'MINOR

'-T--: A, C -T- I C,-' S',

.,. "~.',

C H E S S

A "rnEATISE ON Tfl E D:!EP,L()Y ~~~:ENT' OF. TIlE :FORCBS IN OnEDIENCE 1"0 STR A 'f E'G 1(: l:lllINCIPL,E

l;"R"A_--' N-'-:'K,"LIN,",- K", 'Y,:'O~,· U"N-'-, :C-'- -,

• ~'I" " '.. , . 'Ii '~ .. [.. .

AND-

..

Fl'i"'i' 'Ji A P':R' rlLiI' -'I. R' Y' B" iii ilt"E'

.\J.!'. 1. ~ _ ',_ I w,;:_,~; lYlf"\J ',.,,' ~~ I"\.i-~

CO'·: N:': ,r-f,: E·' N····' T" -t S···· .-,

.. '.:' '.' '.1 ,. .. _' .. 1 .: •

•

,"AGB
P'REF'ACE II! • .. .. .' . ' ' . .. .' • '!il< ill I- .. ,5
I. I.. ~
INTRODU'CTORY .. • • if' . ' • '.' 'I!' .' • • 9
1':H'E B,OARD ,., it ,Ii, +. .. '. ... 'Ii • .' '. Iii, 12
T:H'E Pl'ECES .' t! .. @i -.- oil' '. j • !!II' .. II! ,22,
, . ,
1~HE G'M" 42
'··.i,A,··""E '. ]I; • !!II' • .. .' • ,It '. • • .'
NOT,AT,rO':N " II! 'iii ill .. '. ,II; 'iii " • • '" 'III 4,17'
THE N'OR~LAL 'POSITION 51
, ,. ii, ",_,:",} ," I" Yl..- ,., >I!i' ~ .. ... '. .' ..
I:L'LU:s~rRATIV,E GAMES, .. ,., !Ii .. '.' ,i; '. iI!I' .. .5'7
MrNoR T' CT'ICS 92
,.,- .' . A',', "\ .. ~, .. '. ", 'Ii .. II! • .. .'
P'AWN POSlT'(ION'S " iii • " " .. '. • .. • .. 94,
1~:H':iR, SU,P":ERJOR P'ElIDC'ES ... .- II' .. • !ill .. il- I: 1'6
PRI~fARY BAS,ES 124:
,. . . !iI. ," • .. '. .. ... .. .. ' . ,iii
• ,',' I i:__ _ A'P··PEN' "D-" IX'

( . ' i!, .'. ", "I, ',,: .• ~ _ I •....• ,,"'

.'

..

'iii!

,iii

,iii

'.

'.

P- 'R,','.' 'E-F---'A',:-',,-' C,-'-:E'~-',,'

, - ' , " , -' '.

. _

IN ~~~ss;~~:~r~bu~~::s ~a~:e a~:::~~;~ ~!

present the elernen ts of a new theory of play, They have confined themselves, in the main, to' the exposition of that part of th,e system which governs .the opening 0:£ a g'am,e; by suggestion, however, if not by definite statement, they hope to have laid before the reader

at le ast the spi ri t of th -.- e-" I'C"'Q:', rnple te th e-o'ry',,-'

'_, , ',--,-,'_ ,",-,- ",,,,,_,,,, ""Ii,,' I, '_: ' __ ", ,', ',- :_'; :_'- ""_'" , Jl,_ ,: -",'" --,_,' '-,'""" ',:,:'"

L- - eibn itz pronounced ches S,' a n 'ex"'-'a,-:"c' t ~'C~'I'1' ... ,

- ,!, '" ,-' 1 __ .,1.- '-,' ,1,,_,,' _, __ ' ' , , __ ', "'~' ,"', i- ',' -_ 1!Ji',-'"

ence, Petroff placed it on a, level with the integral calculus, and the great Anderssen declared that its intricacies were more abstruse than the most IJro,,-

'f: ,- ,- rd - -, - , - t h -, - , , ' -t "', !I!' t .h ' "l t' 'h - - f 40 h

round matnemancs ; u .e au nors 01 :11.,' ,e'

new theory, agreeing with this trio of distinguished scholars, are tempted to go still further, and, to, assert, even at th,e peril 10lf being considered somewhat visionary t not only that chess is. a real

6

,

PRE' FA'C':.s' c,

",' t: _.",' ": ,:', "",' :', '

~ - ~- - - . . '"

science, but that it m,a,Y' not unreasona-

b] be . ('1' - rd d·' ,-", "." - b I" _ '1' 'f th " Y oe f'e,b,ar- ,C"" as syrnoouca 0,.' tne

supreme science the science of force .. 1£ this, be true, the study of C]lC'SS. may' profitably engage the attention of the ablest intellects, Those persons who make light of the wooden puppets that ru n over the surface of tbe chess board should recollect that a frame of wires strung with wooden balls was the farniliar companion of the earlier mathematicians, that the science of logarithms was perfected by means of wooden IJegs and a board pierced with. holes, and, that. Napoleon won his 'victories before his battles were fought, by sticking his nla,p of Europe full of pins surmounted by' divers colored balls of sealing-wax,

''t'Th.e: art '0'( war," declared 'N apoleon '" c,an .. be: comprehended only' by the ,ex, .. , haustive study and comparison of the

.' f'h · ;, I

campaigns 0;" the great captains." m

the same way, by file study and comparison of the: recorded g',ames of men who have risen to eminence as chess players, it is possible to discern, a simi .. larity in their methods 0'£ calculation 'and. procedure, which, if properly comprehended and reduced to' a system,

P:R' ~'B'~

'-:_,EFAC·';,~

must 'become available as the basis, not only of a theory, but of th .. e true theory, of chess play, and to deduce from this system certain principles whose truth and applicability must be universally obvious at a 1 times and in ail circumstances of practice, This is what the authors rof this volume have tried to do, Their chief aim has, been to, 'render the player, whether he h,e a master or a, novice, independent of all other treatments of the chess openings, and particularly to free him from tb .: e slavery of mechanical analysis, by educating him in tbeguiding, basic principles of scientific. chess, 'They realize the, gravity of their undertaking, and for its support they appeal at once to the liberal discuSSiOI'D, and dispassionate judgment of tile chess world, and to theexperience of those beginners who, through the door that IS. hie 'e thrown open, may enter upon and behold the beauties of the noblest mental diversion which the ingenuity of m,an, has [devised".

,7

IN .. ····· T- ·R··.··.O •. ·· ···.·D·. U-:-C-·- ...• -.T-I-,Q:'·-'·IR'¥··_'--'·-'.-

. , '. _ .. ,." ",,~

IF :YIOU, should select from your acquaint .. · , ance any' person of mature age, fair

l'~DI tellig "'-e'''C,.--: -e "., I'd'-"I ' id .- rab - .. le __ - ".__ . c~ .. --, .-.'.

",,-' ngence, ano consi: .era _.' e experience,

whom, however, you never supposed to 'be

a', c .hess 'p'·.· .• ilayer .. a nd sh ould ask him ; ',f" he

. . . iiJI _ '...: .1., .: .... \-i- " ... , . _ ' .. __ ,. '. - , I. I " tll':& &_ .. _', .

was familiar with the game, y'Olt would probably receive the reply : '" Oh I know the moves 1 'u He might give you a variation upon this answer, ,as, ," I 'k,new the moves

.. - .--'.' b ,- t "r-' l ". ,r .... '.'_" ·t't-.- the .... ;'~ '. ,. "'II:' .

oncev ou . ve i,o'rg'o ten jnem, or, 've

only pl aye: d half a dozen games in my life.'

At - II - -- f:. he ,,-. Id' hs .dl . - ... r.. -- h'"

, ' a., eventS, I"e wou.··! ",ar .. ,,~y C:O'D,less .1 J:5

t "+'-'1 ."',":,'" :", I-:!',' --. -: ::" . ",f'" chess '1: 'here . -',' .'~'. '£'-'--':1"

orai ignorance or C tess. " ere are rew

persons 'who, have 'not. acquired, at some

. ,-, .. -, :!i' od 'j-, -, .,- '-': t :--'1": '-I'. "I'I:·'·I-·:'·tc ... , at least _.-. ,:':. :'I'~- tter-

perlo_I" recen,I or Iem,oe", ,a, , eas _ ,a .sma .er -

., f h d"-' ,t" ill wh h

ing '0": t re game : ani tewer stnl W',I: ,0, .. rave

not zained th -.- .... : .zh 'ea ding 'O··'f' throu g'-- h cc n,

nOI, ,galne_, - .. fOUg, .- r, ,Il,,1 _< ,_,T· ,: ·OD ..

tact with chess players, a more or less a'c-

. ,,','. '1'· ate '--', .'. tic I" 0" :fi- its g'_-'e"ne-' ral c harac .te rist ics

cur.a,e ,n,o, lon:__ 1. -,I .:.,'.,' _.. • .1. .,~", .. l. _ ! I-I,) .. S,

its, machinery, and its nomenclature.

