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Haemonchus contortus
A species of blood-sucking nematodes of the
genus Haemonchus which may be found in the
abomasum of most ruminants and which is the cause
of serious losses in sheep from haemonchosis. There
have been attempts to subdivide the species, e.g.
Haemonchus contortus cayugensis, but the differences
between the subspecies have not been substantiated.
 PARASITE: Haemonchus contortus, H. placei
(stomach worm, twisted wireworm, barber-
pole worm)
 Host & Habitat : H. contortus is found
primarily in abomasum of sheep cattle and
goats, occasionally in other ruminant.
 May be 30 mm. long. The male is evenly
reddish. The spiral
 winding of white ovaries around the red
intestine creates a barber-pole effect
 in the female. The buccal cavity contains a
small dorsal lancet. The
 male bursa has a characteristic asymmetric
dorsal ray. Eggs are 65-80 x
 40-45 ju.
 Prevalent throughout North America,
especially
 in the wetter, warmer regions of the continent.
Haemonchus is an
 important parasite of sheep and domestic
ruminants in temperate regions.
 Eggs hatch on the ground, and larvae become
infective in 4-6 days.
 Infective larvae are not very resistant to extremes
in temperature or to
 desiccation. It is unlikely that larvae overwinter on
pasture. The prepatent
 period is about 15 days for H. contortus and 28
days for H. placei.
 Transmission: Ingestion of infective larvae with
food or water.
 Major clinical sign is anemia. In severe infections in
 lambs anemia develops rapidly, and animals die showing few signs other
 than anemia or hydremia. In chronic cases the anemia is accompanied by
 edema under the jaw and along the ventral aspect of the abdomen. The
 skin is pale, the wool may fall out in patches, diarrhea may alternate with
 constipation, and appetite is variable. Shortly before death, animals may
 become weak and prostrate. At necropsy, pale mucosae, watery blood,
 ascites, hydrothorax, and cachexia are the classical gross signs. Minute
 petechiae on the abomasal mucosa result from the "bite" marks of the
 adult worms.
 A dead or dying lamb is usually available for
necropsy. Adult
 worms may be identified on gross
examination.
 Best accomplished by providing good nutrition
and adequate mineral
 supply. Overstocking and wet pastures should be
avoided. Use of hay
 racks, raised troughs, and pasture rotation will
help reduce infection.
 Regular treatment is necessary to control this
pathogen. Copper sulfate,
 phenothiazine, thiabendazole, haloxon, and
tetramisole are efficacious.
 Bremmer, K. C. 1956. The parasitic life cycle of
Haemonchus placei. Aust. J. Zoo/.
 4:146-51.
 Herlich, H., D. A. Porter, and R. A. Knight. 1958.
A study of Haemonchus in cattle
 and sheep. Am. J. Vet. Res. 19:866-72.
 Roberts, F. H. S., H. N. Turner, and M. McKevett.
1954. On the specific distinctness
 of the ovine and bovine "strains" of H. contortus.
Aust. J. Zool. 2:275-95.