Elements Periodic System

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Atin Pujiatmi 4401406016
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Yanuar Tejo K. 4401410005
Yanuar Ari P. 440141000
 History of Periodic Table
• PERKEMBANGAN TABEL PERIODIK UNSUR
• 1. Hukum Triade Dobereiner
• Pada tahun 1829, Johan Wolfgang Dobereiner, seorang
professor kimia di Jerman, mengemukakan bahwa massa atom
relatif Strontium sangat dekat dengan massa rata-rata dari dua
unsur lain yang mirip dengan strontium, yaitu Kalsium dan
Barium. Dobereiner juga menemukan beberapa kelompok unsur
lain seperti itu. Karena itu, Dobereiner mengambil kesimpulan
bahwa unsur-unsur dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam kelompok-
kelompok tiga unsur yang disebutnya Triade. Akan tetapi,
Dobereiner belum berhasil menunjukkan cukup banyak triade
sehingga aturan tersebut bermanfaat.
 Penggambaran triade adalah sebagai
berikut :
TRIADE Ar RATA-RATA UNSUR
TENGAH
CALCIUM 40

STRONSIUM ?

BARIUM 137
 2. Hukum Oktaf Newlands

• Pada tahun 1866, John A.R Newlands seorang ahli kimia

berkebangsaan Inggris mengemukakan bahwa unsur-
unsur yang disusun berdasarkan urutan kenaikan massa
atomnya mempunyai sifat yang akan berulang tiap unsur
kedelapan. Artinya, unsur pertama mirip dengan unsur
kedelapan, unsur kedua mirip dengan unsur kesembilan,
dan seterusnya.
• Sifat keperiodikan unsur berdasarkan urutan kenaikan
massa atom setiap kelipatan delapan dinamakan hukum
oktaf. Saat itu, baru ditemukan 60 unsur. Gas mulia tidak
termasuk dalam pengelompokan sistem oktaf karena
belum ditemukan .
H F Cl Co/Ni Br Pd I Pt
Li Na K Cu Rb Ag Cs TI
Be Mg Ca Zn Sr Cd Ba/V Pb

• Berikut ini disampaikan pengelompokan unsur

berdasarkan hukum oktaf Newlands, yaitu
sebagai berikut :
• H F Cl Co/Ni Br Pd I Pt Li Na K Cu Rb Ag Cs Tl Be
Mg Ca Zn Sr Cd Ba/V Pb B Al Cr Y Ce/La U Ta Th
C Si Ti In Zr Sn W Hg N P Mn As Di/Mo Sb Nb Bi
O S Fe Se Ro/Ru Te Au Os
 Categorization of Elements
The periodic table is divided into three main sections: the metals, the nonmetals, and the
metalloids. Each one of these groups contains elements with similar physical properties.
• Metals
Metals makeup more than 75% of the elements in the periodic
table. Metals are characterized by the following physical properties.
1. They have metallic shine or luster.
2. They are usually solids at room temperature.
3. They are malleable. Malleable means that metals can be
hammered, pounded, or pressed into different shapes without
breaking.
4. They are ductile meaning that they can be drawn into thin sheets
or wires without breaking. 5. They are good conductors of heat and
electricity.
• Nonmetals
There are 17 nonmetals in the periodic table,
and they are characterized by four major
physical properties.
1. They rarely have metallic luster.
2. They are usually gases at room temperature.
3. Nonmetallic solids are neither malleable nor
ductile.
4. They are poor conductors of heat and
electricity.
• Metalloids
The six metalloids are B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, and Te.
The properties of the metalloids have
characteristics in between that of the metals
and the nonmetals. They are good conductors
of heat and electricity, but they are not good
conductors or insulators.
 Characteristic of periodic
from Alkali metals to Boron
Each of these groups are special for the common characteristics their constituent
elements share.
Alkali Metals (Group 1)
- do not occur elementally in nature
- have one valence electron
- have low ionization energies
- form colorless ions, each with a +1 charge
- are reactive metals obtained by reducing the +1 ions in their natural compounds
- are stored under kerosene or other hydrocarbon solvent because they react with
water vapor or oxygen in air
- form water-soluble bases
- are strong reducing agents
- are good conductors of electricity and heat
- are ductile, malleable, and soft enough to be cut with a knife
- have a silvery luster, low density, and a low melting point
Alkaline Earth Metals (2)
- do not occur elementally in nature
- occur most commonly as carbonates, phosphates, silicates, and sulfates
- occur naturally as compounds that are either insoluble or only slightly
soluble in water
- contain two valence electrons
- tend to lose two electrons per atom, forming ions with a +2 charge
- are less reactive than alkali metals
- primarily form ionic compounds
- react with water to form bases and hydrogen gas
- are good conductors of heat and electricity
- are ductile and malleable
- have a silvery luster
- include the naturally radioactive element radium
Transition Metals (3-12)
- consist of metals in groups 3 through 12
- contain one or two valence electrons
- are usually harder and more brittle than metals in groups 1 and 2
- have higher melting and boiling points that metals in groups 1 and 2
- are good conductors of heat and electricity
- are malleable and ductile
- have a silvery luster, except copper and gold
- include radioactive elements 89 through 109
- include mercury, the only metal that is liquid at room temperature
- have chemical properties that tend to differ from each other
- tend to have two or more common oxidation states
- often form colored compounds
- may form complex ions
Boron Family (13)
- do not occur elementally in nature
- are scarce in nature (except aluminum, which is the
most abundant metallic element)
- have three valence electrons
- are metallic (except boron, which is a solid metalloid)
- are soft and have low melting points (except boron,
which is hard and has a high melting point)
- are chemically reactive at moderate temperatures
(except boron)