1- t ---'''-'-'''' be th t '."",'.-" ','",'- 1- , ,--.,,, - 'l'if: b'I' ,'·'1-'--·, I ,.',' tc

-,.' ma,Y _ e I" a you yourse oe ong ,0

.. -' '-. · f',' th .:. - .. .ls -,--,.,.' .'. f·'" ~ d ", rid "':1'1~ - .' h 0"- have

one 0, I., ese ciasses 0,1 ID'lVl,-_Ua,t,S W,I,' . ve

e'-:n: loved c ha ·n,l·c·· .. e·· m eetings with Caissa ,t if

- _ ~I .-,.; ""., .., - , '.' _ . . ',-' ,1.._ ' .. 0;, ~"_ _' , .It.

such be your status with reference to her la dyshi P'" you will scarcely d .. ecline the honor of a formal introduction before yo'u ess.ay· to

know her better. It. m.ay be', 011 the other hand that you are totally ignorant 'of the' royal g,a:me; in which case it is nec.ess,ary·" of course, that y'O'lI, should learn the rudiments from the very beginning, Finally, it is 'not: unlikely that y,o'u. are already a chess player of considerable strength ; but even then it is the hope of the- authors of this volume that :y"QU 'may derive some profit from. a perusal of the following ,l)a.,ge:s~, Th .. e board and men, the notation, and the technical rules ma,y 'be regarded as the skeleton of chess, and in describing them here: an attempt is made to' give you, .;1, simple and practical idea of the anatomy of the game, Having mastered this idea, Y'OIU will be in, the most favorable position to look beneath the surface, and to unde-rstand. the principles and appreciate the dee _po er b eauties o f th - e sc ie n- c e'"

___ ,<'_'1_ .~'., ,'. I. ,il,'.~'. il _ Ij", i._::. 'i,':,,:_ .•

As you read what follows, you should make dilligent use of a chess 'board and a set of men, Although the text is liberally provided with illustrations, yo'u, should not depend all. these alone but should study by' means of th .. e: actual board and men every' position that is laid, before Y',QU in. a diagram, Moreover, your board and men should 'be 0.£ generous proportions, Beginners at chess are too apt to provide themselves with 'v,e'ry small men, thinking that ,'" These will h,e good enough for me until I know more of the game.' This is, a mistake. With, di-

ItY'TROD U'C T'O.R Y"

11

minutive pieces on diminutive squares you. obtain only a cramped view of a situation, not much better a, view than you would obtain from a mere diagram, ,\"1 order that the pieces should stand o'ut very distinctly one from an 0 ther, and that their lines of movement over tile board should appear perfectly clear to y'o'u, the' squares should be at least t\voa.n.1, one- fourth inches broa ~l., and the pieces not less than a small club size, ill which tile King has a diameter of one and a half inches at. the base. If you

d ,. h f 11 ~ d 1 b ~. K'"

stu Y wrth ful. "Size.' C .U. men" 'VJll0se··,ln.g

has, a diameter of t\VO inches, and on a

, .~' _' • [.. • I ._. '. _ .' _ [ '_' • _'.' . 1 •

board whose squares measure t\VO and a half or three inches, so much the better. The 'men should 'be of the Staunton ipattern .. , Above alI .. ,. you, must shun the so-called French model ~ ill which tile Queen is bullet-headed and befrilled, and the Bishops are just as stupid and effeminate-looking as she -- as the ug liest and most insignificant tools that a chess student can handle, Start well, then, with board and men [of the proper sort, and you will not only find tile first steps of the gam e more interesting, but you will make better headway than you, would with. a miserable lot of bone olr wooden pieces which are fit only for the amusement of children in a nursery 4>

A C:.HESS, board is at first sight a, ver,Y . simple 3.11d straightforward matter of a. few lines and squares, and of t'\YO colors, It is, primarily, one big sq'u,are, which its divided ·h·,Y transverse lines into sixty-four smaller s·qu.ares, all. of the same size and alternately colored white and black, Red is. frequently used in place either of the white or of the black, so that the squ.ares are reid. and. black, or white and reid; and what

is 'cc-:a;:'~l ed w h iit 'e~' i co 'g'--,e' ne r '1' ll1" 'y"'-' 'C" .ream 'C'" ,0,- .1''"0'- r '0,"""

. - _' .. ~, ~ . .....: "' " ',' '.. ~ 1:_,:" >' 1 ".",.~ I .. ,. ".(. ,,-,,~, 1'.. ". I "., -._.J..

pale yellow, or buff; but these variations of tint are rather resthetic than In ate rial" and, the t.\VO colors of the chess board, whatever they may happen really' to be, must he re ... garded and designated merely as white and black, It lnay as well be stated right 'here that 'in' playing chess 'you must have the board so situated before you as to present a white sqn3:re 'in. the corner nearest to your right hand, Th is ,a:rra'Ilgeln ent has 11;0 ttl ing to do with the spirit of chess" tOI 'be sure, as the game might perfectly' well be- played, on sq,ua.-res of one color j, but, as the alternation of colors is of great value in marking the

T!z:~· ':E'" B":'O' A···O· .. · .. D

- ~-:_ .e :_.". • - .' " --',' ,~,.Ii

squares distinctly', so the uniform disposition of the board with a white corner at your right is of advantage ill the description and study of the ,galne,w

If )lOU will 11'O\V place your board before }rou, we will examine it together, and endeaver to find ill it something besides that very simple matter of line's and, squares and colors. These, indeed, yotm should look upon as nothing more than guide-posts to help, yo'u on yio'u.r way, and as superficial features of th e.' b 0, ard l, wh ere .. as bene ath the surfac [~', a.' .s

,._ .' ) I 'f),· ~. _'.'.~ '_' .. ' _ ,1~i L, .".

. ,

it werey j ott will discover other and more

important objects for } our consideration,

I:n order t.OI form the Il10St lucid idea of the operations of the gall1e, it is essential that you should conceive all the pieces as 111 oving, 1101t over a fIO\V [of squares from the first to the last square of the row, but along a sfl'"az:glll lilze",/roJJ:z onep.o£l'll to another. This principle willlater be formally laid down for your adoption and guidance : for the present it is sufficient that YO;'U should accept it as a general truth, demanding the treatment of the chess 'board which is here ~giv'en,~ You need 110t Sllppose that the points llpon, which your attention is to be :fixed are 'p[ure mathematical vpoints, ~ things wit hout size, OT" at the 'most; infi ~ nitely small, ~ 'nor that the lines are pure mathematics 1 lines, which possess length, but not thickness ; it will be enough if you

1'1 4,,'_1, 'T',','-~IE::"-:~' AJI',,':\_-:,·"O':'--'·'~J TAC'o1"?C:'-'S"" O'-,"F;,- C'--H.,~'/DS:'-'S"',"-

, , ~ ~ , _ ~, ,1, _ 111., , '_' , . . _ _ " ,," n _ _ _. .'

imagine the points and lines t.OI 11e such that you, migh t dra w wi til. a pencil, and if y'01l:1 fasten the In. in your rn incl clearly " and exactly where they belong,

The points ,of 'the- chess board that are of importance are not the corners of the sq.': uares : these are 'visible 'Pi O-l 11 ts to be sure

-, '. . {, "',' ' '- .' '- - _. , " , I, " ,-, , ' , -- ," "

'but they are only accidental, With them

the ~.11 ovem ents of the pieces, which constitute the operations of the ,ga rne" have- nothing at all to do, Th e 'P'O ID.l1t.S th at ylo'u, must fin (1 a.nd study are situated. at the centres ,of .iIi e sqltlare:s ,;. in, fact, they are the centres of the sq,uares, and the only things about tile squares that are really worth considering. You are asked, therefore, to d ismiss from 'yo'ur mental vision all other points that you see, or think you see, 0]1 the chess board and to accept the following proposition as the starting point of our theory i=->

'Th'e only points of the chess board th"at are 'used :in chess are the sixt.y,..,fo,ur centres of the, si.xty--f'our squares into which the boarr' Is dlvi.:ded.

