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Introduction:
What is a light emitting diode? LEDs are special
types of semiconductor diodes that emit incoherent
monochromatic light when electrically biased in the Figure 1: PN junction diagram of how the LED works.
forward direction. Like a normal diode, the LED
consists of a chip of semiconductor material To produce different color light, you use different
impregnated or doped with impurities to create a kinds of semiconductors. Silicon carbide (SiC),
structure called a pn junction. The junction consists indium gallium nitride (InGaN), and zinc selenide
of a p-type and n-type semiconductor regions. The (ZnSe) produce blue LED’s. Gallium phosphide
p-type semiconductor has an excess of conducting (GaP), and gallium nitride (GaN) produce green
holes which are created by adding trace amounts of LED’s. Gallium arsenide/phosphide (GaAsP) produce
other elements to the original pure semiconductor red, orange and yellow LED’s. Aluminum gallium
crystal. The n-type semiconductor has an excess of arsenide (AlGaAs) produces red and infrared. When
conduction electrons which can be made n-type by blue, red, and green are combine, they can produce
adding trace amounts of another element to the white LED’s, and the white light is the most expensive
semiconductor crystal. diode to make.