Luminary Magazine 2 of 11 Part2

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(1)
acG;a[mifo/H bJatmfo/H cav;ido k aH wGe@J twl ud&k ifav;wyg;&Jh wk;H acguo f H
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ig uawmh tdy, f mxJ auG;+yD; aoG;pkyzf w
k af umifawGe@J 0Hyak vG awG&@J ta=umif;
pOf;pm;aecsed af yg/h
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vrf;r}u;D xufrmS igvnf;wd;k 0ifvy_ &f mS ;vd@k aew,f/ qdn k Of;wJh oHpOfawGuvnf; ig&h ifxrJ mS
&dk;pif;aeqJ/ 'DvdkeJ@bJ qef;opfvm apcsifwJh reufjzefawG[m rae@uvdkbJ em;vnf
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qdw k mudv k nf; rawG;wwf cJ=h uwJt h jzpf/
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'd@k wawG ,k=H unfcsuf tusO;f pHjzpfchJ =uzl;w,f/
Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

35
tvif;tdrf
yef;csD;orm; oli,fcsif;a& rif;uawmh ta&mifawG=um;rSm ajrmepf &if;
0H y k a vG a wG u d k ausmcd k i f ; xm;&uf c J h = u+yD a emf / ppf p d r f ; a&mif 0H y k a vG awG t wG u f
teufa&mifjc,fay;ygv@kd rif;eJ@jyefqw Hk whJ ae@rS t}uHjyKygt;Hk r,f/
aoG;opfyef;awGyGifhwJh ae&mwdkif;rSm 0HykavGawGeJ@ aoG;pkyfzkwf aumif awG
usufpm;aerSmyJvdk@ igawG;cJhrdwm rSefw,f/ todr}uG,fcif yef;&dkifb0 rm,muif;wJh
urBmxJrSm 'dk@wawG at;twlyltr# az;xlulr &Sdwmudk a0r#vdk@ rnDr#r_vnf;r&Sd
w&m;rr_vnf;rod aysm&f i$ cf =hJ urdw,f/ tckawmh '%f&mawGu, kd pf eD @J vJ+ydKcJ=h uw,f/
'd@k &@J '%f&mawGu tm;aq;jzpf a0'emawGuE_;d qGay; [k;d ta0;u rd;k aumif;
uif[m reufjzefbJ a&mufawmhrvdv k kd ,lwykd ;D ,m; pdwu f ;l awGe@J tem*gwu f kd ar#mvf ifh
&if;csDwufa&S@qufcJh=uw,f/ tckawmh 0HykavGawG ay;wJh '%f&mudk,fpDeJ@ 'dk@wawG
wpfae&mpD a0;uGmcJ=h u&+yD/
(3)
&d;k rawmifajcrSm aewJih gu aus;iSuo f aH wGe@J a0;wJah e&mav;udk a&mufaecsed rf mS
igoh cl si;f awGvJ tuGu J JG tvGvJ eJG @J ,k=H unfcsuw f u kd yf aJG wG&@J tv,frmS vGr;f armae=ua&mayg/h
ausmif;wke;f u igw@kd avhvma&; rwGucf hJ or# jrefrmjynfuykd wfciG rhf &=uwJh igw@kd &@J tarawG
tjzLa&mif yef;&dik ;f igw@kd ukd ydu k af xG;&if wif;wdrf a&mif&h @J c&hJ mS w,f/ (50)ausmt f &G,rf S
&efukefudka&mufzl;wJhtar a&$wd*kHatmifajrudk a&mufcJh ra&mufcJhqdkwm 'Dae@xd
igrod&ao;wJh tjzpf wpfcgwpfcg tdyrf ufawGxrJ mS ar;jzpf&ifawmh tar+yHK;aewwf&?hJ
&drk udyk wf+yD; wdrv f m$ udpk ;D c&D;&Snx f u G cf siw f hJ rif;wd@k &@J qENukd ig em;vnfEikd cf yhJ g+yD/
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trSm;pd;k pif;rS r&Scd w hJ m trSe;f yg/ t&S;Hk udk rkew f hJ ig tm&kOH ;D opfukd zGiv hf pS zf kd t
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jk yD;rSek jf yjytvif;om&Sw d Jth cef;usO;f pDuakd &mufaeav&J ?h
tck i ga&muf a ewJ h a e&muaumya'omyif a wG a yguf w J @
ae&mvm;/a&oef o h ef ah wGaomuf/ avoefo h efah wG&w kS ahJ e&mvm;/ql;cif;
vrf;vm;/yef;cif;vrf;vm;/vm;aygif;rsm;pGmeJ@ umvwpfckta&mufrSm
wpfcsdK@ uavSxd k;&if;wufusdK;}u/wpfcsdK@u azgifpD;&if; a&iwf}u/
wpfcsKd uh awmh tifwmeufa&S rh mS xdik f [rf;zke;f udu k ikd f “[Jv/kd us uvm;”
wJ@ avoHawG trsKd ;rsKd ;ajym/ waomaom &,farm }uvdk h pHv k u kd }f uwJ@
b0awG/b0awG?
Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11
36
tvif;tdrf
iguawmhtawG;opftjrifopf'%f&mtopfawGudkcseif;jyD;
,Hk}unf&mtdrfrufa[mif; vrf;ray: avsSmufvSrf;aeqJyg
oli,fcsi;f wd@k a&? b0 opf&yJ pkH cH u G af wGxrJ mS tvdu k o f ifh pD;
arsmedik af &; twif;t"rR t&nf aysmjf y&vGe;f awmhvJ wpfcg
wpfcg odumQ awGyeG ;f yJ/h av[me,fjzpfwJ 0rf; Adu k u f 'kd \e
awGe@J ajz&Si;f / um;csyef q J ckH suf rdwrf qufeikd f ao;oa&$@ &Gm
"avh aw;oD;csi;f awGvJ aysmufq;kH aetH;k rSmygy?J
iguawmhu}kd o'dew d rf [kww f hJ 'du
k rf if;&Si;f wpfcrk mS
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xkwef ikd af o; oltjzpf ta&G;r&Sw d hJ tm;pduk rf a_ wGe@J tm;tif
awGudjkzKef;wD;/ t&_H;}uD;&H_;aewJh 0efwifum;}uD; wpfpD;rSm
vdu k yf gvkd ah eqJyg?
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aoG;pkyfzkwfaumifawGudkvnf; &J&J&ifqdkif cJh=uzl; w,f/
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ovdk 0Hyak vGrsm;&J@ reufawGuv kd J igtrke;f }uD;rke;f aev#uyf g/
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qnf;rJh +idrf;csrf;jcif; ae@wae@ vGwfvyf+yD w&m;r# wwJh
'Dru kd a&;pD Edik if aH wmf}uD; udt k m;rmeftjynfeh @J om apmif}h udK
=uzd@k ar#mv f ifah erdw,foil ,fcsi;f wd@k ?
aoG ;
20-5-08?

37
tvif;tdrf
*s yefEikd if oH nf &moDOwk tvGeaf t;jrum csr;f wpdrphf rd Ehf iS hf &Svd aS yonf// wESpwf m
umvrsm;. vtenf;i,favmufom yltu kd v f oS nf// cufonfu at;jronfh tcsed u f m
vrsm;wGif wcgw&H rd;k &Gmcswwfjcif;yifjzpfonf// rd;k &Gm+yD;aemuf ESi;f u vdu k yf guswwfjyef
onf// wmwD;r}uKd uo f nfu at;vGe;f onft h csed w f iG f avat;wdu k cf wf+y;D ylaeonfh &moD
wGif avrwdu k jf cif;yifjzpfonf//
wmwD;wd@k jrefrmawGtzd@k *syef&moD&J h obm0jzpfay:ajymif;vJjcif;awGtay:
vduk +f y;D at;jcif;/yljcif;/&Gmjcif; qdw
k mawGehJ vdu k zf ufjzpfatmif ae&if;eJ h aeom;us aeyg+y/D
/ tdrt f jyifrmS at;&if twGi;f rSm tylpufziG ahf e// tjyifrmS yl&if twGi;f rSm tat; pufziG ahf e/
/ rdk;&Gmv#ifxD;aqmif;// 'DvdkeJ h*syefrSm tvkyfeJ htdrf/ tdrfeJhtvkyf 'D=um;u EdkifiH
a&;v_y&f mS ;r_awGrmS yg0if&if; tm;&uf we*FaEGrmS [dyk JG 'DyJG 'Dtcrf;em; [dt k crf;em; tpnf;
ta0; awG q h ykH aJG wGeJ h b0umvrSm tcsed q f w kd m wefz;kd &Sv d u kd wf m// tckawmif tm;&ufrmS
tdyaf &; 0atmifrtdyEf ikd yf J wywfv;kH apmapmx&wJh tusijhf zpfaeawmh tapm}uD; Ed;k
aejyefw,f// jyeftyd v f @kd uvnf; rjzpf tpnf;ta0;oGm;&tk;H r,f//
“udw k mwD; Ed;k +yv
D m; tapm}u;D Asm
hhuh saemfawmh tvkyo f mG ;awmhr,f” tcef;
rSm twlaewJh tcef;azmfausmif;om;av;u
twGif; E_wfquf&if; xGufoGm;onf// ausmif;om;

qd k v d k @ jref r mEd k i f i H u ae ynmvd k c sif
tjyif wwfcsiv f eG ;f vd@k *syefrmS ynmvm&SmaewJh

ausmif;om; ppfppfv@kd awmh rxifvu
ausmif;om;ADZmeJ h'DrSmpD;yGg;vm&SmaewJh
kd yf geJ /h /
(wpf ) zm;wydkif;/ ig;wydkif; ausmif;om;av;yg//

wmwD ; olw@kd b0uvnf; wu,frvG,/f ynm&Sm&rJh
t&G,frSm ynm&SmEdkif wJ htcGifhtvrf;
tajctaeawG &S&d J o h m;eJ ah iGaemufvu kd +f yD; tyifyef;cHae=u&w,f// 'gay rJh Edik if w H iG ;f u
rdom;pkawGuawmh b0 vufawG t h ajctae awGurkd od=uyJ olw@kd om; orD;awG *syefqw kd hJ
edAmŠ efukd a&mufae=uw,fv@kd xifae=uolawGu wyHw k yifygy/J / [kwf awmh [kwyf gw,f//
jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f qdw k muvnf; &eforl sKd ; ig;yg;wd@k &Sio f ef}uD;xGm;ae wJh ae&m}uD;yJu;kd //

38
tvif;tdrf
“uvif uvif”
zke;f oHu tqufrjywfatmif jrnfvsuf wmwD;tawG;tm&Hu k kd owdjyef0ifvmapjyefonf/
ausmif;om;av;qDu zke;f jzpfaeonf//
“rd;k &Sd rd;k &Sd h h [ h v J kd ajymyg”
“cifAsm;uvnf;Asm *syefvakd jym&ifvaJ jym/ bdv k akd jym&ifvaJ jym 'grS r[kwf jrefrm
vdak jym&ifvaJ jym h h b h mrSe;f vnf;rodb;l [dv k v kd kd 'Dvv kd ekd J h a&morar$ vkyaf ejyef+yD”
“at;ygumG h h ah jym h h t h armifausmif;om;a&”
“udw k mwD;a& &efuek u f tud@k tbqDukd tGev f ikd ;f u apmifv h u kd t f ;kH aemf h h tJ'g
owdvrS ;f ajymay;wm”
“atmf h h ah t; h h ah t;” wmwD;arhaevdu k w f m//
[dw k ywfu &efuek u f tbeJ zh ek ;f qufpum;ajym+yD; tbu zke;f cukew f ,fw,f h h ih g tGef
vdik ;f eJ h pum;ajymr,fq+kd yD; csed ;f xm;wmyJ h h h wmwD;tbu tJ'aD vmufacwfukd rsuaf jc
rjywfwm// acwfuv kd ukd +f y;D tawG;tac:taetxdik f t+rv J ef;aewm h h h toufu ud;k q,f
0ef;usiaf yrJh axGaxGx;l xl; a&m*gb, r&Syd J h h h todqw kd hJ w&m;t+rJ &Sad ewmyJ// tckyJ
=unhaf v wmwD;eJ h tGev f ikd ;f rSm pum;ajymr,fw/hJ / tb qdw k mu b,fvakd jym&rvJ h h h
1938 rsKd ;quf 'grrS [kwf 1300 jynfEh pS rf sKd ;qufvykd J ajym&rSmayg/h / wmwD;wcg+uHKwke;f u
tbudk ar;=unfb h ;l w,f// bm&,fawmhr[kwyf gb;l // tbwd@k acwfu trsKd ;om;a&; tif
rwefE;kd =um;cJw h ahJ cwfqakd wmh trsKd ;om;a&;jyif;xefoal wGu trnfa&S rh mS “ocif” wyf
+yD;ac:=uw,f// tbuaum bmvd@k emrnfa&S rh mS ocifrwyfwmvJ h h h vd@k ar;awmh h h
“'gu owfrSwfcsufwckyguGm h h h trsdK;om;a&; v_H haqmfr_
pdw"f gwt f iftm;jrifrh m;r_ awGukd azmfxw k &f if; wGe;f vSepf w d "f gwef J w h yf=uwmyg/
trnfa&S rh mS ocifwyfjcif; rwyfjcif; u ta&;r}uD;vSygb;l uGm t h a&;}uD;
wmu wu,fo h cifpw d "f gw&f zdS @kd ocifvkd usi}hf uaH e xdik zf @kdyJ vdw k ,f h h t
h bvnf;
t&ifu wyfcw hJ myJ h h ah cwfumv tcsed ef J v h u kd +f yD; ae=u&wmyJ h h w h csKd h
vlawG&w dS ,f h h eh mrnfa&S rh mS ocifwyf+yD; vlu u|epf w d "f gwef @J b0wav#muf
vHk;ae ae=uwJh vlawG&Sdygw,f// b,facwf b,fpepfudk ajymif;ajymif;
tm%mvuf0,f &SdolawG tzGJ htpnf;awGem;rSm t+rJvdkvdk a&Sh uyg0if
aewwfwhJ “zdu k w f ifabm ocif”trnf cHawGaygu h mG h h w
h /hJ /”
“iguawmh &Si;f w,fa[h h h b h ,facwfrmS yJjzpfjzpf ud, k &f yfwnfcsuef J h ud, k af e
w,f// Edik if aH &; a&csed u f v kd u kd +f yD; tajctaeay;wmeJ@ a&S w h ef;uae vdu k , f m; vdu k , f m;
39
tvif;tdrf
rvkyb f ;l // emrnfxifay:atmif rvkyb f ;l // at; 'gayrJh jynfo h @l tudsK;udk xdcu
kd v
f mrJh b,f
rw&m;r_urkd S vufrcHb;l // acgi;f iHk rh aebl;// ompD; rvkyb f ;l // ompD;awGeJ v h nf;uif;atmif
aew,f”
'guawmh wmwD;&J h tbyg//
a=omf h h t h jyifrmS rd;k wazsmuf ESpaf zsmuf&mG vmjyef+yD;aum h h n h zufyal e&muae
reufyikd ;f at;vm+yD h h h tckr;kd usvmjyef+yD h h 'h g *syef&moDaygh h h h
“wD h h w h Dhhw h ”D a[m tGev f idk ;f rSm b,fow l ufvmwmvJ h h /h /
“ &efuek u f tud}k uD; orD; wmwD; wlrav;yJ”
“ajym orD;a&”
“OD;av;a& tckorD;eJ@twltbygvmw,f”“ OD;av;eJ@pum;ajymcsiv f @kd w”hJ
“c%aetH;k aemf h h h tbuarmaew,f”
“[Jvkd h h [ h v J ”kd
vdkif;uvJr}umc%ysufysufaew,f?r}um;&wcsuf}um;& wcsufeJ@//ppfwyf
tkycf sKyfr@_ atmufujrefrmwd@k &@J qufo, G af &;enf;ynm tJ'ahD vmuf urBmeJ@ &ifabmif
wef;wm?
“[Jvkd [Jvkd ”
“[Jvkd vkyrf aeeJ@rif;ajymwm igtuke}f um;&w,f?” [m tbtoHy?J
“at; 'ge@J rif;aum aexdik ;f aumif;&J@vm; ”
“uefawmh tba& 'gusaemfu t&ifq;kH ar;&rSmyg? tbaum aeaumif;&J@vm;”
“rif;&J@pwdik u f u kd tjrw J rf;aemufusrv S u
kd v
f yk w
f wfwt hJ usiuhf raysmufao;bJu;kd ”
“uvif h h h u h vif tba& h h ch %aemf zke;f vmaevd@k ”
“rd&k dS rd&k dS ajymyg ”
“[kwu f AhJ sm usaemftpnf;ta0;aemufusr,faemf? *drk ehJ mpdik ;f ”
tbeJ@teG v f ikd ;f pum;ajymae&if;wzufrmS vnf; tpnf;ta0;rSzek ;f qufojzifh
aemufusrt hJ a}umif;ajym&ao;onf?
“[Jvkd [Jvkd tba& ajymvd@k &yg+yD? [Jvkd h h [ h v J ”kd
“wmwD;a& pum;ajym&wm tqifrajybl;a[h }um;&wcsuf r}um;wcsu”f
“tba& usaemfzufuawmh vdik ;f csKd @,iG ;f wm rjzpfavmufb;l ”
“[ iwH;k &J@rif;wd@k &@J *syefzufu jzpfrvm;uG igw@kd qu D jzpfaewmayg/h /'Dppfwyfu