Every one of these points has a particn ... , Iar designation \v hich will be explained, farther 'O'D, in connection with the notation of the chess board, but yo'u. would better not 'make your acquaintance with this until after ,Y'o;u learn the names ;:111,(1, positions of the pieces, u~po':n which the notation is, based

~ --'. , - .,

If you no '-.1:11' se .le .. c .t a'1'1Y" 't·'\VO· ", P- oints at ran-

'_ _ , ." , " . "_ lr¥ :' ". . , " . .1;, . . .,' . .... . "','.1 .. , ..11., ," _ "

. -

_ ,

d dl h b .. h 1'·

OlD, all: connect t" ell ,'y a straigt t me

:y'ou may or lll,ay' not get a line that is of value in, chess. For example, 'in the followi ng diagram, the 1 ine a b is u sed ill the game j, so' is the line a ,C ,i so is the linea ,I: a nd so is the line a ,e; but the 1 ine X)' does not enter into the practice of chess ill allY 11r1 at] n e.r j;

C' t

Th '1-· ~.. f h I"' 1~ J : e peen iarities 0," the unes a b, ac, ano

d 'b' 1~'

a __ ,' m,ay oe seen at a gtance : ao passes

through the- centres of a row of squares in a. direction which without doing violence to a mathematical tenn 111;a,Y be called horizon-

I .. .. "'I b

ta / a ,C',in a sun uar 111 an 11 e r, 111.a,ye re-

garded as uerticai, and a d, considered

16 THB saso« TACT/C~; OP CliESS.

with reference to the squa,res through which it

., .... : ... , .. _ ha ··"'c·,. 1""" thr .1',":"." -, .ti '_: .... : r ,- diaec ., .. /:"

passes, las ciear ,y:~le cnrec 1011 0 a aiaganas.

The Iine a e, however, belongs to' none of these three classes , and at first sight it would appear to be neither tis 1, flesh, nor fowl N evertheless it is (I r,a wn accordin g""

.. . -'. ... ..... _.'". _., .. "_._. - ''''- '. ."". '. '~"'''' .. :

to. method, and its direction is well defined, .' t·l -. ' .. ' . ..., dia ,",._. _ - .. i l' ~ .- h c: ....

as ne next .. lagr am WlJ1 S.: O\V iI·

In this figure we start with the point a and draw the horizontal line a p, extending to the centre of the next square but one to the right .;, then, starting with the point .1, we draw' the vertical line ,pre, extending to, the centre 'of the next square above; and finally we connect the points a' and e so as. to get

T::U,E BQi .. · .. A R'D.:' ~

~ !~'!L_ _ . .rJ. _ _

the ool£quie line. a e. Now you will notice by comparing the tw '10' diagrams th .. .at h.n 1!1'1)'

.. :_', .- .... ' , __ , I.;-·a. 1, '.:: ' .. '.' _" _ ..... : .. ~ .: .. ::~.·'I[ r.1 ,[:.,._.~>., ,_""_1.) ~~ ll_

Fig. 3, has, exactly the same direc tion and length as, ae in Fig, 2,., In, fact, we obtained

h f' Fi b - h .- d

the ae 0':: . ,J,g. '2 '!~'Y just tne same method

that we used in obtaining the a e 'of Fig, 3t except that w"e.: did D,OI' actually draw the au 'Y 'I'" I I'! a" I ry ]-11"111 e::: s a"'" and ,n 8' b mt a " s S::'UI ffi;'I' 'C'" e "'d::

,'.' A" . ., _'. " I . '- '_,' '_'" ,/" "C, '-- t, ,r"" ..... ~ __ " ,,' .. ' ", " , " .. '.' " . "

for' our purpose, merely imagined them drawn .. In, general language, in order to [obtain, the P'Oi.'D,t e we' 'went two points, to the right from it,[ and then ODie' point upward, But we might have gone O'D,e point downward instead of upward, and then we should have got, in, Fig, 3, the point d and the oblique line ad, whic'h is of the same nature in chess as the oblique line a e. 'Or, again starting from a we might have gone t\YIO 'points to the left" to r, and then O'D,e' point upward or' downward, to It, or i, and have got one of the oblique lines Q' h and a i. Or, finally, once more setting out from a, we might heve proceeded first two points upward 0,,[ downward" tOI q or s, and then one point to the 'right or left, tOI/, g, c, or ,0' ,;, whence we arrive at af, ag:; [(1,(" or a b, all [of which are oblique lines of the same 'nature as ,Q' e, a d, a k" and a i. Making 'O'Uf d,e~ partnre from any other point of the board besides 0., w'e might obtain a set of oblique lines corresponding in direction and length to those which we have found in, Fig, 3;:

and it will be well for you to trace in this manner all the' obliques of the: board, as it: is convenient to call them, beginning, one after the other, with each and every point, You 'will follow this rule, the principles of which you have D'D doubt already gathered from the foregoing description : ,-

In order to obtain obltques upon the chess board, tak"e any poirrt as 'the wi,tial point, proceed two' pomta to th,eright, or to th,e 'left, a'n,d. 'thein, oue point f'orw·ard. or 'baokwa.rd ,j: or' else two pOints, forward or backward, and then one point to the rlg;b:t or 'to, the le'.lt:, 'the point 'th'ufl reached w:ill be the final. polu't o,f one ,of t:he, obltques deaired.

You will find that the number of the obliques that you can draw from any initial point will v·ary." according to the position of the point with respect to the limits of the board. Starting from a corner point, for e xa In ple you will get only t\VO obliques; whereas, starting from one of the points nearest to the middle [of the board", as we show in F'i.g40 3" you will [obtain. eight, which

~, h ibl b

is t ~,I e greatest 'pOSS1.,!.e IlU1TI ,_ er.

Having now secured age:'n'e.r~~lt comprehension of the lines of the chess board" ,_ horizontals, verticals, diagonals and obliques, - you may trace upon ,your 'board, for practice ,a'II the horizontal s, verti cals, and d. iago .. , nals, as you have already traced all the

obliques, The following diagrams (pages 2'[0, ,2 r ) completely represent thes .. e various lines,

- --

and however simple they may appear, you.

should examine them carefully and exhaustively in connection with your board, as they

~ ,", 'h'" .. h '1 h

constitute in tneir entirety tne actual or math-

,,-' - " 't- >Ii cal ",'hi' - :",,', b ,',:~" I d :i'-" d ;:l stir cti " ""; fro ,- he t,

ema rca c_ ess : aoar =» ,In.1SJ,nC Jon, rom t ae

'"' ibl h b d

apparent or V1S'i ",. I,e C iess ooarc iO

It is not expedient at, this time to sa,Y

,- --', th .... ,-,' "." ,CC • ',- ••. - ,. "",', ,t'h"" ' ..... t ,. id

,a,ny '.' Ing more concernmg t.r e porn , . s anc

u f" h be d t " 'I 'b d

I-'! . .' ]1· ,". '.' .' "', : 'j ," .. - . - .,". ~ ! _ ..... " '. I,". __ . ,'.. :'"_' •. rl _. ',:' . - .• - . ;.. ,".:., .

unes '0_ t._ e - oarn ; re ierences wiuoe m .. ace

h '", -h- f' .;, d d

to t en] in the " uture as occasions c emano ;

every one of them will acquire character'

- , ,

,- nd indi zid ualit '. f -:- the ',,' '.', 'I!' '". --, . '" an. ~ ),n·· .lVl· .. U3.,ll.y I,rom _· ... e pecu" lar move-

merits of the various piece'S, and many will

.. if desi ,~ d' d

receive specI[·,.C . esignations ... fependent on

the, operations of the game. Certain, mathe-

-,",- :. iti :' ... a-' I fisn ,.-, u ~, t":' "', .' j .. rhich ." -" e. i···[·' . ..: d bv

rnanca 1.,guresJ,oo, 1\",.1,(;,.1. are rormeu "y

some of tbe lines in combination with one another, will be of service in defining valuable: principles 'of play; indeed although the more abstruse 'mathematical features of the

~ II b b di d '. hi I

game wiu ne subordinated m t -'.lS e lementary

treatise to the cause of simplicity, you will feel, with the authors" that the science of chess

h h .. 1 basi hi! h .. ~

nas a. matnematica 1 _I: asis '\V 1,,_iC,I:~_ In practice

may neither be: overlooked nor disregarded.

20

r. U" Jj' Afl:N" v"a- '

". • . .... ,", ,": .... ':', _,I", :""

I • '.' .,' . . __ ,,' (i I ' ,"' ," ,

:TA ,C'TICS or cnsss.

T- -H:" ','C", Ho D1"ZO- 'N"T"ALoit'

~ l.· .. ·~_ ._. ...... :, •.. '. ·:"i·.~--a, ..

5'"'

-

"1" "'!;~ -" - ,

"H,E

THE' BOAR,D~

FIG.

6',

" .

TH'U' .',~,

DIAGO'NALS~,

FIG. 7~

TH"'E"

. . ~ , : .....

