ASSESSMENT OF THE IMMUNOLOGIC PROPERTY OF Fusarium graminearium
inMice.
Kedar B.Karki.Principle Investigator,College of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery CLUS.The PhilippinesGemerlyn G. GarciaCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery CLUS.The Philippines.ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to investigate the immunologic property of Fusarium Graminearum infection. Several groups of mice were randomly selected for the following groups:(PC, T1and T2 were groups of micethat respectively received a 1:1, 1:100 and 1:100,000 fungal dilution while T3,T4, and T5 were groups of mice that respectively received the sameconcentration but each were treated with Diethyl amine Acetarsol(Acetylarsan). A group of mice was included as a negative control (NC).Increase in weight of the spleen doubled as early as the second week (from 49 mg to 80 mg) and progressed up to the fourth week (125 mg) where it tapered off in the untreated group. Similar increase in the weight of the spleen wasobserved in the treated group mg to 64 mg) but not as great as that in theuntreated group (105 mg). Hematological findings showed a lymphocyte countof 1.83 that increased to 3.356, monocyte count of 0.47 that increased to0.981 and neutrophils increased from 0.399 to 1.698 in untreated groups.Lymphocyte count in the treated group was increased from 1.8 to 3.64,monocytes increased from 0.068 to 0.325 and neutrophils increased from 0.223to 1.056. High incidence of death was observed in animals that did not receivetreatment (PC, T1, and T2) while relatively lower death incidences wereexhibited by groups that received diethyl amine acetarsol (T3, T4 and T5).Precipitin test showed that F. graminearum stimulated antibody production inuntreated groups detected only from the third to the sixth week post-infection. This was significantly different (P < 0.01) from the higher detectionlevels of antibody production elicited in treated groups which persisted fromthe second week sustaining peaks until the sixth week of observation. These findings suggest that F. graminearum is a pathogenic fungi which can elicitimmunity and can be treated with diethyIamine acetarsol.
Introduction.
The genus Fusarium contains important producing species that have beenimplicated in several animal.diseases including Degnala diseasehemorrhagic,estrogenic, emetic feed refusal syndromes ,fescue foot moldysweet potato toxicosis,been hulls poisoning,and Equineleukoencephalomalacia.Many of these mycotoxin producing species have beenalso implicated in several human disease such as alimentary toxic aleukia,urovor Kashin-Beck disease,Akakabi-byo or scabby grain intoxication and esophagealcancer.(www.mold-help.org)
Importance of the Study
There is insufficient information describing the immunological properties of thefungus Fusarium in livestock in different parts of the globe. This fungus ad beenassociated with Deg Nala disease. This affects largely buffalo's and cattle inIndia, Pakistan and Nepal.The precise mechanisms underlying the observedsymptoms of Deg Nala disease is not known. In this study, investigative effortshad been focused on the ability to produce immune response and efficiency ofdiethylamine acetarsol as effective therapeutic agent.
Statement of the Problem
Raising buffaloes and cattle in Pakistan, Nepal and India is one way ofaugmenting the financial resources of village people.These animals are mainlyraised on rice and wheat straw which are of poor nutritional quality .Rice andwheat plant when infested by fungus Fusarium causes severe health problemmany researcher in this regard has documented. Infections that may bedebilitating in nature can cause significant economic losses as a resultofDecreased production confounded by reduced growth rate, mortality andpoor animal performance. An effort to improve animal production in the villagecalls for suitable control or therapeutic measures of any disease. Experimentalevaluation of the immunologic properties and treatment of F. graminearuminfections should be considered.
Objectives of the Study
The general objective of this study was to determine the immunologicalcharacteristics ofF. graminearium infection.The specific objectives were the following:1. To evaluate immunologic responses of experimental animals.
Time and Place of the Study
The study was conducted from October 2002 to January 2003 at the VeterinaryMicrobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, CentralLuzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
Review of Literature.