40
tvif;tdrf
acG;rom;awG tkycf sKyfaewJh jrefrmjynfrmS bmrS tqifrajybl;uG ”
“tba& ajz;ajz; h h ”h
“ bmrSrajz;Edik b f ;l uGm rSew f majymvd@k zrf;&ifzrf;prf;uGm wd&pm>eaf umifawG?”
“tckawmif cd;k a}umifc;kd 0Suef @J b,fuaumifreS ;f vJrod vmacsmif;aeao;w,f?”
“awmf+yDa[h aemufqzkd ek ;f eJ@baJ jymawmhr,f? 'grrS [kwf pma&;r,f?”
tbpdwfqdk;oGm;av+yD?jrefrmjynfrSm uGefjyLwmeJ@ toHk;jyKtvkyfvkyfae=u&if
oufqikd &f mqdo k al wGu aemufraS csmif;=unfu h mwrsKd ; ay:ay:wifwif tem;vm&yf+yD;
pHpk rf;wmrsKd ;awG =um;ae&wm=umyg+yD? vlwa,muf&@J rdru d , kd yf ikd f vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf wG ud,
k yf ikd f
vGwfvyfpGmaexdkifr_@awGtay: aESmuf,Sufwm[m vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azgufr_@awGygyJ?
ppftpd;k &[mvlawGtay: t&m&mudk ta=umufw&m;eJ@ tzufzufu zdEydS f csKyfcs,f
r_@awGaygh?
atmf tbvnf;jyefoGm;+yDxifw,f? tbudkvnf;pdwfylae&ao;w,f?
ppftpd;k &&J@vufyg;apppfu|epf rG ;f tm;&Siq f w kd [hJ mawGuajymvd@k r&bl;?au|;wmpm;ay;wm
,lcikd ;f wmvkyaf e=uwJh vl@w&d pm>eaf wGy?J pdwrf xif&ifrxifovdk zrf;oGm;rS 'ku?Q tbu
vnf; pdwx f J &S&d if ajymwwfygbed @J ?
wmwD;vJtpnf;a0;oGm;&tke;f r,f?
em*pfrek w f ikd ;f 'kuo Q ,frsm; udp?P
ppftpd;k & qENc, H yl qJG ef@usirf @_ ?
Edik if w H um zdtm;?
twlwuGvufwyJG ;l aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;?
tywfpOf v_y&f mS ;r_
*syeftpd;k & &yfwnfcsu?f
jynfwiG ;f v_y&f mS ;r_?
Edik if wH umuefyed ;f ?
ppftm%m&Sif pepf t+yD;tydik zf suo f rd ;f a&;? pwJh pwJh wmwD;tawG;?
tpnf; h h t h a0;rSm h h b h mnm?
wmwD;
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41
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acwfjydKifcHpm;rSK
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apa&;twGuf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS jyefvnful;,l azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf//
tawG;rSm; t,HkrSm; tpGJrSm;rsm;.
tNurf;zufrSK (2)
0if;aemif
bmomjyeftcef;quf
tuef h t owf r sm;ES i f h v G w f v yf r S k r sm;

uGefjrLewD0g'Dfrsm;{?ftvdkt&/vGrf;rdk;xm;aom uGefjrLewDtrSwf tom;
o&kyfonfom/rdrdudk,fudk od&Sdem;vnfapa&;twGuf wckwnf;aom Zpfjrpf [kqdk
onf?TtrSwt f om;o&kyu f akd &G;cs,v f kd &h aumif;onfr[kw?f owfrw S jf yXmef; jyD;aom
obm0Zpfjrpfjzpfonf[w k cf ,H o l nf?wu,fvufawG w h iG /f olwkd t
h qdu k vkd ufcH ,H=k unfz@kd
tawmfcufygvdrf hrnf?vlwpfa,muftaeESifh rdrdESifhqufpyfywfoufaomvlrSk
tkypf rk sm;pGmteufr/S rnfonft h yk pf Ek iS hf wGq J ufpOf;pm;oifo h nfu/kd a&G;cs,q f ;kH jzwfciG hf r&Sd
awmhjyDavm?uGejf rLewDu owfrw S jf yXmef;ay;aomtwGt J pyfuo kd m rdr{d ?ftrSwt f om;
o&kyftjzpf tqiftjcifrJhpGm/ rsufpdrSdwf vufcHvdkuf&awmhrnfavm?Todk hqdkv#if/
trsm;nD “T” udk usJG zwfqakd ompOf;pm;rSak bmifxrJ /S azgux f uG Ef ikd zf ,G &f m ta=umif;r&Sd
Ekdifawmhyg?
obm0t+cif;t&mrsm; qdv k #iu
f m; wpfrsK;d +zpfygvrd f rh nf?obm0
w&m;um;/ vlwdk h. pdwfqENESif hroufqdkif/ o@loabmolaqmifonf +zpf&m 4if;.
owfrw S +f y Xef;csurf sm;udk vufc=H u&rnfom+zpfonf?Oyrm -ae h udk n +zpfapcsiv f kd
r&ovdk/ n udkvnf; ae h +zpfapcsifvdk hr&Edkifyg?(vGefa&mu|Ha&m ae htwk/ n
twkomzefw;D vdk &h ayvdrf rh nf?)Todk ah om obm0t+cif;t&mrsm;wGif a&G;cs,pf &m
r&Sd[kqdkv#if/ vufcHEdkifp&m&Sdygonf? trSwftom;o&kyfum; ToabmrsKd;r[kwf?
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t&m+zpfygonf?

42
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trSepf ifppf/u|eaf wmfwkd w h pfawGrmS pOfqufr+ywfqo kd vd/k a&G;cs,rf rkS sm;
vkyaf e =u&onfom+zpfonf?u|eaf wmfwkd . h rwl+cm;em;aom/ya'ompH+k zpfaeaom
qufpyfrkS rsm;/ pkzrhJG rkS sm;wGirf nfonft&mudOk ;D pm;ay;=u&rnfqo kd nfuakd &G;cs,af e=u
&onfom+zpfonf?usGefawmfwdk hydkifqdkifaom vlrSktkyfpkrsm;pGmteufrS/ rnfonfh
tkypf t k ay: opPmcHrnf qdo k nfuv kd nf;/ owfrw S q f ;kH +zwfae&=uonfom+zpfonf?Tod@k
a&G;cs,o f wfrw S qf ;kH +zwf=u&mwGi/f trsm;nD “T”udk u|zJ wf=urnfavm h h u h ,
kd yf ikd t
f od/
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+y\em+zpfygonf?
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,H=k unfygonf?a&G;+c,fr&kS o Sd nf/ &S&d rnf/ &So d ifo h nf[k qdv k o
kd nft h wGuT f odk ah oma&G;
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aoma&G;cs,frSkrsdK;rqdk/ +zpfEdkif r+zpfEdkifqdkaomvufawG htuef htowfabmiftwGif;
wGio f m/q;kH +zwfowfrw S =f u&onfom+zpfygonf?Tae&mwGif trSwt f om;o&kyaf &G;cs,rf kS
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.taetxm;/ t+cm;aom atmf(v)wmae;wpf +zpfwef&mrsm; ponft h uef t h owf
rsm;xJr/S wpfcck rk sm;xJrw S pfcck u k kd a&G;cs,=f u&onfom+zpfonf?
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tpOfxm0& qH;k +zwf=uonfom+zpfonf?TtwGuf +rifomxifomonfOh yrm+y&vsiS /f
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wGiyf gvmaiGtw d . f tuef t h owftwGi;f wGio f m+zpfygonf?ygvmaomaiGa=u;xufykd
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[kac:onf?,ae Eh ikd if w H ikd ;f . pD;yGm;a&;+rifuGif;udk=unfhvdkufvsSif/ tqdkyg bwf*suf
tuef t h owfu/kd vufnKSd ;xd;k rvGJ awG Eh ikd yf gonf?
ta+ccHabm*aA'wGif trSe[ f , k q l =uonfrsm;ud/k ydrk &kd ykS af xG;aom vlrakS &;/
Edik if aH &; qH;k +zwfcsurf sm; csrw S &f mwGiv f nf;/(a,bl,stm;+zif)h trSe[ f yk if/ ,lqEdik pf &m
&Syd gonf?Tt+rif+zifh apmapmu aps;0,fxu G o f nfh Oyrmudq k ufpOf;pm;=unfyh gonf?

43
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bmypPn;f 0,frnfenf;qH;k +zwf&mwGi/f ygvmonfah iGa=u;yrm%. tuef t h owfwpfck
wnf;ay: owfrw S &f onfr[kwyf g?=udKuf r=udKuf/ use;f rma&;ESin hf D rnD/oufqikd &f m
ypPnf;.aps;E_ef;ponfht+cm;tuef htowfrsm;udkyg/xnfhoGif;qHk;+zwf&onfrsm;
&SEd ikd yf gonf?trSwt f om;o&kyEf iS yhf wfoufaomqH;k +zwfcsurf sm;wGiv f nf;/Ttwdik ;f yif
+zpfonf?
vl w pf a ,muf w G i f r d r d u d k , f w d k i f u a&m t+cm;ol r sm;uyg/
owf r S w f x m;onf h trS w f t om;o&k y f w pf c k & S d o nf ? Oyrm +yif o pf w pf a ,muf /
*sL;wpfa,muf/ b&mZD;(v) wpfa,muf/tmz&dueftar&duefwpfa,muf/tm&yf
wpfa,muf/rGwpf vifwpfa,mufponf+zif?h ,ae u h o hJ kd ah om trSwt f om;o&kyrf sK;d pHk
wd;k wufEikd o f nfh vuf+yJumv=uD; wGiq f ckd yhJ g trSwt f om;o&kyf wpfcw k nf;ESihf rvHk
avmufEikd yf g?aemufxyftrSwt f om; o&kyrf sm;/ a&G;cs,q f ;kH +zwf&OD;rnf+zpfygonf? Oyrm
rGwpf vifwpfO;D qdyk gpkd h ? tpPvrfrpf
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k nf udk
a&G;cs,q f ;kH +zwf&OD;rnfo h abm+zpfygonf?
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f /kd rdrb
d ,fv=kd unf+h rifvo kd nfu&kd iS ;f &Si;f vif;vif;od
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ap&efqaJG qmiford ;f oGi;f zdk t h wGurf t l cuftcJ&EdS ikd yf gonf// Oyrm- tom;a&mifcjJG cm;r_
v$r;f rd;k xm;aom/ awmiftmz&duEdik if rH S vljzLr[kwaf om vlwpfa,mufqykd gp@kd // ol@tae
ESi/hf ol@tay: vlom;wpfa,muftjzpf qufq=H u&ef/ awmif;qdv k @kd &Edik rf nfr[kwyf g//ol
wd@k v@l tzGJ t
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tpm;wpfcw k iG f oD;oef@wpfae&m owfrw S x f m;+y;D jzpfaeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf/ u|eaf wmf
wd@k wpfawG. rdru d , dk yf ikd t
f rSwtf om;o&kyu f kd rdrud ,kd w
f ikd af &G;cs,Ef ikd af &; vGwv f yfrr_ mS /
tjcm;olrsm;. tjrifwiG /f xl;qef;pGmuef@owf+yD;jzpfaeygawmhonf// u|eaf wmfw@kd u rdrd
uk, d uf kd rnfo@kd yif=unfjh rifapumr_/ tjcm;olrsm;u/ u|eaf wmfw@kd tay: olw@kd =unhcf sio f vdk
om/ =unf=h uygvrd rhf nf//
wpfcgw&HwiG /f u|eaf wmfw@kd taeESihf tjcm;olawG rdrt d ay:b,fvt dk rSwtf om;
o&kyf owfrw S x f m;onfuykd if/ tjynft h 0 od=uonfr[kwyf g// rdru d , kd wf ikd f owfrw S xf m;
aom em;vnfcsuEf iS hf rwlz@kd awmhrsm;ygvrd rhf nf// TudpEP iS yhf wfouf+yD; tDwmvsH 0wWKwdk