CHESS is a. test. ofntental. _skilland

strength between two person,s, who,

having WeaI)OI1S or equal value at their commaud endeavor to overcome each other 'b,y the superior handling 'of these weapons, T "'_J·h .. · e 1:0- 'ng:er,a' p" e .rs O"n'" p' lay' s c .hess th e" m ' .. '0" reo ,

I: !:_:.- [1.:,':. !';_.',,:,.: .. ", :>.. ;>-:~~" ,''':'- ... 1, .. ::. ,.:" ";-._ .: ~: .... ~':. ':. j :"- ...• .":::.:., '._.".:. '_' ,.' .• 1:.,-

distinctly he feels that there is a kind of (a rce, - artificial, perhaps, but none' the less to be regarded a:·s· real ,-l'"'n .. h .. ierent in the

'.... _ .. ~.~ " ," : .....• ' ..... _. - ,", 1-:' ',".l '":. __ ~_", I,' - .: " till, I] _'!ll ..... _ ..

pieces and radiating from, them, Writers 0,11 chess speak of ,u~ the pressure "" exerted by one player upon, the other, liken the more powerful pi.ec.es to ":heavy artillery," and picturesquely describe '" the unmasking ol batteries against the enerny; J:, all of which

is within the bounds of truth, (I isplaying the lust impressions of the writer, but falling short of the actual fact. For, - as Y'ou will find by experience and as you 'will be urged to, believe, even without experience, at the very outset, .....__..

Everyone of tbe chess pieces, when properly posted, exerts a oonstarrt power either against the force and position of th"e ad'v'er,s,a:ry, or i:n a defensive marrner b,y aupportdng yo,'tlr' 'o!w,n, force ,a'D,'Q poaitton,

T- 'P 'C)! p.:' .rsc es

n~.,c._ ~ ~- ~- _ ,t

....... 3·

''::;'''. ::

You and 'your opponent move your pieces alternately, and you m,ay' be inclined, from a superficial consideration, to think that you can wield your weapons 'DIlly when :it is, y,our turn tOI move and that you can wield only one weapon at a time', --=- namely tile piece whose 'position ,y'Ott actually change ; but if yo"u would become a strong player ,y'on must not cherish this idea, which is nothing less than a dangerous fallacy. In moving' a piece- 'you alter the disposition of your own forces and, the relative disposition of the t"V,Q forces ; however, at the moment YOll move and at ev',ery' other moment, all your pieces ,_ those which r-e~ main stationary' as well as the one which Y'o'u move ~ are potential and active, ,a:nld.,~

A move Is its,elf a peoufiar manifestation, of power only In so far as .it t,e'D,ds to Im ... , p,r,ove, ,develo,:p and Increase the aggrega te of pobentaalrty of your forces.

If y,o'U accept this maxim as, you. are: asked to do at once, you. will appreciate the essential importance of this logical conclu ... sian: that ,_

Yo,u should mo'v,e y,our- pieces, from 'the very first st,ep of the game, int,o such pos,i~, ti.O'D:9, that th,ey s:ba!]j :i.ndiv~:,~u,allly' and colfeotively" radtate tb.e most power, ,offensi.vely~ againat the adversary, and, defe,nsiv,e:ly, fOl' the s,UPPO'f't, of y,ou:r ,own, positiQ!D,t

,24. THE MINOR' TA,CTICS OF CHESS'~

It is, for your instruction in the proper manner of accomplishing this result ill the opening of the g,ame that this, book is written .. It is a, matter, 'however, whose detailed treatment: belongs to a later stage of the theory ; just now it is sufficient that you bear in 'mind" while studying the' characteristics of the va-

rious pieces, their 'natures as active agents of chess force.

The weapons -- called pieces......._. by means of which a chess contest is fought, are divisible into six classes, according to the direction and magnitude of the forces which they radiate, and the classes of lines along which they are moved The p'I"'e,·,e· e"s of the C'-'O;"'m''--

, -, " ," , , ",' , '" '. ' '_ '; '," c "Iir " " ~"',' .' .

bined vertical and horizontal class, compris ... ing, that is to s,a,Y,,' the pieces that are moved either along verticals or along horizontals, and which radiate their forces in the same directions, are called Rooks:; those of the diagonal class. are the .,Bish,op;s; those of the oblique class are the K'uig'hts; those: of the combined vertical, horizontal, and dingo .. 'nat. classes, are the Qu,eens and the Kings, which differ frOID each other in, respect to the magnitudes of their forces ; those of thevertical-diagonal class, in which the direction of movement is vertical, but the direction, of force 'is diagonal, are the Pawns. Each, player 'has two Rooks, t\VO Bis'h.,O·PS., t\LVO Knights, one' Queen 'on.e King, and, eight P,a'\V,DS" ,_. sixteen pieces in all, The

,THE PI E'CE,S'I

f h to ] d ·

pieces 0 ' t "~I e SIX c,,,asses are represented In

diagrams as follows.:-

King'~ , Queen.

, ,

ROOL

"S' 1· sh ..... ,f'iIL, 'K' "" ni , ht

, .~. ~ , u~~ I>, .~g:~, _"Il

WHlT,E.

II' ~,

B' "'CK

" LA .'

•'

, ,

,

,

~ II

w., ,~,

A ,Jf_,

, ,

j

"lIT '~11 id h ~ ""

v\' e wui now cons], ,.1 er 1.'" e various pieces

separately and in detail.

P"O' 9'

o [I" ..... ':_. ii'

26 THE kl[NO'R TACTICS DiP CHESS~

The ROIQ,k radiates force at the same time vertically and horizontally forward and backward, to the right and to the left, from the point which it occupies ; but this force extends, in, any' one direction, only over consecutive unoccupied points, as far as, and including', the- last point of the board in that direction, or the next point that is occupied

". by another piece of either COI.Of+

For example" in Fig .. '9, the power of the white Rook is felt, horizontally, toward the right, at the points a, Ib, and c or as far as the limit of the board in that direction ; toward the le.ft" at the 'points d, e, and,.j, the' last of which is, occupied by a t.l. kindred n

piece, or a piece of the same color as the Rook ; vertically, fo nva rid. , at the points. g, h. an d i. the las ',t·" 0",."£': wh iich is' Q,C,'· C,'''U~'- pied by a", n

'"' . " - '"'." ' . . _. , _.. .. - ~, ' " -,~ . , " " .

4," adverse ,',' piece, or a piece of the opposite

color; backward, at the points j, k, and l, or as far as, the limit of the board in that direction, It is to be noticed that the Rook exerts 'no, force u.pon the point on which 'it stands ; and, in general, it may be remarked that the power of a .piece is neuer .Ielt at .tke p,oin~t w,hiclj It occupies. For the sake of brevity the Rook is said to "co,m.'man.d " the points a -I, upon which its force is radiated j. and this term will hereafter be employed in. place of the longer and more explicit phrase, If yo'u will place a Rook 'upon any point of the board, no other piece

T'LIE' PI: v·C"E'S.

I7. __ ". .' '., .',~ :.- . ',- ... :.- ....

.27

being p:re se nt, you - will find that it C'OlD-' mands just fourteen points, n,Q, 'matter what point it occupies, When there are other pieces o'n the' board, situated in such a manner that, as in Fig, 9, they intercept the radiation of force by' the Rook, it cornmands a less number of points than fourteen; this is almost always the case .in the positions that arise in, a game of chess, and the average number of points commanded by a. Rook in actual play can, hardly be deter-

ined even 'P' p oximatel ' It is of:' ad an

mr '.:'" e .' .. approxir ,<_}"',!Y'. " I,' or ,,".V,J...I-

tage, however, to' fix upon some magnitude of this sort as a means ·of comparing the rel rti e potent +1' al alt e's 0' f t'h' e ' arioi S' 'P' ieces

' ' la,:' ,v, ,.1. -:-. i" :. ,I, V:: .. U ,: '::. I..' V:.~~ .lU'.:: ,:' ' ,'.',: ;

and we shall adopt for our purpose, in. the instance of the Rook, the number fourteen, which represents the average number of points commanded 'by this piece upon a clear board. This number, fourteen, because it expresses in a m 'a" n ne r th e' fu ll P" ower of

,', ". ,,',i. '::"-~'. ,_~:1 : .. ' ." ,iIIJ . .I .. ·". .~' '. _ '~l.l ,,:.: Y!lr~, .

the Rook, we shall call its .potenli'al complem,en'! ..

What has 'been said with reference to the radiation of :force of the Rook, ill Fig, 9-" upon the points ,a··=l, will apply in. a. degree to the method of movement of the piece" excepting the point j": that is, the Rook ma.y 'be moved to a'ny one of the points a, b., ,C" d, e, g, n, i, ,j., k, l; it ma.y not be 'moved to /" 'n hat moint j 1 d ied nowever, as t I at point IS a. reacy OCc:tlplel"

by a kindred piece, but it 'may be moved to

2,8 THE ,MINOR TACTICS' IO,P CHE'S'S.

i, in which event it is said to "" capture ~" 'OJr "ta'k,e ,,) the adverse piece occupying that point, and that piece is removed from the board. It is true in general of a,n,y' piece ~ except the Pawn, whose peculiarity will be explained later - that it may 'be moved to .an,y,'- point wh rich it CO,'I',m"" mand ,'IS_'"_,, u iless th at

, " ,'_' _ ,_ _ , I _ " ~ ,_ ,_ _ " ,', , n ,_ , , a

P'Oi11t is occupied by' a kindred 'piece; and if it 'I~'L'" TI]"O-:'V;' e d to a po in t tha t 1+'5" occupied by

_ "~,,, "c_,_-',',,' ',,' ::', ~"""I",,, ",',,', - "_""I""I,,.Il.,t[ U",,'

,a,n adverse piece it captures that piece, which is accordingly removed from the board.

