friction that
Fmax=245.25 exists between the two contacting Fmax=245.25 exists between the two contacting
surfaces. surfaces.
F=150N F=245.25N
s = 0.5 s = 0.5
k = 0.2 k = 0.2

N Since F  Fmax, the block will remain in equilibrium even a N

The block will start to move if P is increased to
150N force P is pushing it to the right. Fmax prevents the
245.25N or F = Fmax Case B: Impending Sliding Case
block to slide.

Case C: F > Fmax Dynamic Case Fk=kN When P=Fmax ends the static
region but on the verge of
sliding.

Slight increase of P will

50(9.81) N Fmax  sN cause the block to slide
and move at constant
Fmax  0.5(490.5)  245.25N velocity.

P=246N
Fmax=maximum available friction that
Fmax=245.25 exists between the two contacting
surfaces.
F=246N
s = 0.5
k = 0.2 P=F , block is at rest.

N 3. The block will move at constant velocity for any

value of P greater than 245.25N. Or when P exceeds Fmax the block
or F > Fmax Case C: Dynamic Case starts to slide.

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FOLLOW-UP QUESTION: Sample Problem 7.2.

If the coefficient of static friction had been 0.25 instead of 0.5,
Determine if the block will a) not move b) start to move or c) move The 50-Kg block in the previous problem is at rest on a rough horizontal
to the right. plane before the force P is applied. Determine the magnitude of P that
would cause IMPENDING SLIDING to the right.
50(9.81) N
Directon of motion Plan:
1. Compute Fmax=sN
2. Compare with F.
P=150N

Fmax=122.625N 1. Fmax  sN

F=150N
 0.25( 490.5)  122.625N
s = 0.25 s = 0.5
k = 0.2 k = 0.2
2. Compare Fmax with Limiting Friction, F
N
F  Fmax Case C: Dynamic Case
Case B. F = Fmax Impending Motion Case
Block will slide to the right.

Fk  kN  0.2(490.5) F=Fk=98.1N

Sample Problem 7.2. Sample Problem 7.8

Determine the magnitude of P that would cause IMPENDING SLIDING
to the right.
Question: Will the 250-N crate move if P=60N
is applied? a
50(9.81) N Case B: Impending sliding, F=Fmax
Directon of motion
F  Fmax  sN

F  Fmax  0.5( 490.5)  245.25N

F=Fmax=245.25N b

s = 0.5
k = 0.2
F
Fx  0 :
h
P  245.25  0
N

P  245.25N
s=0.3
Answer: I’m not sure if 60N force is enough to
move the crate.

Impending Tipping
Question: Will the 250-N crate move if P=60N
is applied? a

The crate will

a. “tip”
b. “slide”
c. remain at rest b

h
when P=60-N force is applied. (Choose one)
A

Crate will tip at pt. A

Normal Force is at pt. A NA

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Impending Tipping Impending Tipping:

a 0.6
Crate will tip if: x Crate will tip if: x 
2 2 Directon of motion
a 0.6m

250N

P=60N
b 1.8m

h 0.9m

A A A F

x x
X = used to locate NA Crate will tip at pt. A
NA Normal Force is at pt. A NA

Impending Sliding Solution: Impending Sliding

To Check if crate will slide!

a 0.6m

Impending sliding occurs when: Crate will start to slide if: F  Fmax  sN
250N
F  Fmax  sN Fy  0 : Fx  0 :
P=60N
N  250  0 60  F  0
b 1.8m
b
N  250N F  60N

h 0.9m
h
Fmax  sN  0.3(250)

Fmax=75N
Fmax  75N
s F
s
F  Fmax Crate will not slide!
NA

Determine the value of Force P to cause

Question: Will the 250-N crate move if P=60N impending tipping of the crate.
is applied?
0.6m
a 0.6
Final Answer: Crate will tip if: x    0.3m
2 2
250N
The crate will
a. “tip” MA  0 :
b. “slide” P=?
1.8m P(0.9)  250(0.3)  0
c. remain at rest
0.9m
P  83.33N
when P=60-N force is applied.
A F Force P=83.33N should be
exerted to start the crate to “tip”.
0.3m

NA

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Determine the value of Force P to cause 7.28

impending sliding of the crate. The man pushes the 60-kg homogeneous crate with the horizontal
force P. Determine the largest distance h for which the crate will
0.6m Crate will start to slide if: F  Fmax  sN slide without tipping. Impending sliding:
60(9.81)
Fmax  sN  0.3(250) F  Fmax  sN
250N
F  Fmax  75N  0.4(588.6)  235.44N
P=?
Fy  0 : Fx  0 : Fy  0 :
1.8m

h=?
0.9m N  250  0 P F  0 N  60(9.81)  0
N  250N P  75  0
N  588.6N
F=Fmax
P  75N
F=Fmax Fx  0 :
Force P=75N is needed to NA
NA start the crate to slide. P  F  235.44

7.28 7.33

The man pushes the 60-kg homogeneous crate with the horizontal Determine the largest angle  for which the homogeneous block
force P. Determine the largest distance h for which the crate will remains at rest.
slide without tipping.
60(9.81)
Impending sliding:

P  F  235.44
1.5
Impending Tipping: x   0.75
2
h=?
MA  0 :
A
F
235.44(h)  60(9.81)( 0.75)
x

NA
h  1.875m
Sliding occurs simultaneously with tipping.

7.33 7.33

Determine the largest angle  for which the homogeneous Determine the largest angle  for which the homogeneous block
block remains at rest. remains at rest.

W F  Fmax  sN W

F  0.4( W cos )
 
0.4( W cos )  W sin 
Fy  0 : MA  0 :
N  W cos   0 W cos (1)  W sin ( 2.5)
N  W cos  sin  1
 tan   A
cos  2.5
Fx  0 : F
N sin 
 tan   0.4 F
N
cos 
F  W sin   0   21.8o
  21.8o

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FIN.