44
tvif;tdrf
wpfy'k u f ay;aompdw0f ifpm;zG,&f m oifcef;pmwpfc&k o dS nf// 0wWKaemufcrH mS / tDwvD
wv$m; zufqpf0g' wpfvm$ ; zufqpf0g' ys@H EHS ah cwfpm;aecsed /f 1920 tvGeEf pS rf sm;avmuf
ujzpfonf/ 0wWKxrJ S ZwfaumifwpfO;D jzpfol zufqpfygw0D if vlopf pkaqmif;a&;rSL;wpfO;D u
aus;vufq&kd , S v f pf0g'w D pfa,mufukd pnf;&H;k onft h cef;rS 'dik ,
f mavmh(p)tcsKd @ukd tenf;
i,fr# aumufEw _ af zmfjyygonf//
“ cifAsm; usLyfw@kd ygwD 0ifz@kd aumif;w,f &Jabmf}uD;&”
“[m h h h b h ,fjzpfrvJ// usKyftazqd&k , S v f pf/ usKyftzd;k u vnf;qd&k , S vf pfy/J
'Dawmh h h u h sKyfu cifAsm;wd@k zufqpfygw0D ifv@kd b,fjzpfrmS vJ h h ”h
“bmqdik v f @kd vAJ s// cifAsm;tazu vlowform;/ cifAsm;tzd;k uvnf; vlowf
orm;qd&k if cifAsm;aum vlvu kd o f wfrmS yJvm; h h ”h
“tif; h h ch ifAsm;ajymwm[kww f ,fAs// at;av h h u h sKyfcifAsm; ygw0D ifz@kd pOf;pm;
ygrh ,f// [kw+f yDvm; h h ”h
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pOf;pm;enf;wpfcu k kd wifjyvdI k jzpfygonf// rnfo@kd yifqakd p/ yÉdyuQrsKd ;pHjk ynfv h #r;f aeaom
rsuaf rSmufacwfwiG f rnfonfh pOf;pm;csurf S vH;k 0tjypfuif;vdrrhf nf[/k ar#mrf eS ;f tyfonf
awmh r[kwyf g// rjyif;xefvaS om odraf rG o h nf[, k q l &aom pOf;pm;csurf sm; rSmyif rdrd
rvdv k m;olukd qef u h siaf pvdo k nfh v_H ah qmfcsurf sm; yl;wGyJ g0ifae wwfygonf// Toabm
udx k if&mS ;ap&ef ,ef;aygqwf. “*sL;qef u h siaf &; orm;wpfa,muf . &kyyf v kH m$ ”( Por
trait of the Antisemite) pmtkyrf t S enf;i,f xkwEf w _ jfyvdyk gao;onf/
“trSepf ifppf *sL; wpfa,mufrmS vlwpfa,mufyifjzpfygonf// tjcm;olrsm;u
ol@ukd *sL;tjzpf =unfjh rifaeaoma=umifo h m *sL;jzpfae&jcif;jzpfonf// ajym&v#if ol@ukd
*sL;tjzpf zefwD;xm;olrSm oludk,fwdkifr[kwf *sL;qef husifa&;orm;rsm; udk,fwdkif
yifjzpfonf//”
trke;f w&m;jzifh pGcJ suw f ifvo kd nfh ,lqcsurf sm;wGi/f wpfcEk iS hf wpfcu k jJG ym;onfh
wdik f tjyeftvSeq f ufpyfaeaom “yHzk suaf jymqdrk ”_ ESprf sKd ; yg0ifavh&ydS gonf// yxryHzk suf
r_rmS ypfrw S xf m;aom vlrt _ yk pf k trsKd ;tpm;xJrS vlwpfa,mufEiS hf yufoufv#if rSm;rSm;
,Gi;f ,Gi;f azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ 'kw, d rSm Tod@k vd&k mqGJ rrSerf uefyzkH sux f m;aomp&du k vf uQ
%mrsm;udyk if/ xdyk *k Kd~ v. f trSwt f om;o&ky[ f k ZGw&f yfcaH jymqdjk cif;jzpfygonf// Tod@k aom

45
tvif;tdrf
jyifyrSvmonfh tremy jyXef;csurf sm;udk wGe;f vSezf @kd qv kd #if qdck yhJ g yHzk suaf jymqdrk r_ sm;udk
}u@H }u@H cifkd Ef ikd &f rkH #jzifh rvHak vmufyg// rdr.d tjcm;aom p&du k v f uQ%mrsm;/ tjcm;aom trSwf
tom;o&kyrf sm;udv k nf; rdrbd ufrS azmfxw k jf yozd@k vdyk gvrd rhf nf// Toabmudk &_w d pf yD;
,m;. “Aif;epf+rKd h om;ukeo f nf” ( The Merchant og Venic) wGif Adved o f &kyaf qmif [k
trsm;jrifxm;=uaom &di_ ;f avmh(c)}uD;u ajymifajrmufaom pum;vH;k rsm;jzifh ,ckvkd
ajymqdck yhJ gonf//
“ usKyfw@kd *sL;awGrmS a&m rsupf rd ygb;l vm;/ vufrygb;l vm; uvDpmawG rygb;l
vm;/cHpm;r_ r&Sb d ;l vm;/ roem;&awmhb;l vm;/ rcspw f wf&awmhb;l vm;// *sL;jzpfjzpf c&pf
,mefjzpfjzpf 'Daygirf ek @f ukd pm;=uwmyJ r[kwv f m;// 'DvufeufawGeJ h taqmfc&H &if 'Dvykd J
emwwfwmr[kwv f m;// 'Da&m*gawGjzpf+yD; 'Daq;awGeJ yh J ukoaysmufuif;=uwm r[kwf
bl;vm;// 'Daqmif; 'DaEGawGa=umifh 'Dvykd J at;=u&/ yl=u&wm r[kwb f ;l vm; h h u
h ikd ;f bm
rsm;uGmvd@k vAJ sm h h ”h
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aom acwfrsm;ESihf rwlaom ,Ofaus;r_"avhrsm;wGi/f r=umc%qdo k vdk ay:xGuw f wfonfh
qdck yhJ g yHyk suyf ef;ysuf tqd;k rsm;udk ckcaH cszsuv f u kd jf cif; rnfygonf// Toabmudv k nf; vGef
cJah omESpaf ygi;f 2000 ywf0ef;usiu f ay:xGucf o hJ nfh tdE, Nd r[muAsm “r[mbm&w”
wGif txift&Sm; awG Eh ikd yf gonf// Tr[muAsm}u;D xJrS ZmwfaumifwpfO;D jzpfol b[m&m
(') 0& qdak om aomwkZewpfO;D u ol ah cwfo@l tcg r[my¾dw}f uD;jzpfjzpfol b[&D*. l
ZmwfcjJG cm;r_ pepf udk ,ckvkd a0zefajymqdv k u kd o f nf//
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bmha=umifh rsm; Zmwfedrf h/ Zmwfjrifh cGJae=uwmvJ//
wpfqwd af vmuf odciG &hf yg&ap ”[l.//
ESrd chf sajymqdrk r_ sm;. tajccHwiG f rSm;,Gi;f aom ud,k pf m;jyKr_rsm;udk azmfjy&Hrk #ru
wpfcw
k nf;aom trSwt f om;o&ky.f tjrifaoGvrJG r_ sm;udk azmfjy&Hrk #ru/ wpfcwk nf; aom
trSwt f om;o&ky. f tjrifaoGvrJG _ rsm;vnf;yg0ifav@&ydS gonf// tqdyk g wpfcw k nf;aom
trSwt f om;o&kyq f okd nfrmS vnf; tjcm;olrsm;u 4if;wd@k odumQ csvakd om vlwpfa,muf

46
tvif;tdrf
tay: wrifqw
JG ifvu
kd o
f nfh rSw,
f cl suo
f mjzpfygonf// Toabmudk t*Fvyfd o f &kyaf qmif
yDwmqJ(v)vmu ol. emrnf}uD; tifwmAsL; wpfcw k iG f ,ckvkd ajymqdck zhJ ;l onf//
“usaemfw@kd rSm tom;usaewJh igqw kd m &Syd gw,f// 'gukd

cGpJ wd zf ,f&mS ;vd@k &Edifk yf gw,f//'gayrJh 'Dvckd pJG w d zf ,f&mS ;&wmudu k
pdeaf c:csuw f pfcyk g// 'Dxufrav#mw h hJ pdeaf c: csuw f pfcu k awmh/
wjcm;vlawGu cGJpdwfoGwfoGif;vdkufwJh wu,f higqdkwmaygh
t
h 'J D wjcm;olawG&hJ &nf&, G cf suuf ud, k u hf ,kd u f kd jrifxm;wJh ig
qdw k meJ rh wlwhJ wjcm; “ig” wckav h h ”h
tcdik t
f rm tajctaersm;atmufwiG f vlwpfa,muftaeESihf rdr. d uk, d yf ikd f
trSwt f om;o&kyu f kd tjcmolrsm; odrw S v f ufcv H map&ef tcuftcJ&EdS ikd yf gonf// vlrsm;
pkukd ydI k qGaJ qmifEifkd o f nf rSm tjcm;olrsm;u yHzk sux f m;aom trSwt f om;o&kyo f m
jzpfavh&o dS nf/ Tod@k aom yHyk suf yef;ysuo f wfrw S cf surf sKd ;udo k m/ vlwpfa,muf (od@k r[kw)f
vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;. wpfcw k nf;aom trSwt f om;o&kyt f jzpf zefw;D yHak zmfvu kd af omtcg/
tqdyk g vlwa,muf(od@k r[kw)f vlrsKd ;wpfpu k kd 0kid ;f 0ef;qef u h siaf pa&;twGu/f tvG,w f ul
vrf;a=umif;ay;vmEdik af wmhonf// emZDw@kd . *sL;qef u h siaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_rmS Toabmyif
jzpfygonf//
TwGif ajymvdo k nfrmS trSwt f om;o&kyf tajymif;tvJrsm;udk wrifzefw;D jcif;
jzifh/ trkef;rD;yGg;rsm;udk ysH hEShHavmif+rdKufapwwfonfh obm0jzpfygonf// Todk@aom
aumufuspo f nfh enf;vrf;rsm;udo k ;kH +yD; rdwaf qGawGukd &efojl zpfapEdik o f nf// cspo f al wGukd
rke;f oljzpfapEdifk o f nf// aemufq;kH olrwlaom &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfrr_ sm;qDo@kd yif OD;wnfomG ;
Edik pf &m &Syd gonf/ od@k twGuf trSwt f om;o&kyu f pd w P iG f tjcm;olrsm;u rdrt d ay: em;vnf
,H=k unfapa&;ESihf rdru d , dk wf ikd u
f tjcm;olrsm;tay: tjyeftvSeef m;vnf;,H=k unfrw _ @kd
rSm txl;ta&;+uD;onf[k qd&k ygvrd rhf nf// ajym&v#if trSwt f om; o&kyu f kd “ESv;kH oGi;f
Edik rf ”_ jzifh csO;f uyf=uzdk jh zpfygonf//
pmnGe;f // /Identity and Violence ( Amartya Sen)

qufvufazmfjyygrnf//
0if;aemif
“tydkif; (1)tm; tvif;tdrf r*~Zif; twGJ 2 trSwf 8 wGif azmfjy+yD;jzpfygonf//”