The next piece to be considered is the Bishop, which radiates its force diagonally from the point which it occupies; and, as in, the case of the Rook this force extends, 'in any one direction over consecutive unoccupied 'points as far as" and including, the .last point of the board in that direction, or the next point that is occupied by' another piece of either color ..

For example in Fig, 10." the white Bishop commands, in one di agio nal direction, the points a, ,0, c." d, as far as the limit of the board ; in, another diagonal direction, the points e, /. g" the last of which is occupied by an . adverse piece ,; in a. third diagonal direction, the points h, i, the latter of which is occupied by a kindred piece ; and, 'finally" in, the fourth diagonal direction the points

,: k'" I, as far as the 'limit of the board, From what has been already said of tile

THE' PIE'CES,.

movement of pieces to 'points that they' command, it is apparent that the Bishop 'in 'Fig .. 10 m,ay be moved to ,any of the points a~l" except the point i ; and if it is moved to'

tl ~. h '} ·

t J,e point ,g, ~ t c,a ptures t ',e 3( verse pIece at

that point,

FIG, .. 10.

'(' D', -r ~ C' E. )~'

'. . $.'IU K ~ .

t . ,.

l Wh,ile' .. j

If the Bishop is placed ll'p'o:n, the board in the same position that it occupies in Fig, 1,0, but without other pieces to intercept its radiations of force, it will be found to cornmand thirteen points, which is the greatest number of points that a, Bishop can cornmand on a' clear board If: it ;,~ placed at:',

, c 1,<, ,,' ',._,", I ",.(..ii,. '.. , ,I .. l!I.~:J "'~" ,'_.-

one of the corners of the board or at the

30 THE MINOll TAC'TICS OP CHE, .. ';S. point that is called d in Fig .. 10, it will be found to command only seven points, which is the least number that it can command on a clear board, In, other positions, as you m,ay determine by experiment, it will command nine or eleven points ; and the average number !of points that it commands, taking into account all the sixty-four positions which ~t may occupy, will be found to, be eight and three-fourths. This result :Y[o'u may verify by means of the appended diagram, in. which the number of points, commanded by' a Bishop from. any position is denoted 'by a numeral. placed in that position,

~F
, IG~ J L
~
-
7 7 i 7 7 " 7
I , 7
,
I
I
7' I 9 '9 9 '9 9 9 7'
, ,
,
!
[I ,~ I, 'I
l' [9 :1 I J r [ ',] :1 I' [9 I' 7
...... :

'7 , 9 lfI 13- 3 I I '9 7
, I
r ,I"
,as
- -
7 '9 II 1',3 13 :l'I 9 7'
,
, ' '7 '9 ]1 r I' 1 1'1 91 7
" , "
--
. - ......
I I
7 9 9 9 9 '9 II '9 7
, [
.
I -1'.
----~....:..---.
7
'j t 7 '7 i 7 , ...
, .. I I THE P1E'CES~

31

Thus the:re are twenty-eight positi 011 SI from

hi h th B"" h d -Ii

.' -'[,-- -" .. ,-,[, [_.: ''":'-, '1", J 'I':· .;- '.- ~ ",.~".:-.'--:'. ~'-' :'1 'I' '~.':'

W ic . t .. e .:",15, .op cornmanc s s.even points,

twenty from which it commands nine, twelve from which it commands eleven, and four

1.1 .. ,1_. ,I ,I,: , ,I, ._. . .' "' ... _. ,_ ." ". ' ." .... :!, .' ,,', ., '·'.c- '.': ." ._. _

from which it commands thirteen, Now,

l~ 1 ,", h b f" .,. b 'h

muinptymg t_: e numners or positions ',Y t __ .e

numbers of 'points commanded from, the

1~.. £'11'

severa positions, as lO',O\VS" -,

28 X 7 ==: 196 20, X 9 ~ 180 :12 X II '~ 132

·4 X 1.3'~ 52

~

64 X 8£ == 560;

we find that from all the sixty-four positions that it may occupy on the board, the Bishop commands 560 points ; therefore the average is the quotient of 560 divided by 64,1 or eight and three-fourths, That 'is. t.'o say, the potential complement of the .B.i:sh'OI,P is eight and three-fourths,

'We now COline to the Knight, which radiates its. force in the directions of obliques ;: and as the length of an oblique (cf Figs 3 and '7') is fixed and invariable, the' rnagnitude of the force exerted by the Knight in, any O'D,e direction is also fixed and invariable : that is; the Knight commands only one point in any one d." rection, that point being the final point of the oblique of which the, po sit i.IO'D. 01' the Knight 'is the initial point,

F'IG., J a. (Blac.k.)

1 ..•. · •. · .••

:.m· .... ' .• ~.·.11>.i.m·.-· ... i

.. ' ~ "~""" ,,% .. ; ._" ... '16 _ ", ~

:.Be/". \.~~'k,B ,

_ ....•..•• I

For example, in Fig. ]['2" the white Knight commands the points a ,b, c, d, e, j, g" h, all of which are the fin, a] points of obliques, which have, as a, common initial point" the position occupied. by' the Knight, The Knight maj be moved to any one of these' points, except g;, and if it. is moved to c, it captures the adverse piece there situated. It is to be noted, as a.'n important quality olf the Knight, that the radiation of its, force cannot be- intercepted. and cut off, as the radiations of force of the Rook and Bishop frequently are, by other pieces, ..

In order to obtain the potential comple ...

- -C"

T!rIE--- p', '!':E"",·,'l:!S--'"

£:1",.". ,_ ""'" _.' _" -,~ .. ," ...

merit of the Knight we will make a calcula ..

t' ~o' '-',' - ,,- ',',' , 'd'- ·'d'- :~, ," ,-,,',-,. to, ~", ,,' it i, th " E"" sh ,.-, '-,

~I,n, as we _ I " In COIlllec :Ion WI :11 lr _ e, IS' ,o'p,

a: S'. follows '.-

-':, J).',' ',- 'If" '_-' •

4 X 2 ~ 8

8 X 3 24 2oX4,. - 80

, ,

,16 X 6 96 '16- X -8 = I 28

----=-' - --

64 ,X' Sf .= 336

The potential complement of the' Knight is" therefore" five and one-fourth.

FIG.j 1,3,<1,

.2 3, 4 4 4 ,4 ,3 :2
"
I i'
,I I
, ,6 6 6
4 , 6
3 4 I 3
, - -
[: I:
I,
I
,
4 6· I 8 8 8 8 6 4-
-
!
4 6 8 8 8 8 6 i 4 I
, 4 6· .s 8 8 8 6 4
-
- I 6 8. 8 8 8. 6
I -4 , , 4
I ,
,
3 4, 6 6 6 , 6 4- 3
II ,
i'

2 3 4 4 -4 -4 ,3 2 Beginners, will do, wel~ in the study of the' Knight t:o verify carefully, as an exercise in 3

,34, THB'MINOR TAC',TiCS. OF CHEfj·&,

:,',n,c formation of obliques, all the numerals given in Fig, '13':

" . ". ," I I III ". " '~I .: .' ,,!II . ..:..~ .•

The Queen, whose qualities 'we 'will now

examine, is the most powerful of all the

,.. I C' ,., d '.' d 'I' '1:1 h ..

pieces, its terce 'IS radiate vertrcal _y, ,: ion-

zontally and diagonally from the point that it occupies, thus combining the p,o"w'er8 of the Rook and, the Bishop j, and this force exten ds ln ,an:y one direction, 'over consecutive unoccupied points as far as, and including the last point of the board in that direction, or the next point that is occupied

b h t f ith I

Y another 'piece 0''- eit rer coior.