Deg Nala disease is a common infection among buffaloes and cattle in Pakistan,India and Nepal. This has a seasonal occurrence which usually comes during themonths of November to January. It is believed that animals contract the diseasewhen they consume feedstuffs like rice straw infected with Fusarium thatproliferated during storage at winter.IL12, IL4, 11,10) in increasing antifungalactivity of effecter cells has been investigated (Rodriguez et al., 1998; andStevens, 1998).The study of Karki (1999) described the oral and potential useof Arsenic sulfate also termed as Deg Nala Liquor in the area at 2% and 5% ratioand found to be effective. IL12, IL4, 11,10) in increasing antifungal activity ofeffecter cells has been investigated (Rodriguez et al., 1998; and Stevens,1998).Deg Nala disease has been known to exist in Western Pakistan for nearlyhalf a century. The disease got its name because cases in buffalo were firstbeen in the Deg Nala (river) area. Shirlaw (1939) reported the occurrence ofthe disease which affected a large number of buffaloes in the various village ofShekhpura and Mudrika, parts of Deg Nala area during the year 1929-1930.Since then, cases of this disease have been observed in other parts of Pakistan.The disease is no longer confined to area around Deg Nala nowadays but is
reportedly seen infecting animals a raised in other low-lying areas where rice iscultivated.Shirlaw (1939) described Deg Nala disease in buffaloes as associatedwith Fever, pain in the abdomen, painful gait and anorexia. Kwatra and Singh(1971) characterized the disease as one that caused necrosis of the tips of theears, tail and tongue; and swelling of the extremities with subsequent peelingof the skin leaving open wounds. The same type of disease has been reported insome parts of the state of Hariyama from 1969 to 1971 and the state of Punjab,India (Dhillon, 1973)Fusarium-related Deg Nala disease was described to have aseasonal incidence and sporadic cases were seen in winter months when ricestraw was used as a fodder (Irfan, 1971). During the same period, sporadiccases were reported by many field veterinarians in many parts of Nepal withobscure diagnosis and treatment. In the year 1986, Karki reported this diseasein Banke district of Nepal where buffaloes were mostly infected. He alsoattempted to initiate treatment which was followed by soother researchers inIndia with apparent success. An effort to isolate the fungus from affected strawwas undertaken by the Commonwealth Mycological Laboratory which led to theidentification of Fusarium (Irfan and Maqbool, 1986).Antanio Logrieco et.al hasdocumented the epidemiology of toxigenic Fungi and their Associatedmycotoxin for some Mediterranean crops. There is now compelling evidenceimplicating the Fusarium mycotoxin in livestock disorders in different parts ofthe world and the risk of continuing exposure has no diminished inspire ofenhanced awareness of its debilitating effects. It is clear that chronic intake ofFusarium by farm livestock is inevitable. There is sufficient information ofspecific conditions positively identified with sufficient data to propose furthersyndromes arising from other Fusarium (Irfan and Maqbool, 1986).Kalra et.al.described Fusarium equisiti associated mycotoxin as possible cause of Degnaladisease .Swamy et.al described the supplementation with GM polymer incontaminated diet nonspecifically increased the white blood cell count andlymphocyte count, while prevented mycotoxin induced decreases in B-cellcount.He concluded that broiler chickens are susceptible during extendedfeeding of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium.Gbore.et.al describedanimal fed with Fusarium contaminated diet is haematotoxic in pigs .There wasdecrease in haemoglobin,erythrocytes,MCV,PCV, values were decreased, on theother hand leukocyte and platelet value was increased. Sharma described thedevelopment of leucopenia and decreased functioning of peripherallymphocytes in sheep and calves. There was production of antibodies againstmycotoxin conjugates with increase in dose of Fusarium .Genevieve .et.aldescribed that trichothecenes produced by Fusarium can both suppress andstimulate immune function.S.R.Chaudhary et.al concluded that chronicconsumption of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium exerts only minoradverse effect on hematology and some immunological indices ofturkeys.I.P.Oswald.et.al described mycotoxin induced immunosuppressant ismanifested as depressed T-or B-lymphocyte activity, suppressed antibodyproduction and impaired macrophage/neutrophil-effector function
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