47
tvif;tdrf
tEkynmqdkonfum;
' tb,fenf;
*kef armif p d k ; csd e f
wm
&m tEkynmqdo k nfum;tb,fenf;---?
xkad r;cGe;f udk tEkynmudak vhvmpl;prf;=uol/
\ cG J j crf ; pd w f j zmol / tawG ; tac:ynm&S i f w d k @ u
ajz=um;cJo h nf? od@k r[kwf wifjyaqG; aEG;cJh =u onf?
t"dygÜ ,fziG q
hf ckd suf ajz=um;cs
rwlonf vnf; &So
u/f wifjycsurf sm;rSm wlonfvnf;&So
d nf//
d nf/
'*kew
f m&monf tEkynm. t"dy, ` u f kd &SmazGziG q hf ckd o
hJ nf? ESpu
f mvtm;jzifh
1950 wGio f .
l t,ltqudk wifjycJo h nf[rk w S o f m;&ayvdrrhf nf? 1950 ZGev f xkw&f r_ 0
r*~Zif;wGif tEkynmqdo k nfum; tb,fenf;--/ acgi;f pOfi,fyg0ifonfo h .l aqmif;yg;
udak zmfjyxm;onfuakd wG@&ayonf? ol.tawG;tac:onf 1950 xufvn;fapmEdil o f nf
od@k aomf pmayrSww f rf;t& 1950 wGio f . l tEkynmzGiq hf rkd _ t,ltqudak wG@&&Sd onf?
ol. t,ltqrSm urBm@tawG;ac:ynm&Sif um;vfrmhupf f . tawG;tac:udk
vuQ, H =kH unf&mrS xdt k awG;tac:udx k if[yfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? wcsLd @ae&mwGiw f ukd &f u kd f
azmf!e$ ;f onf? rmhupf . f odyeHR nf;uso!fh vlrw _ ;kd wufa&;tjrifukd tajccHum vuf&dS
ordkif;ESifhudkufnDvSpGm ol@t,ltqudk qifhxGifonfvnf;&Sdonf/ qef;opfxm;onf
vnf;&So d nf? TuJo h @kd rmhupf .
f vlro _ yd yH` nm/ vlro _ yd t
H` jrifuckd sO;f uyfvuQ+H yD;/ rmhupf f
0g'rD sm;onf e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif taumiftxnfazmf=uonf? vlwef;pm;wdu k yf /JG e,f
cs@J qef@usiaf &; trsLd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;wdu k yf JG acwfa[mif;pepfajymif; awmfveS af &;
wdu k yf rJG sm;wGif oabmw&m;a&;vufeuftjzpf awmfveS af omvlxak wGu rmhupf 0f g'udk
udik pf vJG mcJ=h uonf?
48
tvif;tdrf
xdt k csurf mS vnf; obm0usonf? um;vfrmhupf o f nf &kyu f rBmESiv hf @l tzG@J t
pnf;wk;d wufro _ rdik ;f udk &_jrif&mY tjcm;aomawG;ac:ynm&Sirf sm;ESihf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;onf?
tawG;tac: ynm&Si/f ordik ;f ynm&Siw f @kd rmS trsLd ;rsLd ;tpm;pm;uGjJ ym;jcm;em;onf? vl@&m
Z0ifwav#muf vl@tzG@J tpnf;ESi&hf yk af vmuonf b,fyb kH ,fenf; ajymif;vJonfqakd om
w&m;udk qef;ppfavhvmcJo h nf? ,if;onf tEkyÉdavmr &kyw f &m;/ &ky&f mZ0ifw&m;/(&m
Z0ifa&; &ky0g'w&m;) jzpfonf? xd@k jyif vl@avmu vl@urBmxJwiG f tb,fa=umifh rnDr
r# &Sad eoenf;? csr;f om}uG,0f aom"e&SiEf iS hf rGaJ wqif;&Jaom ypPn;f rJw h @kd tb,fa=umifh
rnDr#&oenf;? jcm;em;oDacgiaf e&oenf;// Tod@k jzpf&jcif;rSm t&if;&Siu f ek xf w k v f yk ef nf;
ESihf ukevf yk q
f ufqaH &; (vlrq _ ufqaH &;) wnf&adS oma=umifjh zpfonf [lI rmhupf u f yu
wdt&Sw d &m;udx k w
k af zmfjycJo h nf? xk@d jyifv@l tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f &Sd vlrq _ ufqaH &;/ Edil if aH &;
ynma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ tEkynm/ ponfw@kd onf ukex f w k v f yk rf _ pepfu oufa&mufzefw;D
r_rsm;yifjzpfa=umif;/ rmhupf u f qdx k m;onf? od@k jzpf&m b0u toduzkd efw;D ay;onf? &kyf
ywf0ef;usib f 0u vl.todpw d "f gwu f kd jyXmef;zefw;D onf? vl@avmu &kyu f rBmY aexdik f
jyKrl&aom vl@b0wGif aygi;f zG@J qufq&H o!@f vlrq _ ufqaH &;/ aexdik rf b _ 0u tjzpfoepf
uomv#if vlw@kd . todpw d "f gwu f zkd efw;D ay;onf[q k o kd nf? xdo k @kd wdusr/_ yuwdt&Sd
w&m;twdik ;f xkwEf w k jf yor_w@kd a=umifh rmhupf 0f g'onf odyeHR nf;usjzpfvmcJ&h o Hk mru vl@
avmuwd;k wufa&;/ vl@b0ajymif;vJz+HG zdK;a&;twGuf tvif;a&mifvnf;jzpfco hJ nf?
'*kefwm&monfvnf;/ um;vfrmhufpf. odyRHenf;ustawG;tac:udkvuQH,Hk
=unfjcif;ESit hf wl Edil if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_/ pmayv_y&f mS ;r_ rSeo f r#rmS vnf; pD;yGm;a&;pepf/ ukef
vkyq f ufqaH &;a=umifyh ifjzpfay:vmcJo h nf? od@k jzpf&m '*kew f m&monf tEkynmqdo k nf
um;tb,fenf; [laom tEkynm. t"dygR ,u f zkd iG qhf &kd mY rmhupf . f tawG;ac:t&/ t
awG;ac:twdik ;f yif zGiq hf ckd o
hJ nf?
“tEkynmqdkonfum; &kyfurBm}uD;. tjzpftysufrsm;udk
awG@}uHK cHpm;um TawG@}uHKcHpm;csuf ( 0g ) pdwful;wGifvmI
[yfaom xifjrif csufrsm;udk tzefzefjyefI azmfjyr_yifjzpfonf?
tEkynmqdo k nfum;/ pdwu
f ;l Ivky, f &l ayonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh opf
&Gufw&Gufaumhum ESifhyGifhrsm;jzihf ayusHaeonfudk wzefjyefI
azmf j yjcif ; onf tEk y nm r_ j zpf o nf ? ES i f h y G i f h r sm;ayusH a eaom
opf&Gufudk,lvmum =u!@f&_jcif;um; tEkynmr_r [kwfay?”1
49
tvif;tdrf
obm0tav#muf Topf&u G u f av;onf vSyEdil o f avmuf vSyEdil af yonf?
aumif;uif0,f wdraf wmifrsm;onf awmufyaeEdil o f nf? Tum;obm0yifjzpfayonf?
tEkynmr[kwaf y? tEkynmqdo k nfum; T&kyu f rBm}uD;&Sd tjzpftysuf o¾efrsm;udk
jyefIazmfjyjcif; ( 0g ) pdwu f ;l xJwiG x f if[yfcsurf sm;udk jyefI aw;oH(*Dw)/ aq;om;(yef;
csD )/ ud, k v f ufvy_ &f mS ;r_ (tuobif)/ pum;vH;k (uAsm vuFmpmay) ponfw@kd jzifah zmf
jyr_uq kd vkd akd yonf?
Tod@k jzifh &kyu f rBm}uD;. tjzpftysuf ( 0g ) vl@b0}uD;udpk w d uf ;l I zG@J E@JG um
a&;jc,fazmfjy&jcif;um; tEkynm&yfaywnf;?
'*kew
f m&monf xko d @kd tEkynmudk t"dyg` ,zf iG q hf ckd o
hJ nf? tEkynmonfum;
vlom;wd@k zefw;D &m ( 0g ) tEkynm&Siw f @kd zefw;D &mY tEkynmvuf&monf vSyav
tEkynmajrmufavjzpfonf? tEkynmonf tvSypPn;f jzpfonf? od@k jzpf&m tEkynmudk
tuJjzwf&mY wefz;kd jzwf&mY xkt d vS ( 0g ) tvSty*k%&f nfjzifo h mwefz;kd jzwfayonf?
'*kew f m&mu Tod@k qo dk nf?
“tEk y nmw&yf u d k tvS j zif h o mtuJ j zwf & ayonf ?
vl w d k @ onf tvS t yud k E S p f ouf = uayonf ? vl [k j zpf I vm
uwnf;u tvSukd cspw f wfaomtod&cdS ahJ yonf? vlw@kd .pdwu f ;l
jzifhjyKvkyfzefwD;aom qef;opfo!@f tEkynmudk tvSjzifhom
tuJjzwf=u&ay rnf? tEkynmonfum; rdrw d pfO;D wnf; twGuf
vkyfonfr[kwfay? tjcm;urBmay:&Sd vl taygif;wdk@vnf; cHpm;
awG@jrif& atmifazmfjyjcif; jzpfayonf? tEkynmonf rdr. d cHpm;r_
udk tjcm;olrsm;cHpm;vm& atmifazmfjyjcif;tvkyfaywnf;?”2
tEkynmonf tjcm;vly*k K~ v d rf sm;cHpm;apvko d !@f &nf&, G cf surf mS tEkynm
&Siw f iG f rlvuwnf;u&Sad ecJ+h yD;jzpfonf[q k o
kd nf? rsuaf rSmufumvwGif tEkynmonf
rdrw d OD;wnf;cHpm;&atmif zefw;D jcif;jzpfonf[q k o
kd ul vnf;qdv k m=uonf? E_wu f zGirhf
ajymaomvnf; tEkynm&Sif.vuf&mu xdkodk@yifajymcdkif;aeonf? rnfuJhodk@aom
vuf&mrsKd ;enf;? vlem;rvnfaomvuf&mrsKd ;yifjzpfonf? acwfay:uAsmtay:tjrif
ESiyhf wfoufI (q&m) jroef;wifh ajymo!@t f csuu f kd owdjyKrdayonf?

50
tvif;tdrf
“uAsmqdw k m ud, k &hf ifxu J cHpm;csuyf ?J ud, k [f mud, k pf yfw,f
pojzif/h 'gqkd &if ud, k [ hf mud, k yf pJ yf/ usaemfw@kd ukd vmrzwfcikd ;f eJ@/ usaemfr
zwfbl;? uAsmwdk@ pmwdk@ qdkwmvlzwfzdk@a&;wm/ udk,fh&ifxJ&Sdwm
uk, d af &;vdu k w f myJ? em;vnfonf rvnfonf qdw k hJ t,ltqudk usaemf
vufrcHb;l / vH;k 0vufrcHb;l ?”
“em;rvnfatmifa&;&if tJonfvkd uAsmq&m&J@ uAsmudk
usaemfrzwfawmh bl;// o!@t f wGuf usaemftcsed u f ek rf cHb;l ? ud, k af &;csif
wma&;vdu k w f m// emrvnf&ifvJ aeaygq h w
kd mu avmuudak pmfum;wm/
usaemftapmfum;rcHb;l // taemufuAsmq&mawG vJ onfvykd /J / *srd ;f *GsKd upf /f
olajycsifwmbmvJ// usaemfem;rvnfbl;// onfawmh usaemf rzwf
awmhb;l ”3
taemuf[q k &kd mY txl;ojzifh t&if;&Sipf epfukd urBmtajctaetrsKd ;rsKd ;udk
&ifqikd f jzwfoef;&if; wnfwef zh iG +hf zdK;atmif usm;uefwnfaqmufae&aom tar&duef
jynfaxmifpw k iG f tEkynmt,ltqrsm;/ 0g'rsm; tawG;tac:rsm; ay:xGuv f mcJo h nf//
tEkynmvuf&monf a&mif;ukeyf pPn;f (commodity) jzpfonf/ tEkynm&Sio f nf a&mif;
ukeyf pPn;f udzk efw;D jc,fool/ t&if;tES;D aiGa=u;ponfh tc&mjzpfvmcJo h nf// a&mif;ukef
aps;uGuw f iG f tjrwfb,favmuf&Edik rf vJ/ ukeo f nfEiS hf t&if;tES;D pdu k x f w k o f tl &if; &Siu f
'Dtcsuu f bkd pJ Of;pm;onf// tcsut f csmtjzpfxm;&So d nf// tEkynm&Si. f vlra_ &;b0onf
tESrd cf b H 0/ aiGa=u;tjrwftpGe;f .vufatmufcjH zpfvmcJo h nf// tEkynm&Siw f @kd onf xdk
b0ud&k &Scd pH may;&if;ayguu f cJG =hJ uonfvnf;&So d nf// “tEkynmonf tEkynmtwGuo f m
jzpfonf” (Art For Art Sakee) b,fot l wGurf S r[kwb f ;l / tEkynmqdw k m &ifxu J
ayguu f JG cHpm;r_uakd zmfjywmyJ// b,fo@l twGuf rSr[kwb f ;l // ponfh t,ltqrsm;ay:xGuf
vmcJo h nf// [ufp. f tawG;tac:t& vl@b0 (ukev f yk qf ufqaH &; ukex f w k v f yk rf b _ 0) u
vl@tod vl@cpH m;r_uzkd efw;D ay;jcif;jzpf&m h t h &if;&Siu f rBmxJrS tEkynm&Siw f kd o h nfvnf;
xdk t&if;&Sipf epfvrl b _ 0udk jyefvnfwek f h jyefc=hJ ujcif;jzpfonf//
tcsKd @u t&if;&Sif bufrS &yfwnfaom t&if;&Sib f ufawmfom; tEkynmorm;
rsm;jzpfonf// wcsKd @u vlxb k ufrS &yfwnfo/l / wcsKd @u wdu k yf x JG rJ mS =um;&yf&rnf// owif;
orm; tEkynmorm;qdw k m b,fol b h ufurS &yf&wmr[kwb f ;l / =um;&yfwm taumif;
qH;k jzpfw,f [kqo kd nf// &yfwnfrt _ rsKd ;rsKd ; tawG;tac: trsKd ;rsKd ; 'Dru dk a&pDuvnf; trsKd ;
rsKd ;jzpfomG ;onf//
51
tvif;tdrf
'*kew f m&monf rmufp0hf g'udk pwifpu JG ikd vf mpOfuwnf;uyif vlxb k ufrS &yfwnf
&if; vlxEk iS hf twl wdu k yf 0JG ifco hJ l yDyD tEkynmonf vlxck pH m;vm&atmif azmfjyjcif;jzpf
onf[k wdwyd y jywfjywfxifxif qdv k mcJo h nf// 'Dru kd a&pDrsm;xJu t&if;&Si'f rD u kd a&pD
r[kwo f nhhf jynfo@l 'Dru kd a&pDukd vdv k m;ol '*kew f m&monf vlxu k okd m tav; tjrwf
xm;cJo h nf/ tEkynmonf vlxt k wGuf tEkynmonf vlxyk &dwo f wfcpH m;vmap&ef &nf
oefazmfjyjcif;jzpfonf// azmfjyjcif;jzpf&rnf[q k o kd nf//
Tae&mwGif &k&mS ;tawG;tac:ynm&Sif urBmausmpf ma&;q&m+uD;awmfpwGKd if;
. tEkynmzGiq hf ckd suEf iS hf '*kew f m&m. zGiq hf ckd surf mS wxyfwnf;usonf[k qd&k rSmjzpfonf
awmfpwdKG if;u Tod@k ziG q hf o
kd nf//
“rdrw d iG f pdwaf 0'em wckukd }uHKawG@cHpm;vku d &f +yD;aemuf xdo k @kd }uHKawG ch pH m;r_
pdwaf 0'emudk tjcm;olrsm;vnf; rdred nf;wl cHpm;apvdo k jzifh uk, d v f uf v_y&f mS ;jcif;/ rsO;f
a=umif;/ ta&mif/ toH/ pum;vH;k paom o¾mef[efyefjzifh wqifjh yefI ul;,lazmfjyjcif;
um; tEkynmr_aywnf;// Tum;tEkynm. vkyif ef;aywnf;//”4
pmayynm&Sirf sm; '\e ynm&Sirf sm;u awmfpwdKG if;udk cHpm;r_0g'rD sm;(emoti
omalist)xJwi G f oGwo f iG ;f cJ=h uonf// tEkynmvuf&mw&yf. pGr;f &nf od@k r[kwf vkyif ef;
aqmifwmrSm a0'emul;pufjcif;/ cHpm;r_u;kd pufjcif; jzpfonf[k qdo k nf// awmfpwdKG i;f . tEk
ynmqdo k nfum; tb,fenf;/ ( What is art?) [laom awG;ac:r_pmpk (aqmif;yg;)Y a0
'emul;pufru _ kd tav;xm;azmfjyxm;onf/ ( emotional communication) cHpm;r_ay;ydhk
jcif; cHpm;r_ul;pufjcif;udk t"duxm; awG;ac:cJhonf// odk@jzpf&m tEkynmonf
tEkynm&Si. f cHpm;r_ukd tjcm;olrsm; y&dwo f wfvx l ck pH m;vm&atmif azmfjyjcif;tvkyf
jzpfonfqakd om '*kew f m&m. tawG;tac:ESihf wlnaD ecJo h nf//
tEkynm. t"dyg` ,u f kd zGiqhf &kd mY Tae&mrSmyJ &yfrxm;ao;// rjynhpf akH o;// xyf
jznfxh m;onfh tcsurf sm;udk azmfjyrS jynfph rkH mS jzpfonf// xd@k a=umifh tEkynmvuf&mjzpf
vmap&ef rnfo@kd tvSjc,frnfenf;qdo k nfh tcsuu f x kd yfrjH znhpf u G &f ayvdrrhf nf// '*kew f m
&mu tEkynm vuf&mw&yfjzpfvmatmifvyS atmifjc,forGr;f rH,&l onf// vlw@kd u
tvSuckd spw f wf/ pGrJ ufwufaom todu&Sx d m;cJah v&m tvSw&m; tvS"gwf qif,if
oDu;kH r_ tvS tya=umifh vlu xdt k Ekynmvuf&mudk ESp+f cKd uf wufrufomG ;onf[k qdo k nf/
um;vfrmufpu hf “vlwkd h onf tvSynmenf;emt& zefw;D qef;opf=uayonf”
[kqo kd nf// '*kew f m&mu “tEkynmqdo k nfum; tb,fykH tb,fenf;vSyatmif tEk