F:I G,,~ J 4, t

(81(lc.k~,)

( Whitt~)

For example, in, Fig; r 4;1 the white Queen commands the twenty-five points Q"--:Y, to ,any'

,35

one of' which, except 1)', it rna,y' be moved ; if it is moved to i, it captures the adverse piece at that point, Since the powers of ·:th,e Rook and the Bishop are combined in "he Queen, the potential complement of the Queen is the sum of the potential comple-

FIG,,, IS~
0' II
2,[ 21 :21' 21' 21' II 2,1 2'1 2 '[ I
' ' , I, ,I I
I
I
,2:[ .2.3 'i 23 ?3 2.3 23 23 , '" I'
~. "> I' IW
I
I :2 E 23 25 2,5 2$ 23 ~ ,I
I " ".' 25
' .' ,_
,
,
'~ I' ,2.3 2S 27 I ,27 25 23 :2 I
"
.-~,

2 I: :2:3 ''''5 27 ,27 2$ 23 :2 t I
.-.r!' I
I
I
i
2; I 23 ,2 5 25 "'5 ,2 ,5 23 2 t
~ ..
-
~-

2' [ ,23 23 23 "'3 I 23 23 2 'I'
-. ':- ," '.", ~ ",
I 21

I ,21

:2:1

21

21:

21

ments of the R,O'Ok and the' Bishop ,; that

>Ii' E'. l·· h d h c. '-h

'1'8" tourteen p::us eig rt an :". tr .ree-tourt is or

twenty-two and three-fourths, This result

b if d ~ '"' h . d

- - " . .- -; _.... ,. ,'. ',' ,'. .' " , ··c··, " .. , ". ',." .. ' .. -.' ,

m,a,y e venneu as an exercise In t ne stu ,y

. ··f·· th .'. Q '.' '.-;' ,'~.. ..c' ' .c tion with F':·"! .. ··, ., .' . d .: '

01 : .s e · ueen, In connection W,h.,L I ]g~ 1,5 an"

tb e follo wing cal cu I a tion <I' ___...,

. I I. 1111. '_ ~". , :': ",', '_ . _" ., ,,_, _ . •

28 X 21 20 :X 2J

::= 588 ;~ 4&'"

.,00 .. ···· i

J .

108

1'2 :X' 2'5 :~ ,4 X' 27' ~

,_ --

64, X 2zf ~

l'tiI15'~:i _ I~,".U

The King', like the Queen, radiates, its (0' rrce vertically horiz 0- m 'to: al ly':~ and d ia 'g' :'0'" n "11 '1 l·-y .. -

,1,'.]._' ..... ' .' \".;, .. !L.'~~,I,:." ' .. '." _' ",_, I ,c",1_ "'. " I __ ",,'.'_,._'.IJ..I ,_/,

from the point which it occupies : its force ,e x tends, however, 0111y to directly adjacent points,

:F":'-o' '16'··,

,- I' . ;, .

1,,1t ,_ '.<Ii'

F'O'f ex ... ·a:'t·~'p .. :~e-, in Fig ] ,6·',',· th e wh .ite 'K:· ing

" " " .--. ;".lLI.,', t,~ ,"" ',l:~._.~ ,,' ',."" .' ",.' '.' : iii .. ':':.,

commands the points a-Js ; to all"Y oi:ne of which, except h, it 'm"ay 'be moved, and if it is. moved to (, it captures the adverse piece

~Y'--- ---

·· •. E P/ECES~

5

.

there situated. The potential complement of the King appea-rs from the next diagram and, the accompanying calculation r-c-

~~ '""'==~. 1- _____ "

"

8 'I $

8 I 8- 5
"
I'
I
8 8
" .'.l
. 5,
. 5- 3

8

'The potential complement of the King 'is, therefore six and nine-sixteenths,

. - - . ,', _. " - . - - - -_. - - _. .. . - - ~

The King has certain, v'e-ry important characteristics, fundamentally distinguishing it from the other pieces, 'which will be explained later,

3 S ,5 ,S I 5 5
1 I
,
...... I -- .......

S 8 8 8 8, 8
, 8

5 8 8
,
"
"
- ,-
S 8 8 8

,

a

,

8

,

o -0

5' ,8, 8 8 s
.
, ,5 8 8 8 8 8 " 8 S
.
.: ," 5, i 8, 8 8 8 8 8 5
. .
,
!~' .... -

I, ,
3 S. .s. 5 ,5 5 5 'i 3 4 X 3 = '12 24, ,X 5 '_:_.: I 210, J.6 X ,8 . ~, 288

6 X·'·' '6-- 9 ,~ 42'0-'

4- _' "<ID, [ ~ ',"--

The Pawn differs from the other piece's in that the' direction of its force and the direction of its, movement are not the same, Its force is radiated diagonally forward, and only to' directly' adjacent 'points." and in this direction it captures an adverse piece, It is moved, however, except in the act of capt 'U"~'-I~I}g: vertic ••. .ally for ward -! . and ,0" nly ",' t '0' '.!

_ ',r _, _, , _ ..... ~ ,ill, " _ _, _, _ "_ _'" " , "'. "

the next point in, that direction except when, in a ,galne" It, is first moved from its original position, in which event it 'olay be moved either to, the 'next point or 'to the next but o:n'e ..

For example, in Fig, 1,8" the white' Pawn at the point a commands the points II and C ,;, and 'being in its original position in the' second horizontal line of the board, it rna,y'

be moved eit h e r to," d or f.;,-.~ I' .ts ro rr 'c·::'e·'··,

. .. , . Ii _ _ ,__ _ . . ,. _ Ij"O (;;. .. , i>J I,'or _ .

being exerted u"P-'O-"D'" th e" point 0"" it '-m'ay"" ca P

.... :: __ :_::..._': .. ". ·:_··i····· .. "j_ "._ I .. , '-: .·~_l .' ,~,.:, ..:.~".' JLl.lt. :-':~, . ,I !',L·.:. ~':'.' !.~ .. ' .. _ .. :! ,:.iiIIi

ture the' adverse piece there situated, in 'which case it is moved to' I)' j, but a Pawn m.'ay be moved diagonally only in order to effect a capture, The white Pawn at ,j

d h ,~- d t bei ~ ~

commanns the pomt ,r" and not being III tts

original position, it. may 'be 'moved, only to' k j, it may n .. ot ble' moved to ,g" because it cannot

ffi' - , - h '" 'Th-' 'h'l'

e teet a, capture at. t,: rat point, ' , ,~'e w .. " ite

P'a W' ' . 't,_!t ""~1" t . t·· .-- ,-,- ... th .',' ,-...... 'I 11'"' ,. ~,' " .::

rawn a, Z 111,USI-raes anot rer pecunarity Ot

the Pawn ; namely, that it. may not be moved forward to, a point that is already' occupied by eitber a kindred or an adverse piece ,: that is, the white 'pa'\lln at. i ma .. y' not 'be moved

THE PIECBS~

39"-"

, ,

, -."'

1:'0 R'" but it still commands the points); and I, and, by capturing the adverse piece at I, it ma,y be moved to that point, Furthermore, the white Pawn a t -I'll com m an .d ine the p- '0' iin .. it /t,

n "Ii,,_- _' _,' "If '" ',' _' tn,., 111.,;., - ,'_CI,.,_,_" c'" - ::, -JL', ' . .1""

m,ay' be moved to P' a'nld capture the adverse Pawn that now occupies n, if, on the next

FIG~, 1,8~

( O· ... ·l'.,'it )'

, ... ,:·Ufl-IK .. r

( White.,)

preceding move, the black, Pawn has been moved t\V'O; points from its original position at (}'I This sort. of move is, calle,d a c,ap ~ ture e n pass a 1,Zt" or ~ I( in, pas sing ;, ;:) :fo,f' the

black Pawn at n, 'in, accepting the privilege of advancing t1fV',O points fro m its original position, has passed over a point (P) which,

'I' d d b h 'h'" P d

IS comrnam :e, by t ne wtnte Fawn at 111" an'

" " h t: d b ~ t - . lust 'It IS theretore mane SU'le.CI-, to capture JUS'~'

as, though it had advanced only to' ,p~ The capture ,en, jlassatzl must be effected, how-

he i d l f. I'} "

ever, on tt e imme __ iately '0, iowmg move, or

... ' ".ij- •. ' t' :11-"1 F': .. I:}'~' ,t' h ,: .. ' . '. h" ,:"t, - p .. :- .... ' .... :. ,- ',t, .:'

n,o~ a a" ll' - Illn_lly, ie W" ne . awn a" q,

h· .. ""~, 'f!f' idv .erl tc th ]"'-- it of the b '.' rd {a.vln'b a vanceo o une ,IIIUL- '0'1, tne uoaru

.' -- . = . - i' ~ t'-" -- ,--. _ f~ ... - -- . . ... t" .- :' d t· b'"

", .. . 'i" .... . I ' •. - I .".., [',' -' ::!. "",: '",' / I ._ ~ . " '.' 'I' ," • : ' .:. '". : ..•. ~~~ " • '. ;' ! . , [.,' ..

In Its (. rrecnon 0 movemen 1.5 sam ,0 _e

'" queened ,; ,,' that is) at the instant of reach-

'~'-"" .-, 't',~: .t.·,. ',".' ". Q'-' '.', "'~ ,·t~ ,.j'l-~/j,t'·· '," '\J lllg q" n ,vt!C,OIJZes a '_UeeJl, OJ, a, zna 0j:..,:'lon OJ

!'l 'l!l k" ,,}' d'" '. '

tlte p"a,)~er, any otaer ..... / narea p'teee, {J,Y ,~'t m ayi

eten re main a Pasnn, It is extremely se I. ...

d h li I' ;. ·

, __ o:nl,,-,O\ve've:r, that a p:,a,yer" In queening ,Gl

P 'k hoi f 'I' "h-' . h

.'. , .' ,-'. .. '. ~ '.. ".' , .~.- - , ,-, " '.., ... ,- , " . ',- I'" , .. ..

_ awn, makes C,! oice 0', ,any otner tnan lJ e'

most powerful piece. 'These various charac .... teristics ,of the Pawn render it probably the most difficult piece for a novice ill the game to comprehend ; and we 'may,':' say, without

. , . ',I _. - -, '} ,_., _. - - .a- - - ',.' , ..

too great anticipation of our subject, that

th .- ."'." t , .... th . 1'· .' 'f'" "-'·1-· ! - - the 'p .. -,," ...

re correct me - OC .s 0, P .. a,Y1l1g me _' awns,

although these are of the highest importance, are O'l1~,Y partially understood even by' In,any' strong and experienced players, If the Pawns are H the soul of chess," a'S they are

'.' Id tc 'bl .' b ". ,-, .- '- - t = hes write . -, ,~.' r., tc be

sal· 1 i Q' i .. e-),Y n10S·. 'C .ess writers, n is ',0 I .. e

1110·.-p;,e,·,c·"1 that .y,.,,'. ·O'IU.· ma 'y" learn f ro ,)'lj"'l th is book

_ , ',', ", ' ," .:. '_' __ , '''." ~,~, ' ",' ilJli..L , , .' . '. ,

something more of their psychology than is commonly taught, or, indeed, more than is co mmonly known.

'I't- '-, . ,:,,~ ;:~ 't',··, .,.- al. ··"l t~- th .".'~' -ote nti: '1-: , .... ·'··'m· "',.,.

__' remains. :0 c,a, ell ta e , __ ,e potent iar con

. c.'1 -- ...... '" ' .. "t"" ". ·f·" th '.' 'P' .' .... ,-'. ",.]-c ,! ·.·1. -''''·'1',-· '.':'.' ,.' ".- .- f', "'0" ".

premem or tne r awn, \V ucn wiu appear .rom

the following d iagram j' in whic h the 11U merals

THE P.lECE,S~

0'-'

"

are omitted from the first 11.0 ri zontal, because the Pawns do not occuPY' that line of the board.

II~~ -- ~_""'i'-- ~~ """""'""'-- ............... - - ~----.---- --II ,I

,2 ~ 2

I I

...._--===-" -~ _",~~I-- ~~,." ........... ~ -- ............... .....--.

!

1 .......... """""'= I~=~ __ ,I_~ -- -~ ~~ -=-=---;1

E' 2 ,2 2 '2 :2- 2 !I
i .o-
I i
,
'I
I
I '2 l
1 ,2 2 2, I: 2, 2, " .
: "
, i'
It

o

,2

:2,

o

o

o

0'

,2

,2

2

I

I I I

The potential complement of the, Pawn is", therefore" one and one-half

I'

2

--1,-- -

:2

2

:2

8 X 0 ~ 0 1:2 X r ,""'_ 12

36'." 'X' ,,;;: - ''72

.' : ." . - ~ ~" .:_

,~

5:6 X 11 == 84

THE GA.ME.

yOUa~e now acquai~ted with the chief

details of the' machinery of chess, and we will next see with what purpose and in what manner this machinery is to be used, ill the playing' of a, g,ame'I' It has already b een stated tha ~ the King ,- has ch aract er ...

, , e 1 ,.. _ _ ,.l .. .. _ 11., _ , , ,:'\.. ,ill ," ' , _ _ , ,', , , , , ,

istics which disting-uish it from all the other pieces, j, the chie f of these peculiarities, broadly expressed, is that £t cannot be

,- ,_J' d' ~,," ~ '1 ~ I"" f h '1

captu'r':tlt" ana It 13 m tms qua: ity 0,:': t re royal

I' h he ai dl fh

piece that tt e aim an, _ purpose ot tt e ,g'ame

reside. In a word, what you, attempt to, G'O in a game of chess is to force the adverse King into such a position that, being directly attacked" it cannot esca;pe~ If you succeed in doing this, :Y'o,u effect, not the' actual capture, hut what is called "tile ,'" checkmate u, of the adverse King, and thereby win the game, A 'very simple example of checkmate is given ill the next diagram (Fig, 2'0) ~

The white Rook in this position has. been

'5-',0, m 'o"-V-:: 'e' 'd' 'a-~ it" t-' '0" r ad :I"'a' te ''It'S- force h ,-- , ~ "'0'''' '-', ,t'''' II,,:'

, __ ' ,-' ,/ " ,-- .' -~ '::"'.} c ' ,,\,..0 ,:_c _' ' F_ '_ " ' O.flZ.,'n_a=,_ y

upon the black King, and there :ls no means ;0':, f shelter ins the bla ck King fr 0" rn the as

':,'" .. """,1'''''' __ ::0 ,'" \-.. ,-,", ":- -- .. ---,r~.' :, _"",1 _ C'" ,'" " ...

sault. It cannot be moved to any of the

T'P.D ,G·· AM·':P

S'2~ . "~ '.' .c,j

4-3'-

.

three adjacent points occupied by kindred Pawns, and if it were moved to either 0'£ the two adjacent. 'points in, the' same horizontal with the Rook it would still 'be subject to the force of that piece. III this diagram i,t will be noticed th .. at the white King js on

FIGt 20,., (Bla(I:-,.,

( IVl~ift' ,):

'#, ,~:~,.

,

the board, although it takes no part in the

checkmate; in every chess position, indeed, both Kings must be present, as neither can be removed from the- board by capture.

You, will 'bear in mind the pllrpo,se of a ,ga'me of chess ' ............. namely, checkmate, ~, not

. . . '1, '1,'" ~ .. ,.' . 1":~' , .: " ... b· I!I '.' .: '" , . . ,. , . " ' .

SQ.:" e-"Y a s l' ·'5 U tim at e 0 teet nor ·as· a' n ex-

.c.,: [. -_.: ",' "",-. ",I ,,'.I~'''~'''' . ,', J'-':-" .", """" ':',,1, ',~'

temal feature of the process, but particu-

44. 'THli MINOR ,T,A,CTICS O:P CHl1SS~

larly as a matter of deep pri 11 ci ple, which shall g'o'v,er,n the whole plan of your opera ...

, ~. '" '.', ,11- '7'1,., ." Ii-h J' J~I ./.. . d:

nons In p'llay,~, ..l., ne SI,11~':ete" tI.Z1-(JC·" all,"

jJ,Y:J1ItjJ.:.: ,A .... :l.~·' '~'t".(iin";}~'[c'''e···: '·d' attack ·oif::: t·t.f:"·A aduerse

I' ~v r. l(;r T ,",- . ~U': .. ·tt.IW.'·:.,11 ""," ," .,t-~IU .. 't 1_' ::' . rtF~ ~. l(eUI~' r ~I~

• 1_' _/

,Kl~ng's p,(}sltlon, ,by'whic:h is meant the ,j'ain't

, ... d Z t1.. .7:. y' "'rl ~ :-1...

(Jc,c,t;lp'te '.' ..... tJy' ti~,e aaoerse A eng, toge t,zer' Wt iFt.

lite immtdlately ar&~a(,e"'l!,polnls, is th,e ltigh.est order of (hess play~ So fundamentally important, indeed is the idea of regarding this position as the one essential object toward which your force should be directed, that \v'e find it worth while to bestow a specific designation upon it. We shall say, therefore, that,-,

The :po,int occupied b,Y' the adverse King" 'tog'e:t'h,er 'w,i['th the, .,djace,n,t 'POiD'ts~, cODsti,tutes the o'bje,ct,ive~ plane", 'the' control of' which i'B, th"e aim and purpose ,of a, ,game, of' chese,

At the beginning of a g'at,m,e the white' and the black pieces ate placed in exactly similar

situ . a tions on o :"p' .... p:. osite sid ie·' ·S'· '0'" ··f· th .. e board ~I':S·""

.' , ',' '.: ;.:,.1, . '. I.._' .. I .,' ..... '.' . : ... , '_ ,I ... :. " " ._lI. 1 ,.", ..... ' ,,' ,. ",' ',' i!t:!Jr'

shown in Fig, '2:I ..