52
tvif;tdrf
ynmr_uv kd nf; jyKvky=f uonfqakd om ynmaA'&yfyifwnf;”[k ol. pmayoabmw&m;
pmtky(f usr;f )wGif azmfjyxm;onf// xk@d jyif Tod@k azmfjyxm;onf//
“tvSty. oabmrSm ajyjypfwifw h ,fjcif;yifjzpfonf//rnfuo hJ @kd yef;csu D m;
wcsyfudk a+yjypfwifhw,f&_@pzG,f+zpfatmifa&;+c,frnf/ rnfuJhodk haw; *Dwwyk'fudk
a+y+ypf w if h w ,f om,mzG , f oD u sL;rnf / rnf u J h o d k h u Asmwyk ' f u d k a+y+ypf w if h
w,fatmifpyf[yfrnf ponfwkd u h m;tvSynmoabmw&m;+zpfonf?”5
yef;cs/D *Dw/ uAsm ponfwkd w h iG f a+y+ypfwif w h ,f rS&k rdS S tvSty&Srd nf/ tEky
nma+rmufrnf[q k okd nf? xdt k csurf mS a,bl,tusq;kH / ta+ccHtusq;kH +zpfonf? o@kd
aomf yef;cs/D *Dw/ uAsm/ &ky&f iS /f yef;yk/ vufrykS nmtvSzefw;D r_ ponfwkd w h ckcsi;f wGit f
vS+c,for_/ a+y+ypfwifw h ,fatmif zefw;D r_wiG f enf;emrSmwlrmS r[kw?f Oyrm uAsmwGif
pum;vH;k +zifo h uD ;kH &onf?pum;onf yef;cst D Ekynmudzk efw;D &mwGif toH;k +y&onfah q;
puf+zifrh wlyif? *DwwGif toHut kd oH;k +y &k onf?toHonf aq;pufr[kwaf y?
pmaytEkynmqdo k nfrmS ,if;uJo h kd th a=umif;t&mESiyhf o kH ¾efnn D w G rf (_ 0g)t
a=umif;t&mESiahf &;[ef tHusry_ if+zpfavonf?
ta=umif;t&mESiyhf o kH ¾efwkd o h nfwckpcD +JG cm;Ir&/ roD;+cm; ruif;uGmbJwnf
aeaomt&mrsm;+zpf+yD;v#ix f Ekd pS &f yf.nDnw G af +y+ypfpmG aygi;f pyfru _ +kd y +k cif;omv#if tEk
6
ynm+zpfayonf?
'*kewf m&m.tEkynmqdik &f mtawG;tac:rsm;xJrS tEkynm.t"dyg` ,zf iG q hf rkd _
udtk ESpcf sKyI f TuJo h kd q
h ,JG x
l w k Ef w k =f unfEh id_ of nf?wm&mr*~Zif;udk olu, kd wf ikd f pwifxw k f
a0cJoh nft h csed uf mvrSa&wGuv f #if ,cka&muf&adS eaom2008 ESpu f mvtxd ESpaf ygi;f
59 ESpt f wGi;f tEkynmqdik &f maqmif;yg;rsm;pGma&om;cJo h nf?tvSaA' oabmw&m;rsm;
pGmudak z:+ycJ+h yD;+zpfonf?
armifpdk;csdef
&nfn$ef;csufrsm;
arv 26/ 2008
1// '*kefwm&m pmayoabmw&m;/ pmaya0zefa&; pmayv_yf&Sm;r_ pm 131-132
2// ,if;pmtkyf pm 132
3// tm[m& trSwfpOf(86) 2008 {+yDvxkwf pm 27
4//'*kefwm&m pmayoabmw&m;/ pmaya0zefa&; pmayv_yf&Sm;r_ pm132-133

53
tvif;tdrf
(1)
{jyDv xJ a&mufuwnf;u ydawmuf&yd f ydawmufa&mifeJ yh ad wmufyef;awGukd
}uKd wifowd&rdaeygw,f//
ydawmufawGeJ@twl ydawmufawG}um;u ik0g awG&J@ tm;eJ@rmefeJ@
zl;yGifha0pnfae}uykHawGudkvJ jrifa,mifrdaeygw,f//ydawmufyef;vdk hajymvdkufwmeJ@
wmo}ueF ef J Eh pS u
f ;l csed uf kd ajy;jy;D jrifrw
d wf}uovd/k ydawmufyef;udk Armhyef; &k;d &myef;tjzpfvJ
jrifrd cHpm;rdaewwfavh&ydS gw,f// vSyar$;jrvSwhJ csppf &mhobm0tvSyef;wrsKd ;tjzpfxuf
&kd;&m,Ofaus;rSKawGeJ@yg qufE$,faewJh ArmhtrsdK;om;a&;oauFwyef;wcktjzpfeJ@yg
jrwfjrwfedk;edk; wefzdk;xm;rdae}uygw,f// ydawmufudk Armhyef;tjzpf ydawmufcspfol
Armedik if oH m;awGuomru edik if jH cm;om;wcsKd u h yg em;vnfvufcx H m;}uygw,f//
pmaytEkynme,frSmqdk&if - ewfosSifaemif/OD;}uifO wdk h&J hydawmufuae/
q&maZmf*sD / q&mwm&m/ q&mwifr;kd wdk &h J yh ad wmufawGtxd ar$;jr }udKifvef;aeqJ
jzpf & k H o mru/ed k i f i H j cm;om;wa,muf j zpf w J h ‘eD & l ' g’ &J @ yd a wmuf u vJ Arm
ydawmufyjJ zpfwt hJ jyif oif;oif;ys@yH s@H eJ v h yS xk&H D aeqJjzpfygw,f//
trNu;D rcifrmat; odk h

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5454
tvif;tdrf
ydawmufawGeJ t h wl ydawmufawGvykd J tkeH @J usi;f eJ@ tm;eJ@rmefe@J tpGr;f ukef
zl;yGifha0pnfjywwfwmuawmh ik0gawG ygyJ// ydawmufa&$0g eJ@ ik0g a&$&nfawG&J@
a&$0ga&miftvS[m wawmvk;H wawmifv;Hk wedik if v H ;Hk udo k mru wavmuvk;H udyk g
a&$a&mifjc,fay;ae}uovdyk gy/J / tyGiyhf iG &hf r,ft h csed f tpGr;f ukezf ;l yGijhf y&awmhr,ft h csed f
a&mufjyDq&kd if/ ydawmufa&m ik0g [m tm;eJ@rmefe@J yifv;Hk usw G af tmif a0a0qmqm
zl;yGiahf 0pnfjy}uavh&w dS hJ yef;awGjzpf&Hk ru/ olwkd &h J yh ifut kd a&mif a&$0ga&mifo*d F t D vif;eJ@
0if;yxdeaf 0oGm;atmif v$r;f jcKH jzef u h suyf pfeikd af vh&ydS gw,f// ydawmufuvJ a&$0ga&mif/
ikuvJ a&$0ga&mifygy/J / ydawmuf&J ah &$0ga&mifuvJ csppf &maumif;ovdk ik&@J a&$0ga&mifuvJ
csppf &maumif;ygw,f//
'gayrJyh ad wmufupkd mzG}hJ uolrsm;oavmufi0k gupkd mzG@J }uolawGuawmhenf;yg;
aeao;ovdk cHpm;&ygw,f// vrf;wavsSmufoif;edkifwJh yef;ydawmufrif;r[kwfayrJh/
a&$0ga&mifjzef@cif;jy}u&mrSm ik0gawG&@J tm;rmef[m yef;ydawmuf&J t h m;rmefxufawmh
r,kwrf avsmh renf;ryg;wm jrifwwfow l ikd ;f odygw,f//
ydawmufeJ@ik0g[m usaemfwdk@edkifiHrSm aEGrSmyGifhwJh aEGyGifhyef;yg// aEGxJrSm
wjcm;wjcm;aom yef;awGawmfawmfrsm;rsm; rzl;edik rf yGiehf ikd f tyGiu hf saJ e& qJor,rSmyJ/
udik ;f vk;H n$wf yifv;Hk usw G af tmif ZGeJ @J rmefe@J z;l jy a0jy yGijhf yvdu k ef ikd w f hJ tyGi&hf w J yhJ ef; aEGxu J yef;
wu,fyh ef;awGuawmh ydawmufe@J iak wG ygy/J /
‘ ydawmuf eJ@ ik aEGrmS vSKd ifw,f / carmufeJ h pk arrSm edik rf ,f ’ qdw k hJ 1990jynfh
aEGO;D wke;f u toHawGukd jyefvnf}um;a,mifaerd&if;/ 200* ckEpS f rsuaf rSmufaEGO;D twGuf
a}uG;a}umfoH awGukd em;pGiahf erdygw,f// 1990jynfEh pS f aEGO;D wke;f uawmh -
arvrSm ygwDpkH 'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usif;yawmhr,fvdk@
ppftpd;k &u ausnmxm;wJu h mv r[kwv f m;// rJawGurJG oGm;apzdk /h e0weJ@ ykvif;wl Al;qd@k
rqvwjzpfvJ wpnawGukd pD;csi;f xd;k jyD; wcJeuftedik , f el ikd zf @kd wjynfv;Hk ujynfoal wG
edkifiHa&;a&csdeftjynfheJ@ wmplae}ucsdefrSm ‘ydawmufeJ hik aEGrSmvSdKifw,f ’qdkwJh
q&m*sr;f (q&mwifr;kd )&J h uAsmeH@oif;oif;aqmify'k af }uG;a}umfo[ H m tcsed u f u kd uf av;
xGuaf y:vmedik cf w hJ ,fr[kwv f m;// 'DEpS f aEGO;D rSmawmh q&m*sr;f vJ r&Sad wmh//
1990jynfh aeGO;D wke;f uawmh ‘edik w f o hJ u l kd tm%mtyfvu kd rf mS aygh ’qdw k hJ ppftyk pf [ k m/
ppftyk pf yk yD D opPmr&Sd uwdrwnf wJt h jyif/ trsKd ;rsKd ;,kwrf m trsKd ;rsKd ;pkwyf hJ aomuf&u S rf &Sd
rsuEf mS ajymifwu kd jf yD; tm%mudk tyfz@kd aeaeomom olc;kd u vlv[ l pfjyD;‘aemufwcg

55
tvif;tdrf
vmjyefjyD AsKd ’h qdw k hJ npfenf;ya'omvrf;pOftwdik ;f / olwkd ph w d }f udKuf olwkd ah &;csio f vdk
a&;xm;wJh zGJ ph nf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'qdw k m}uD;udk twif;a&mt"rRyg r[m;',m;vkyf
twnf j yK zd k h j ynf v k H ; usG w f q EN c H , l y G J } uD ; qd k w mud k 'D E S p f a EG O D ; xJ r S m yJ v uf a wG @
taumiftxnfaz:zdk t h qifoifjh yifqifxm;jy;D jyD jzpfygw,f// pum;us,u f s,f ajymvd@k &&kH
avmufu vGv J @kd bmrS wlww l efwefvyk rf ay;edik o f vdjk zpfaewJh ukvor*~ qdw k m}uD;eJ@/
Armjynf}uD; 'kuQawG AvayG jzpf&if; iwf}ujywf}uao}ua}u}uwmawGjzpfjyD;
romtdr}f u;D tjzpf umv}um}umjzpfaeav- romtdrrf mS zJ'ikd cf pH m;csi}f uwJ/h aps;aygayge@J
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ae}urSKawGatmufrmS / etz &J@ jynfv;Hk usw G q f ENc, H yl }JG u;D qdwk mudk oydwaf rSmufypfv@kd vJ
r& taetxm;eJ@ usaemfwdk@ArmjynfolawGxyfrH &ifqdkifae&ygw,f// 1990jynfhESpf
aEGwek ;f u arvrSm usi;f yr,fqw kd hJ jynfv;Hk usw G yf gwpD 'Hk rD ukd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG u;D -
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D qef;uwnf;u ydawmufe@J iak wGta}umif; &ifvKdS if;ckecf ek ef @J pOf;pm;aerdcyhJ gw,f/
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f mG ;&wJo h wif;
a}ua}uuGu J JG }um;emqd@k eifch &hJ ygw,f//
tarvlxak ':trm &J@ &kyu f vmyfurkd ;D oj*dKF vfjyD; {&m0wDjrpfa&a}um jymar#mjyD;aemuf
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tarvlxak ':trmvdk wdik ;f odjynfod edik if w H ckv;Hk uodol r[kw&f ayrJ/h edik if eH @J jynfot l wGuf
xrf;&Gufedkifor# xrf;&GufoGm;cJhavol/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk b0wmwavsmufvkH;
aemufq;Hk ESv;Hk aoG;ckeo f tH xd tm;rmef&o dS r# wGe;f vSew f u
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yJ//

56
tvif;tdrf
(2)
tr}uD; rcifrmat;udk usaemf yxrqk;H pwifqpHk nf;cJ&h wJah e&muawmh/
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yg // rqvwygwt D m%m&Sipf epfe@J rqvppftpd;k &udk qefu h sijf cm;em;cJ}h uwJu h saemfw@kd
edik if aH &;orm;woD}uD;udk axmifcsypfz@kd twGuf txl;w&m;qdw k mrSm &k;H wifw&m;pGq J kd
aewke;f / &k;H xkw&f ufw&ufrmS -
tr}uD;rcifrmat;eJ hpwifawG@qkHcJh& zl;wmjzpfygw,f// usaemfwdk@vdkyJ
w&m;cHwa,muftjzpf &kH;wifw&m;pGJqdkxm;jcif;cH&wJh/ tr}uD;&J@ cifyGef;onf
tud}k uD;udv k aS &$ udk w&m;&k;H xkwv f mawG@&if;u/ axmif0ifpmykrH eS f r&Sd / vmawG@r,fo h l
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wtdwu f kd ay;oGm;cJ&h if;u pwifou d srG ;f cJ&h wm jzpfygw,f//
usaemf axmifu xGuv f mjyD;wJah emufyikd ;f rSmawmh/ tr}uD;rcifrmat;eJ@
tud}k u;D udv k aS &$ wd@k &@J ouFe;f useG ;f u tdru f av;[m ajcovk;H tdrw f ikd o
f rm;jzpfwhJ usaemf&h @J
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jynf0h vSwt hJ r}uD;[m usaemft h ay: tr&if;ozG,jf zpfc&hJ rHk u pmta}umif;ayta}umif;
edkifiHa&;ta}umif;ygrusef aqG;aEG;az: aqG;aEG;zufozG,fvJ jzpfcJhygw,f// tru
pmzwf0goemxko H o l mru pma&; uAsma&;zd@k txdvJ 0goem}u;D cJo h jl zpfwt hJ wGuf usaemfe@J
vJ awmfawmfukd avay;ajzmifch o hJ vd/k usaemft h ay:vJ awmfawmfukd apwemxm;cJw h mawG
&SdcJhygw,f// tr}uD;u Avmpmtkyf}uD;wtkyfeJ@ tjynfheD;yg; a&;om;xm;wJh ol@&J@
uAsmawGuv kd J usaemfu h kd ay;zwfwt hJ wGu/f [d;k vGecf w hJ EhJ pS af ygi;f rsm;pGmuwnf;u tr}u;D
&J@ &ifxu J vufreG rf qGuAsmawGukd usaemf rSwrf w S o f m;om;zwfc&hJ zl;ygw,f//
cGyaf 'gi;f cHpm;csuf jynfocl pH m;csuef @J ol [ h mol pyfqo kd zD @JG xm;cJw h hJ tr}uD;&J@
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ray;yd@k z;l ao;wJu h AsmawGyg // usaemfuvJ tJ'w D ek ;f u usaemfa&;jzpfcw hJ hJ uAsmav;awG
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57
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&if;ESD;cifrifcJh}ujyD;om;awG qdkawmh/ tr}uD;rcifrmat;udkvJ tJ'DvdkyJ a&;vuf&SdwJh
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tr}uD;rcifrmat;[m pum;ajymwJt h cgvJ emrnfe@J vu kd af tmif avoHat;at;
av;eJ@ ajymavh&Sdygw,f//ykHyef;o¾mefuvJwu,fhudkat;at; aq;aq;eJ@ odrfodrf
arG@arG@aysmah ysmah ysmif;aysmif; &Sv d yS gw,f// 'gayrJh at;at;aq;aq;&Sd rSK &J ah emufrmS
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jywfom;rSK eJ@cikd rf mrSKawG av;av;eufeuf&adS ecJw h mudak wmh vlwikd ;f od}uvdrrhf ,f rxifyg/
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1960jynfEh pS w f 0duk f Auo/ wuo ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGtm;vk;H vdv k u
kd awmh
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awmf y k H } uD ; ay:ayguf c geD ; qJ q J r S m yJ wuoausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif w OD ; jzpf w J h
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awmcdkoGm;&jyD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm rdef;rom;ayrJhudk,fh&yfwnfcsufudk,f cdkifcdkifrmrm
qkyu f ikd &f yfwnfc&hJ if;edik if aH &;pdw"f gwt f jynfph pftm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &;awmfveS af &;
0d^mOftwde@J vufawG@aexdik v f KS yf&mS ;az: jycJyh gw,f//
1967ckEpS x f rJ mS vufeufcs opPmazguf bcufw@kd &@J vufcsuef @J rcifrmat; tzrf;cHc&hJ
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pcef ; xJ r S m zrf ; qD ; xd e f ; od r f ; cH c J h & ygw,f / / rd e f ; rom;ayrJ h a&}unf t d k i f x J r S m
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1972 ckESpfavmufu pjyD;/ tudk}uD;udkvSa&$ eJ@ jyefvnftwlaexdkifcGifh
wausmjh yef&&Scd }hJ ujy;D wJah emuf ouFe;f useG ;f zufrmS }uufjcaH v;wnfjy;D toufarG;cJ}h uygw,f/
/ 1982 ckEpS rf mS tud}k uD;udv k aS &$vJ usaemfw@kd awGe@J twl tzrf;cH& axmifus&csed rf mS
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tud}k u;D udv k aS &$qu D wqifh tr}u;D &J@aemufco H rdik ;f a}umif;awGukd ta}umif;tm;avsmpf mG

58
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usaemf w d k @ awG }um;od a ecJ h & &if ; / &if ; ES D ; aecJ h & &mu usaemf u d k , f w d k i f axmif u
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armifESr&if;jcmozG,fjzpfvmcJh&ygw,f// ouFef;usGef;xJrSm usaemf 0ifcsifovdk0if
xGufcsifovdk xGuf/ usaemfhtwGufwHcg;r&Sd'g;r&SdwJhtdrf okH;tdrf&Sd&mrSm/ usaemfhtuFsD
t0wftpm;xkyyf g xm;&m udZk ifvif;&J@ tdref @J Adv k "f rR}uD;tdrjf yD;&if/ tr}uD;rcifrmat;
&J@trd [ f mvJ xdyq f ;Hk ae&mu ygcyhJ gw,f// &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyu Hk mv}u;D twGi;f rSmawmh
tudk}uD;udkvSa&$eJ@ twGJrsm;&if;/ tr}uD;wdk@tdrfrSmyJ tdyfjzpfcJhwmawGvJ awmfawmf
rsm;ygw,f// ta&;awmfykHumv}uD;twGif; neufoefaumiftxd edkifiHa&;udpPawG
ta}umif; edik if aH &;vSKy&f mS ;rSKawGta}umif; av;av;eufeufajym}uqd}k utjrifzvS,}f u&m
pum;0dik ;f awGxrJ mS tr}uD;vJ wufwuf}uG}uGyg0ifcyhJ gw,f//
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tpm;awG y g xm;&m ud k Z if v if ; (,ck - xd k i f ; ed k i f i H - bef a umuf ) &J @ td r f t }um;
vrf;w0ufavmufrmS &Syd gw,f// tr}uD;u vd&k r,f& 0ifv@kd xu G vf @kd &atmif usaemfu h kd
tpDtpOf&dS &St d ar#mt f jrif}uD;}uD;eJ@ ac:oGm;jyD; jyoxm;wmjzpfygw,f//
tr}uD;eJ@ tud}k uD;udv k aS &$[m wuUov kd af usmif;om;b0uwnf;u wuo/

59
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&yfwnfcsuw f /l b0wl-pwJh pwJh ‘wlav;wl’eJ@vJ udu k n f cD }hJ uwJh taz:rGeaf wGvkd v h J
pHerlemxljy;D ajymr,fqkd ajymedik af yrJ/h usaemft h jrifrmS tr}u;D rcifrmat;eJ@tud}k u;D udv k aS &$
t}um;/ tifrwefukd rwlwmawGvJ &Sad ew,fv@kd ajymvdu k cf siyf gw,f// tJ'gawGuawmh -
tudk}uD;&J@toGifo¾mefu vSKyf&Sm;wuf}uGaeoavmuf/ tr}uD;&J@ ykHo¾mefu
at;at;aq;aq;eJ@ jidrjf idro f ufouf &Syd gw,f// tud}k uD;u pum;udk &$e;f &$e;f a0atmif
tmoGufv#moGuf ajymwwfqdkwwfoavmuf tr}uD;uawmh at;at;nifom
ajymwwfqw kd wfygw,f/ tud}k u;D u &SL;&SL;&Sm;&Sm;edik o f avmuf tr}u;D u wnfwnfjird jf ird f
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aygi;f pnf;rSK’ ozG,f jrifrad ewJt h cgawGvJ &Scd zhJ ;l ygw,f// bmyJjzpfjzpf toGio f ¾mefxuf
tESpo f m&oabmt&uawmh/ vdu k zf ufnw D hJ awmfveS af &;ZeD;armifEv HS @kd yJ uifyeG ;f wyf&rSm
jzpfygw,f// ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usif&mrSm/ wdk;wufwJhtjrift,ltqawGudk
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armifESHtwGJwwGJvdk@yJ ajym&rSmyg// udkvSa&$ u tr}uD;rcifrmat;udk &Hzef&Hcg
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&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;rod& yg// rcifrmat;u ytdk0fhaoG; ygvdk@ ytdk0fhpum;yJ jzpfrvm;/
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60
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rarhedkifp&mtjzpftysufygyJ// tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfwdk@ &JabmfawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk
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tajctaeu &efuek u f ae e,fzufqif;jyD; ,m,DyjJ zpfjzpf a&Smifwrd ;f aezd@k vdt k yfvmjyD
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61
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usaemfv h ckd siv f @kd csxm;wmrsm;&Sad e&if vGaJ tmif/ zswu f eJ vSn0hf ifrvd@k tcsed af pmifah ewmyJ’
vd@k cyfw;kd wd;k &Si;f jyvdu k yf gw,f// trrcifrmat;u wyfxm;wJrh suEf mS ay:u rsurf eS u f kd
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62
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vk;H trSww f & pmtkyt f jzpf tkyaf & &meJ@csD jyD;/ v#Kd @0u S &f u
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olu, kd w f ikd f ol@vufa&;eJ@ wapmifu;l a&;ay;xm;wJt h wGuf ESpaf pmif&adS e&wm jzpfygw,f/
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wapmifudkawmh tjcm;wae&mrSm tyfESHxm;cJhygw,f// tJ'gudk rE Wav;tjrJpdrf;u
udkwifaX;(axmifESpf&Snf us cHcJh&jyD;aemuf-tck uG,fvGefoGm;&Sm)u &efukefu
usaemftyfxm;cJw h hJ vlwOD;qDtxd rjzpfjzpfatmifomG ;a&muf awmif;,lvmcJjh yD;aemuf
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64
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yg0ifaecJhygw,f// tJ'gudk tr}uD;rcifrmat;u aumif;aumif;od&Sd rSwfrdaecJhjyD;/
tr}uD ; eJ @ quf q H a &;&S d w J h / tr}uD ; eJ @ eD ; pyf w J h / &ef u k e f u ausmif ; om;or*~ u
ausmif;om;av;awGwcsKd @u &Spaf v;vk;H ESpEf pS af jrmufpmtkypf mwrf;xkwaf 0jzef@csrd KS awG
vk y f c sif v mwJ h t cg/ tr}uD ; qD tyf E S H x m;cJ h z l ; wJ h usaemf h & J @ ‘1350jynf h ta&;
awmfykH’uAsm&Snfpmrl}uD;udk xkwfay;vdkufjyD; usaemfh&J@ v#dK@0Sufuavmifemrnf
‘rsKd ;aZ’qdw k mudyk g wyfay;vdu k yf Hk &ygw,f//'gah }umifh &efuek x f w k f uAsmpmtkyrf mS uawmh
uavmifemrnfyg ygaejyD;/ rE aW v;xkwu f awmh uavmifemrnfwyfxm;jcif; r&Scd yhJ g//
uAsmuawmh twlwyl J jzpfayrJ/h &efuek x f wk uf rE aW v;xkwv f kd qdu k &f nS f r[kwyf g // 'g[m
tr}uD;&J@ csed cf sed q f qpOf;pm;rSek @J twl usaemfu h ,kd pf m; vkyaf qmifomG ;csuw f ck jzpfygw,f/
/ bmyJajymajym usaemft h wGuaf wmh trSw&f p&mwcktjzpf trSw&f ae&ygawmhw,f//
aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh usaemfvJ rE aW v;rSmudk qufvufaevd@k r&awmhavmufatmif
tjzpfoepfrsKd ;pkeH @J }uKaH wG@&ifqikd cf &hJ jy;D wJah emuf e,fpyfrsO;f udk ausmv f eG vf mcJ&h ovd/k treJ@vJ
wcgru S kd jyefvnfqaHk wG@eikd cf iG hf r&&awmhygb;l // 'gayrJh tr&J o h wif;awG
udak wmh usaemf tjrJvv kd kd em;pGiahf ecJrh yd gw,f//
1993 ckEpS u f ek cf ge;D rSmawmh usaemf&h ifxJ xdwu f eJjzpfomG ;apcJw h /hJ treJ@ywfoufwhJ
owif;wck }um;vdu k &f jyefygw,f//tJ'guawmh tr}u;D rcifrmat;wa,muf edik if aH &;rSKeJ@
tzrf;cHvdkuf&jyefjyD qdkwJhowif;ygyJ// tr}uD;[m b,ftajctaeatmufrSmyJjzpfjzpf
ed k i f i H a &;pd w f " gwf t jynf h / awmf v S e f a &;pd w f " gwf t jynf h e J @ ed k i f i H a &;vk y f i ef ; awG u d k
wwfedkifoavmuf tqufrjywfvkyfaerSmyJ jzpfw,fqdkwmudkawmh usaemfudk,fwdkif
od&Sdem;vnfxm;jyD;jzpfayrJh/ vifa,mufusm;jzpfol tudk}uD;udk,fwdkif axmifxJu
xGuv f medik jf cif;r&Sad o;wJt h csed rf mS tr}uD;ud, k w f ikd f axmifx0J if& jyefwmtay:rSmawmh/
awmfawmfukd pdwx f xd cd u kd cf ukd f cHpm;vdu k &f ygw,f// tr}uD;uawmh ol&aJ umif;pdw"f gwf
tjynfheJ@yJ &ifaumhrysuf axmifxJ 0ifjyoGm;cJhygw,f// tJ'Dvdk 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf
tr}uD;rcifrmat; axmifx0J ifc&hJ wJah e@[m/ 1993 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (24)&ufae@//
tr}uD;axmifx0J ifc&hJ wJt h a}umif;uawmh/ tr}uD;b0wm wavsmufv;Hk
tr}u;D ud, k w f ikd yf g0ifvKS yf&mS ;cJ&h mvJjzpf/tr}u;D ud, k w f ikd &f @J oHa,mZOft}u;D qk;H vJ jzpfcw hJ /hJ
Auo - Auo - Auo qdw k meJ@ qufE, G yf wfoufaerSK a}umifyh J jzpfygw,f//rsKd ;qufopf
AuoawG e J @ txd quf E G , f y wf o uf a ewJ h trS K eJ @ tzrf ; cH c J h & wm jzpf y gw,f / /
wqufwnf;rSmyJ ajym&r,fq&kd if- e0wppftpd;k & &J@ ,kw, f w k rf mrm pwifjyKvkyv f mcJwh /hJ

65
tvif;tdrf
t&Surf &Sd twkta,miftrsKd ;om;nDvmcH}uD;tay: jywfjywfom;om;qef@usiaf z:xkwf
zG i f h c s cJ h } urS K eJ @ vJ wd k u f & k d u f ywf o uf a eygw,f / / e0wppf t pd k ; &u t&S u f r &S d
rsuEf mS ajymifwu kd jf yD;/ tedik &f wJh tJet f ,fv'f u D kd tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;tyf&r,ft h pm;/
rw&m;ojzifh ,kw, f w k rf mrm npfenf;ya'omeJ@ pwifusi;f yjyKvkyv f mcJw h hJ trsKd ;om;nD
vmcH qdw k m}uD;ud/k tJ't D rsKd ;om;nDvmcH qdw k meJ@ywfoufjyD;/ tJ'w D ek ;f u ‘Auo’u
uef@uu G af usnmcsuf wapmif xkwjf yefc&hJ mrSm/ a':cifrmat;u jzef@a0cJw h ,fqw kd hJ pGcJ suef @J
tr}uD;udk axmifcs cJw h m jzpfygw,f// e0wppftpd;k & u tr}uD;udk axmif'%f(3)ESpcf s
rSwcf yhJ gw,f// csrw S cf w hJ hJ axmif'%ftwdik ;f (3)ESpjf ynfah tmifukd axmifxrJ mS tr}uD;
axmif'%ftjynfah ecJ&h ygw,f//
usaemfu tr}uD;&J@ pdwf"gwfeJ@ydkif;ydkif;jzwfjzwf&SdrSKawGtay: ta0;uaeyJ
tqufrjywf}um;em owd&aecJ&h ygw,f// usaemfw@kd vJ a&muf&mae&m us&mt&yfuae
ppftm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &;tvHukd jrifjh rifrh m;rm;v$ix hf l xm;cJ}h uovd/k trwd@k vJ ppftm
%m&Sifpepfqef@usifa&;tvHudk jywfjywfom;om; *k%fa&mifajymifajymifv$ifhxl
xm;cJh}uwmudkawmh av;pm;p&m }um;odaecJh&ygw,f// tEkynmorm;wydkif;jzpfwJh
usaemfu usaemfydkifqdkifxm;wJh usaemfh&J@ uavmifav;eJ@ awmfvSefpmapmifawG&J@
pmrsuf E S m awG a y: usaemf w wf t m;or# &k y f y k H v $ m av;awG pmuAsmav;awG u d k
zGJ@qdka&;om;aerdpOfrSm/ pmayudk 0goemxkHvS jrwfedK;vGef;vSwJh trudkvJ r}umc%
owd&rdaecJyh gw,f//
usaemfa&;om;cJzh ;l *k%jf yK OD;n$wcf zhJ ;l wJh tud}k uD;OD;ndK0if;/ udw k ifarmif0if;/
OD;pdef0if;-pwJh cGyfa'gif;a&S@aqmif&Jabmf}uD;awGudk usaemfhvdkyJ &kyfykHv$mjc,fo
*k % f j yKvmavol uavmif w acsmif ; ud k ‘rd k ; }ud K ;’pmrsuf E S m awG a y:rS m 199*
ckEpS af emufyikd ;f rSm &Hzef&cH g awG@jrifowdxm;rdvmcJyh gw,f// yxremrfpm; ‘usaemf’ eJ@yJ
a&;om;xm;wm awG@jrif&wJt h wGu/f ud, k xhf u
J ,kd [hf mxJuyJ aerSmqdw k mudak wmh pdwx f rJ mS
oabmayguv f u kd rf ad yrJ/h trsKd ;om;wa,mufv@kd yJ xifrw S af ecJrh yd gw,f// aemufawmhrS -
tJ'D‘nHZH’ qdkwJh uavmif&Sif[m tr}uD; rcifrmat;jzpfaew,fqdkwmudk wpkHw
a,mufqu D odvu kd &f &if;/ usaemf&h ifxrJ mS }unf}unfe;l el;ausauseyfeyf cHpm;vdu k &f ygw,f/
/ trudk onfx h ufonf pmawG &kyyf v Hk m$ awG a&;apcsiv f ukd w
f mvd@k ar#mv f ifh ,k}H unf
aerdwek ;f yJ &Sad o;/
tckawmhvJ - tr&,f - -

66
tvif;tdrf
(4)
tckvJ ydawmufawGa&m ikawGa&m yifv;Hk usw G af tmif yGi}hf ujyefjyD tra&
1990jynfh aEGwek ;f uawmh/ tckvkd tcsed }f uD;rSmyJ ‘ydawmufe@J ik aEGrmS
vSdKifw,f ’vdk@ ajymcJh qdkcJh}u a}uG;a}umfcJh}uzl;ygw,f// e0wppftpdk;&u arvrSm
ygwpD aHk &G;aumufyq JG wkd m}uD;udk usi;f yawmhr,fv@kd ausnmxm;wJh tcg}uD;r[kwv f m;//
tckvJ 'De0w wjzpfvJ etzqdw k hJ ppftm%m&Si&f ;l }uD;awGu arvrSmyJ
jynfvkH;usGwfqENcH,lyGJqdkwm}uD;udk usif;yjyKvkyfoGm;r,f vdk@ npfenf;ya'omeJ@
ausnmxm;jyefjy/D usaemfw@kd b,fvkd jyefvnfausnma}u;G a}umf}urvJ/ b,fenf;eJ@jzpfjzpf
ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd qefu h siw f ukd yf 0JG ifomG ;&r,f qdw k m usaemfw@kd wawG oabmw&m;
t&a&m vufawG@t&yg tjrif&Sif;jyD; tawG;&Sif;jyD; taoG;xJua&m ESvkH;xJua&m
t&k;d xJuyg jywfjywfom;om; &Si;f vif;jyD;om;jzpfygw,f//
'Dvt kd csed rf mS tr}uD;wd@k vkd ‘Zlvikd f cGyaf 'gi;f ’}uD;awG&@J tm;eJ@rmefe@J
wG e f u sL;oH a wG u d k v J trd a jruvS r f ; vif h a r#mf & nf a eqJ t csd e f r S m yJ / tr}uD ; u
wrvGecf &D;wckqD xGucf gG omG ;cJjh yD qdak wmh-
awmfawmfukd a}uuGpJ &m ygyJ // tud}k uD;OD;ndK0if;/ udw k ifarmif0if;/ udpk ed 0f if;
wd@k vkd wduk yf 0JG ifcyG af 'gi;f a&S@aqmif}uD;awGtay:tr[m wm0efausaus rSwrf w S o
f m;om;
&kyfykHv$ma&;zGJ@ rSwfwrf;wifoGm;cJhovdk/ tr&J@ cGyfa'gif;pdwf"gwf cGyfa'gif;toJ eJ@
ppftm%m&Sifpepftay: b0wmwavsmufvkH; jywfjywfom;om;wdkufyGJqifoGm;cJhwJh
ol&aJ umif;yDowJh awmfveS af &;0dOmOfuv kd J usaemfuawmh -
usaemfwwfeikd o f avmuf &kyyf v Hk m$ jc,fovdu k yf g jyD// jzpfeikd &f if wrvGeb f 0
qdwk muae }um;edik f jrifeikd f odeikd af pcsipf rf;yg bdw,f?
(0if;wifx
h eG ;f )
21-4-2008
( 11 - 4 - 08 ae@u uG,v
f eG o
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f &
OD;n$wv f ukd yf gw,f// )

67
tvif;tdrf
(1)
“jref rmppftpd;k &[m Edik if w H um ulnu D ,fq,fa&; vkyo f m;tm;vk;H udk
wdik ;f jynfx0J if+yD; ulnu D ,fq,fa&;awG aqmif&u G zf @kd oabmwlvu kd +f yD” vd@k 2008 ckEpS f
arv (23)&ufae@rSm ukvor*~twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf rpPwmbefuDrGef;u ajym=um;
vduk yf gw,f?
Advk cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; oef;a&$EiS hf =uyfajy;aejynfawmfrmS ESpef m&D=um awG@qaHk qG;aEG;
t+yD;rSm tckvkd xkwaf zmfajymqdv k u kd w f m jzpfygw,f?
“b,fol r0if&bl;/ b,foyl J 0ifyg?”
“vl rvmeJ@/ ypPn;f yJ yd@k yg?”
qdw k mawGajym+y;D wjiif;xJ jiif;aewJh ppftpd;k &u wr[kwcf si;f bmawGjzpfomG ;
wmvJ?
rpPwm befurD eG ;f ESihf (2)em&D=um pum;ajymvdu k ±f rHk #EiS hf 180 'D*&D csucf si;f
ajymif;+yD; ‘*’ i,fauG@ auG@csvu kd w f mu bmjzpfomG ;wmvJ?
(2)
wu,f o mqd k & if 'D o wif ; u
b,frufvkH;a~umifh r*Fvm owif;yg?'Dvdkowif;rsKd;qdkwm
vlwdkif; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfoGm;Edkif
avmufwJh owif;rsKd;yg?'gayr,fh usaemf
acgif;ndrfhvdkufwmvJ h h 0rf;omvd@k r&bl;?
usaemf Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@tkyfpkudk
r,kb H ;l ?‘ajcovk;H jrifvu kd wf mESihf iaw}uD;
ZGefrd_if; rSe;f odygw,f’ qdw k hJ tnmom; pum;vkyd J
'D p pf t k y f p k & J Œ oabm obm0 awG u d k
b0ESi&hf if;+y;D aemausaeatmif odxm;=uwJh usaemfw@dk jrefrmjynfoal wGtzk@d 'Dowif;[m
awmfawmf oHo,jzpfp&maumif; w,f? 'Dowif;udk =um;vdu k &f wmESihf w+yKd ief uf “a[;”
vd@k atmf[pf0rf;omoGm;=u&r,ft h pm; h h h
usaemfw@dk jrefrmjynfoal wGuawmh 'Dowif;tay:rSm yxr tHt h m;oifrh ,f/
aemufæ ppftyk pf k bmtaygucf sK;d vdu k w f mvJv@dk oHo, jzpfr,f?
+y;D awmh æ “b,frufv;Hk a=umifh acgi;f ndrv hf u kd w
f mvJ”/ “b,f pd;k &drpf w d af =umifh
xGuaf yguw f cktjzpf ‘gukd vufcH vdu k w f mvJ” qdw k m quf+yD; tuJcwfr,f?

68
tvif;tdrf
'g[m æ ppftyk pf &k ŒJ ‘b,fajcmufcg nmvSr;f wwfwhJ r&d;k rom; vky[ f efawG’udk
t}udr}f udrt f cgcg cg;aumhatmif cHc=hJ u&wJh ck vufawG@vnf; cHae=u&wJh jrefrmjynfol
awG&ŒJ pOf;pm;qifjcifwhJ enf;emjzpfygw,f?
'Dtwkid ;f yJ pOf;pm;=uvdrrhf ,f?
b,forl S 0rf;om&J=ur,f/ tjynft h 0 0rf;omEdik =f ur,f r[kwaf ybl;vk@d usaemf
ajym0Hw h ,f?
(3)
ppftyk pf &k ŒJ w&m;0ifxw k jf yefcsurf mS awmif
rkew f ikd ;f a=umifh aoqk;H ol (77738) OD;
aysmufq;Hk ol (55917) OD;
'%f&m&ol (19359) OD; &So d mG ;yg+yD?
ukvor*~EiS hf tjcm; ulnu D ,fq,fa&;tzG@J rsm;&JŒ cef@reS ;f xkwaf zmf ajymqdk
csuaf wGrmS aoqk;H ol[m tenf;qk;H (134000) ausmf &Srd mS jzpf+yD; td;k rJt h rd rf hJ jzpfomG ;ol
OD;a&[m (2)oef;cGaJ vmuf tenf;qk;H &Sv d rd rhf ,fv@kd azmfjyygw,f?
'g[m 'Dae@txd cef@reS ;f xkwaf zmfxm;csuaf wGyg? ae@pOfEiS t hf r# wd;k vmEdik af o;wJh
ude;f *%ef;awG jzpfygw,f?
aomufp&m a&r&S/d
pm;p&m xrif; r&S/d
aep&m em;p&m tdrrf &S/d
ac:p&m ajymp&m aqGrsK;d r&S/d
tm;ud;k p&m cdv k pH_ &m umuG,af pmifah &Smufr,fo h l r&S/d
qdwk hJ taetxm;awGatmufrmS æ
tcsed rf a&G; aopm&if;[m wk;d oGm;Edik w f ,f? puUe@f EiS t hf r# tajctaeawG[m
ydyk kd qd;k oGm;Edik w
f ,f?
umv0rf;a&m*gEiS hf aorvm;/
tla&mifief;zsm;ESihf aorvm;/
iSuzf sm; zsm;+yD; aorvm;/
tpmiwf a&iwfjzpf+yD; aorvm;/
xdcu kd 'f %f&mawG tem&if; tem0if+yD; aorvm;/

69
tvif;tdrf
a¹rGyg; uif;yg;xdv@dk aorvm;/
aojcif;[m puUe@f EiS t hf r# t+cdr;f ajcmufcaH e&wmyg?
'D'u k aQ wGxu J ae 'kuo Q nfwpfa,mufpw D ikd ;f wpfa,mufpw D ikd ;f udk tcsed rf D tcgrD
ulnu D ,fq,fz@dk upd [ P m t"dutm; jzifh tpd;k &vk@d ac:wJh Adv k o
f ef;a&$w@dk tkypf rk mS wm0ef
t&Sq d ;Hk jzpfygw,f?
Edik if oH m; wpfa,mufpw D ikd ;f wpfa,mufpw D ikd ;f &J@ touft;kd tdrf pnf;pdraf wGukd
umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&r,fh t"duwm0eft&Sq d ;kH tzG@J tpnf;[m wdik ;f jynf&@J tm%mudk
&,lxed ;f ;odr;f xm;wJh tpd;k &tzG@J yJ jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh usaemfw@kd 'gukd em;vnfygw,f? 'Dupd [ P m tm;vH;k 0dik ;f vkyrf S &awmh
r,ft h vkyf jzpfo;G +yDqw kd mudk usaemfw@kd em;vnf=uygw,f?
'Dupd u P rEdik 0f efjzpfae+yD?
tpd;k &wzG@J wnf; 'Dupd u P kd b,fvrkd S rEdik Ef ikd af wmhb;l ?
+yD;awmh 'Dupd rP sK;d [m vsm;}uD;eH&n S f pDru H ed ;f cs+yD; wa&GŒa&GŒvkyv f @dk &wJh udpv P nf;
r[kwb f ;l ?
tke;f yifukd zuf+y;D rkew f ikd ;f a=umifw h ufvmwJh 'Da&awGxrJ mS toufvak e&wJh olukd
u,fz@kd q&kd if 'Dvl vuftaH o+yD; jyKwfruscifrmS u,f&vdrrhf ,f?
7 &uf 8 &ufaerS oGm;u,fvdkufygOD;r,fvdk@ vkyfvkd@&wJh trsKd;r[kwfbl;?
&ufqikd ;f aevd@k &wJt h vkyrf sKd ; r[kwb f ;l ?
'gukd em;vnf=uvk@d /
ppftyk pf u k [efaqmifyefaqmif vl=unfah umif;±k/H wDA&GD u kd af umif;±kH u,fae±kEH iS hf
ulnaD e±kEH iS hf b,fvrkd S rvkaH vmuf bl;qdw k m em;vnf=uvk@d / te,fe,f t&yf&yfu
pmem=uwJh jynfoal wG æ
&&mtxkyq f +JG yD; &efuek q f if;vm=uw,f/ tJ'u D wqifh {&m0wDjrpf0u|e;f ay:udk
qufqif;=uw,f?
pmay tEkynm&Siaf wG/ *Dw ynm&Siaf wG/ oDcsi;f a&;q&mawG/ tqdak wmfawG/
±kyf&Sifrif;orD;awG/ rif;om;awG/ o±kyfaqmifawG/ 'g±dkufwmawG/ ema&;ulnDwJh
udak usmo f w l @kd vkd tzG@J awG/ aemufq;Hk oDw*l q&mawmf}uD;ygrusef qif;vm=u w,f?
vlpw d &f o
dS l b,forl qdk æ
rdbawG tukev f ;Hk a&xJygomG ;+yDqw kd hJ cav;awGtwGuf

70
tvif;tdrf
cav;awG tm;vk;H a&xJygomG ;+yDqw kd hJ rdbawGtwGuf
a&mufwahJ e&muae pmem=u/ pdwrf aumif;jzpf=u/ pk=u/ aqmif;=u/ tvSLcH=u
qdw k mawGvyk +f yD; 'kuo Q nfawGqD ta&muf ajy;+yD; uln=D uw,f?
'gu jynfwiG ;f u?
Edik if w
H umuvnf; æ
b,f v d k t ul t nD a y;&rvJ / aq;vm;/ tpm;tpmvm;/ q&m0ef v m;/
u|r;f usiv f yk o f m;vm;/ vlaoaumifawGxnh+f yD; odr;f &r,fh tdwaf wGvm;/
tJ'gawGukd ta&mufy@kd z@dk / od@k r[kwf raoao;bJ touf&iS af eao;wJh rkew f ikd ;f ESihf
toufvak e&wJh olawGukd oGm;a&muf&mS azGu,fq,fz@dk bmvdo k vJ/ armfawmfbw k vf m;/
urf;wufa&,mOfvm;/ &[wf,mOfvm;/ aq;ukocef;yg tjynfw h wfqifxm;wJh oabFm
i,fvm; ?
b,fvakd y;&rvJ/ bmawGay;&rvJ ?
war;wnf; ar;ae=uw,f?
oH±;Hk awGrmS ADZmapmifah e=uw,f?
0ufqu kd uf / tifwmeufuae apmif=h unfah e=uw,f?
wae@wjcm;'kuaQ wG ydyk }kd u;D vmwmawG@avav/ “ulnyD g&ap jrefjrefciG jhf yKyg”vd@k
oH±;Hk awGomG ;+yD; arwWm&yfc=H u/ wifjy tultnDawmif;=u vky=f uw,f?
w&ufvnf; r&/ ESp&f ufvnf; r&/ ok;H &ufvnf; r&/ q,f&ufvnf; r&=uawmh
oH±kH;awGa&SŒrSm ADZmwef;aewJh ulnDcsifol EdkifiHjcm;om; ynm&SifawG/
ulnu D ,fq,fa&;vkyo f m;awG id=k u/ ,k=d u/ rsu&f nfawGEiS hf oHwikd zf uf+yD; arwWm&yfc=H u /
b,fvrkd S rjzpfoifh rjzpftyfwhJ jzpf&yfawG jzpfae=u&ygw,f?
tJ'jD zpf&yfawGEiS hf wjydKifeufwnf; jzpfysuaf ewJh jynfwiG ;f u jrifuiG ;f awGu
azmif;um;aewJh vlaotavmif;aw/G
vwmjyifxrJ mS wk;H vk;H yufvuf/ arSmufv#uw f csKŒd / yufvufwcsKŒd /
u|aJ oaumifyw k /f EGm;aoaumifyw k af wG v,fuoif;±d;k ab;rSm/ wHwm;usK;d
ab;rSm/"edawm tpyfrmS æ
(4)
tJ'v D kd jynfwiG ;f ua&m Edik if w
H umuyg ulnyD g&ap/ 'kuaQ &mufaeolawGukd
0dik ;f u,f=u&atmif/ tjrefq;Hk yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G yf g&apvd@k awmif;qdak ewJh toHawGukd

71
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b,folwm;xm;wmvJ?Edkifor# 0dkif;xrf;aewJh jynfwGif;u tv#L&SifawGudk b,fol
wm;vm;qD;vm; vkyaf ewmvJ?
ADZmxkwrf ay;bJ ayuyfuyf vkyaf ewm b,fov l /J
ypPn;f omyd@k yg/ vlrvmyge@J v@dk rpOf;rpm; ajymaewm b,fov l ?J
ud,k u
f , kd wf ikd f rEdik af wmh&if olrsm;udk tultnDac:&wm "rRwmyJ?
'Duyfab;}uD;udk udk,fhtm;ESifh r±kef;Edkifawmhbl; aocsm+yDqkd&if jynfwGif;ESifh
EdkifiHwumu tultnDawGudk tjrefqkH; vufcH/ tjrefqkH; u,fq,f/ tjrefqkH;
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G =f u&rSmyJ r[kwv f m;?
toufwacsmif; u,fEikd &f if toufwacsmif;/
toufwaomif;u,fEikd &f if toufwaomif;
puUe@f rqdik ;f rem;wrf; tajy;tv$m; u,fq,f=u&r,f r[kwb f ;l vm;?
qef Ed@k qAD ;l (7)vk;H / qD (10) om;/ =uufoeG ef D (2) O/ tmvl; (3)vk;H ay;+yD;&Hrk # ESihf
“usaemfw@dk tjynft h 0 ulnaD eygw,f? u,fq,fa&;vkyif ef;awG +yD;oGm;yg+yD/ jyefvnf
wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;awGyJ usefygawmhw,f” vkd@ ajymxGufwJh 0ef}uD;csKyfrsKd;udk
usaemfawmh tH=h ovk@d tp rqk;H bl;?
(5)
usaemfw@dk jrefrmvlrsK;d qdw

k m ody&f u
S w
f wfw,f?
b,favmuf}uD; pm;csifpm;csif/ b,favmuf}uD; iwfaeae/ b,fawmhrS
awmif;rpm;bl;?
olrsm;vmau|;&ifawmif pm;&rSm tm;emwwf=uw,f?
tck[mu æ
vrf;ab;rSm ykqpfuav;awG wkw+f yD;/ 'l;uav;awGaxmuf+yD;/ oHyef;uefjym;
av;awG acgi;f ay:&Gu+f yD; +rdKŒvk;H u|wf xGuf awmif; ae=u&+yD?
acguqf aJG jcmufxyk af v; wxky&f zk@d um;aemufu twif;vdu
k +f yD;awmif;=u/
um;ay:u ypftcsrmS 'l;awGuJG xrdeaf wG+yJ vk+y;D aumuf=u/ aemufwxkyf uscJ svkd uscJ sjim;
um;aemufudk uref;uwrf; vJ&mu x+yD; ajy;vdkuf=u/ t&SufawG oduQmawGudk
iJrh =unfEh ikd af wmhavmufatmif jzpfuek =f u&+yD?

72
tvif;tdrf
'gawG[m æ tm&Swu kd &f ŒJ tvSyqk;H Edik if /H
ta&S@awmiftm&Swv$m;rSm wcsed u f trsm;wum tm;usccH &hJ zl;wJh Edik if /H
“Golden land Myanmar, Come and see Myanmar”vd@k tqda k wmf au*smEl;
MRTV 4 rSm reufwi kd ;f eD;yg; zdwzf w d af ewJh Edik if /H
wdik ;f a’o}uD; (24) ckrmS w+ydKifeufwnf; wajy;nDz@HG +zKd;wd;k wufvma&;twGuf
pDru H ed ;f awGcs+y;D pepfwus wnfaqmuf r_awG aqmif&u G af y;aeygw,fv@dk Adv k af usmq f ef;wk@d
Adv
k o f ed ;f pdew f @dk ±kyjf rifo=H um;zefom;jyifay:rSm [efEiS hf yefEiS hf r=umr=um xGux f u G af jymaewJh
EdkifiH/
tJ'DEdkifiH/ usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;&J@ trdjrefrmEdkifiHrSm 'Dae@jrifawG@=u&r,fh/
jrifawG@ae&wJh jrifuiG ;f awG jzpfc=hJ u&yg+yD?
'D j zpf & yf a wG u awmh b,f a cwf b ,f t cgurS r&S d c J h z l ; wJ h r=um;cJ h z l ; wJ h
wu,fah =uuGzJ , G f tjzpfq;kd awG jzpfc=hJ u&yg+yD?
(6)
em*pfrkefwdkif; owfvkd@aowJh OD;a&xuf ppftkyfpku ypfxm;vkd@ raooifhyJ
xyfxyfao=u&wJh OD;a&u ydrk sm; rsm;avrvm; usaemf oHo, jzpfrw d ,f?
u,f&r,ft h csed rf mS ru,fbJ ypfxm;wm/
u,fcsiyf gw,f/ u,fyg&ap qdw k hJ apwem&Siaf wGu G kd u,fwifciG hf ulncD iG hf ray;yJ
a&S@u umqD;umqD;vkyaf ewm/
u,faeygw,fvkd@ ajym+yD; wu,f vufawG@rSmu u,fcsifa,mifaqmif&Hk
omaqmif+yD; ru,fyJ ypfxm;wm/
tJ'Dvdk rvkyfoifhwmawGudk vkyfvdk@/ rusL;vGefoifhwmawGudk usL;vGefvkd@
vlawGxyfxyf+yD; aoqk;H ae=u&wm[m æ
ppftyk pf u k 0efco H nfjzpfap/ 0efrcHonfjzpfap
'g[m ppftyk pf u k um,uHajrmuf usL;vGev f ukd w f hJ vlowfra_ wG jzpfw,fv@dk
usaemf pGcJ suw f ifcsiw f ,f? tJ'v D kd vlrsK;d u/ tJ'aD vmuf apwema&m todw&m;a&m
crf;ajcmufacgi;f yg;aewJh vlrsKd ;u
rpPwm befurD eG ;f ESihf (2)em&D=um awG@vu kd cf gr#EiS hf aumufcgiifcg pdwaf wGajymif;
oGm;+yD; tultnDawGtm;vk;H / ulnu D ,fq,fa&; vkyo f m;awGtm;vk;H udk vufcrH ,fv@dk
qdv k u kd wf phJ um;&J@ t"dyg` ,u f æ

73
tvif;tdrf
etz ppftyk pf [ k m vlx&k ŒJ ayguu f v
JG mawmhr,fh a'goudk a=umufv@dk /
Edik if wH umu vk+H cKH a&;aumifp&D ŒJ cGijhf yKcsuu f kd rapmifah wmhbJ jzpfwehJ nf;ESihf 0if+y;D
ulnaD wmhr,fqw kd hJ (Humanitarian Intervention) udk a&SmifvcJ$ siv f @kd/
'grrS [kwf
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf vdktyfw,fqdk+yD; etz EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;
OD;^m%f0if; wifjyawmif;qdx k m;wJh tar&duef a':vm oef;aygi;f 11700 (11 'or 7
bDv, D rf) qdw k hJ aiGxyk }f uD;udk vdck siw f yfrufv@dk ?
'gyJ jzpf&r,f? 'guvJ&G if wjcm; rjzpfEikd b f ;l ?
Adv k o f ef;a&$w@dk tkypf u k jrefrmjynfoal wGukd cspv f eG ;f vk@d / pmemvGe;f vk@d /
'kuaQ &mufaewJh rkew f ikd ;f oifh jynfoal wGukd cspv
f eG ;f vk@d / pmemvGe;f vk@d
'Dpum;udk 'Dvdkajymif;+yD; ajymvdkuf&wmygvkd@ Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@ tkyfpku
ajymvm&ifawmh 'DarmifawG t&Suf tawmfenf;ayw,fvdk@ rSwfcsuf cs&if; olwdk@&J@
ajcvSr;f awGukd rsuaf jcrjywf apmif=h unf=h u&ygvrd rhf ,f? ?
ZGerf id_ ;f
24-5-2008
xGufyg+yD//
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;
vdyfpmtwdkif;
qufoG,frSm,lEdkifyg+yD//
wefz;kd ,ef; 2000
ydk hcryg//

74
tvif;tdrf
usaemfwdk h &Gmuav;
aumh o m;
0gqkd 0gacgiaf &awG +uD;vd@k
oajyoD;rSnhf aumufp@kd u, G f
wd@k vnf;vdu
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i,fpOfu ausmif;rSm &Gwq f ckd b
hJ ;l xJh (q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f.) uAsmav; h h h
tckawmh 0grqdck if a&awG}uD;vd@k em*pftEkjrLavrkew f ikd ;f ;u usaemfwkd ah oG;csi;f rsm;
.toufukd ode;f ESichf sI D ac:aqmifomG ;av+yD h h h
oGm;avol rsm;rSm tewW/ useo f rl sm;rSm 'kuQ h h h
a=omf h h h 'Dr;kd 'Dav 'Dval wGeJ h h h h
(1)
&efuek +f rdK rh S 8 em&D pxGuo f nfh atmifjrwfrif;oabmFav; onf a&pD;oef

vSaom &efuek jf rpf. 0J*,ufrsm;/ orŠeif ,frsm; / yifv,fu;l oabFm}uD;rsm;udk a&Smif&if;
wajz;ajz;ckwaf rmif;vm&m &efuek q f yd u f rf;abmwHwm;}u;D rsm;aemufwiG f use&f pfcahJ v+y/D
a&pD;oefvo S nfh jrpfo;kH cGqikd f oefv#upf eG ;f ta&mufwiG f *srm;[kac:aom wHwm;ysu}f u;D
udk vSr;f jrifae&onf// &efuek jf rpfa& ta&mifonf xdak e&mwGif npfax;ax;&Sv d . S // vdi_ ;f
pdyaf v;rsm;jzifh a&*,ufrsm;xaeonfh ae&mwGif jrpfo;kH ckqikd rf S a&pD;a=umifh a&onf
paum0dik ;f aeonfyh rm 0Jxv#u&f o dS nf/ uefawmhxu J kd a&xJv
h u
kd o
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h @kd 0kid ;f 0kid ;f vnf;um
jrpfatmuf=urf;jyifudk qGJac:aeoa,mif&Sdawmh.// xdkae&mwGif oabFm}uD;rsm;
epfjrKyfb;l onf// pufavSrsm; epfjrKyfcb hJ ;l onf// aus;vufc&D;oGm;wd@k . touf0Od mOfrsm;
udkE_wf,lwwfonfh jrpfa=umjzpfonfh tav#muf rmvdefrSL;onf txl;*&kpdkufv#uf
oabFmudk yJuikd u f m armif;ESiaf eonf//
75

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tvif;tdrf

eHeufcif;av; uAsmvd k v d k pmvd k v d k e J @ uAsmryD pm

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

twGif; E_wfquf&if; xGufoGm;onf// ausmif;om;

tjyif wwfcsiv f eG ;f vd@k *syefrmS ynmvm&SmaewJh

(wpf ) zm;wydkif;/ ig;wydkif; ausmif;om;av;yg//

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

tuef h t owf r sm;ES i f h v G w f v yf r S k r sm;

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

“usaemfw@kd rSm tom;usaewJh igqw kd m &Syd gw,f// 'gukd

pmnGe;f // /Identity and Violence ( Amartya Sen)

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

trNu;D rcifrmat; odk h

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

'Dvt kd csed f 'Dvkd or,}uD;rSm -

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

usaemfw@dk jrefrmvlrsK;d qdw

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

Volume2,No.11 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume2,No.11

&efuek +f rdK rh S 8 em&D pxGuo f nfh atmifjrwfrif;oabmFav; onf a&pD;oef

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