A.'S, an aid to, your memory in setting u,P' th,e pieces, you 'will notice that when you are playing the white pieces :y'O'tlf King 'is on the right hand of your 'Queen" and when yo,'u are playing the black pieces the King is on the left. ,; the white Que-en occupies a point in a 'white' square, and the black Queen a point in a black square, ,_ a circumstance

tha ·t· 1·'S·'·· c··· .. 'o· ,m"lm:"" ·o· .. ·n'ly·::-" ex r p .. ··re'~'s,~:e d b"iY; the s· .. ·a···,.Y'·I' .. n"··g.··:··,

·l,_;,.c_.- :'" .','. I ,I .... ':" '" ..... '.,' .. '" .,,:.i!il.,." ' ' .. ;' I,'. '.,' .' .. '. ':','. __ ,I ,"','

- G' - li'

THE r. A,M-·~'.'.,"

4,5

," Queens stand on their own colors." If yo'u conceive the board, to be divided into t.wo equal parts by the vertical line- that ex ... tends across it between the Kings and the Queens, that side u'pon which the Kings are

r 1'A7't." ). VY lllte" _I

situated IS. calle .d -- th ie K.'> ing's sid e a n.-·d·-··I that

OJ!. - ,' .. ' .' . _. ,.,_. _ ". _ ,.... I ".' - ,-," , • '. '. . .. -, ", ",' _ I,.u, ,

u,pon which the Queens are situated is called,

th e" 'Q'- '._" " ... ", -,"'d- -'.' iii if .' - " - - -,',' '. -01 ,."- '--- th :'.

,:,-', ',.,<, .. ueen S sme ; I.: you are p',llaying .. ne

-- -

h .. - -0' - h K"· , id ;jo '" h

'W' __ ite pieces tne King's 5-1,: e IS at your rIg ,-. t

hand and the Que en's side at y:' our, left + a, nd

,- -', -,,.;, .' ,'- ,'.__ ._ - - I, :".- .-_, _" -c _:, _ •. l.~, ' _ .",

if I" h bl k ni h K"" ..

1" you are' Pi: a,Yln,g t re r ack pieces t ae 'lngs

side is at you.!' left, and th,e Queen's side at Y'IQ,Uf right.

4,6 THE ,Ml NO,9' TA C'TIC'S OIl' err E. SSt

Th - Ie term S'--','- u· K:; ing's wing 'n and ," IQ;' ,u,e'::~1I1"'S'-

, " .. '. \.,. .. I . I ~ J J • EII;.;iI! .' • . , .' ." . '. .' . 1wr Ji... .

~ . ::. :.' ,I: :" - - . ". _ _.. -

'wing ,,'" are applied to those portions of the'

King's side' and the Queen's side, respec .. tively, which, at the beginning of the game, are' occupied bly' pieces. The pieces o'n, the King's wing are called the King's pieces, and those on the Que'en,"s wing are called the Queen's piece's. Thus, tile Bishop that stands adjacent to the King is, the King's Bishop, j, the next piece is the King's Knight, and the last on that wing' is the King's Rook, On the Queen's wing, in the same 'way" the pieces are the Queen's Bishop, the Queen's Knight, and the Queen's Rook. The Pawns are designated according to the pieces in front of which they stand, In order from left to, right in the case of the 'white Pawns, and from right t.o left in the case of the black Pawns, their names are : the Queen's Rook's Pawn, the Queen's Knight's Pawn, the Queen's Bishop's Pawn, the Queen's Pawn t.h,e King's Pawn, the' King' "!I, B' lish O--n19" Pa wn the K.'- ing's 'K' nigh -to '8

' ,:,~, ~ _ i_ ,I,: 'Jt'" :' . '~ :""_! , ',_ .'(;.;' I ':'~, .:, ,i L:__:, :'

Pawn and th .. e Kina's Rook's Pawn, The

,. . - -' - - , - ,_. , b' , , , _. - - - . ,., , ,

first three of these are c,211Ied, the Queen's wing Pawns ; the last three, the King's wing Pawns,

WE,:-Id·····.· ··t th ", neth od of che .', .... ·:··t· ation . _.. a o'p ~ I. ie nle,,' ,0·.· ·0" c~ess. n~ a ~,?'n

.. that IS generally employed In, the

E· 'I'" h I~ f h rr·h· 'b'b- ..

ng1s, rterature 0" tne game .. .i ne abbrevi-

ations used are the initial letters (capitalized)

0- f the names of the piec es e' xcept with

i . , ,,;' <-' :'. .1.: :.: .: :. - " .'. , .. ': 1

. . , " ., , . . . - ., . . ,. .... - 'j ' ... " .' .'. .. .

the Knight, whose terminal letter is added to distinguish it from tIle abbreviation meaning the King I' 'We 11.a ve, then; the following:

'K'·· ,_ King

, . ,_, .... ,1.,1 .....•

, '

Q - Queen

. _. . ': .: ~ _ 'C,' I ,t

R = Rook ,; K I:{, ~ King's Rook ; Q R :::= Queen's Rook.

B . - Bishop; K 13· -- King's Bishop '; Q, B == Queen's Bishop ...

Kt = Knight ; K. Kt :~. King's Knight ; Q Kt ::= Queen's Knight,

P P-- K·· P K' '", " p" 0" p

.~-- ·awn ';, ' .. ' == . lng' S .' a,\y'n;, '~__ .........

Queen's Pawn ; ~ 'R p:= King's Rook's Pawn ; 'Q' " R···· P·:·: ~ Q,·~~,Qe· u's Rook's Pawn '. K·:···~ E' p .. :: =' Kin .. g"'s··

'. ". _,'I,..I'I.,r'... , .'.,' a '" 1:.&.; .: : ~.,,~ .. :. ':

Bishop's Pawn ; Q ,B P == Queen's Bishop's Pa.wn; K Kt P = King"s Knight's Pawn; Q Kt p' -. Queen's Knight's Pawn ; R P =: Rook's Pawn '; 'B P ~ Bishop's Pawn ; Kt P :~' Knight's Pawn,

The points of the board take their designations from the original positions of fhe

4,8 THE' MINOR TACTICS ,OF CHE'SS~

"-, ".;, . ,' .. -: 'ii' .. thus D"" c-, ",1 the -", :", ... t ,,4., ,'"

pieces .' ius, tor ex,amp_,e",' e P"OH1: ,orIgI"

nally occupied by the King is called the King's first point or. simply, the King's

___ , ,," , ~"_,,', _, "' __ ', y~", 1 ",.'.' '

fi hi h bb ;0; d'~' · 'K h

_" ",' ... ', -,' ',",", _,~,' .,',,--, .. ,',' '.' -,',-, ,', - .. ' ':,'. . 'I' 4' - .. , .....

rst, w icr ,', at _,.' revrate :', IS wntten K {,' t ,e-

next point vertically forward is the King's second or ,K,2 ,; and so on to the limit of th .. · board the 11. ···,t' int beir .. ·· thr K'''' , .... ', ..

, " e _oar.,," I.'e' !las:, ,pOln: lelllg '" e ,:_c In,g :9-

~. I"~ '-'1- . K' '8" ~r'I"" . I - - . k - d'

,",' .. .'"' '. .". . , . I· I . , .' , ," . , . . . I J ", •• • .". ~ •

elg It. I, or, ~" nese numera s. are reci onec

from either side of the board, according as,

,-, , . = - - ,- " -- - - " ," ,., ,.. : -,' "',

you, are playing the white pieces or the black pieces ; the 'white King's first point, or K I, '~:S' the bla ". .k 'K"~- s' "" .. ,. ". hth ,.-' " :-"'~ . t . ''-',' -, "K">' 8 •• ····, iI isene oracx ,:: mzs etgn I point, or, ,;

the white K,2' is the black ,K ", the white: 'K 3

,

is the black K ,6, and so on, From this

explanation you will be able to understand

. h di he i . d h

. I' .. ' .' " [' . ····1 ,-.', 'I '.' . - I . I' . -' '. -' . .'.. . _". . -. I I, .' I .:::",' " . , ..•• ," ,.-r: .: '.,' .' ~- . - ..

t re ciagram 011 pa,ge ,49" t e mvertec cnarac-

ters beinz the names of the points as em-

- - -- .. "0' _. , .l, e, . . - - , , I - - , . . - - " , ,

iloved h"" tl ~ .11 ::,:_ - .". ·r""'- t:'~ b' "1-' .1!;<" . - ~,"- '.',:

p 0) ' .. -, '. ,Y . Ie pl.a,yer o'o!'l,e I, ·,ac.l~, pIeces,

d' th h .. thei - "1' ~ .. ,

'.' " . , ... " . , "', '. - '.' ". ,'. " "'" ,: I" ,'. I' .' ,", : -' ,' . .' "

anc tn e c aracters III t e ir na tura P'QS t nons

the names of the points as employed by' the

], f th '~ ~., ~,

P J ay'e.r 0,:' t i . e '\V 1 [ te 11 ieces,

For the sake of 'brevity the' player of the white pieces is. calle,d White ,;, and the player of the 'black pieces, Black, In all diagrams representing positions that occur in a game the lower portion is White's side of the board and the upP"er position Black's side ..

The 'verticals are named, according to the pieces that OC,c.u,p'y their initial points, the

Q R,:'s vertical- the Q o Kt's vertical, the Q"" "'.', 'B-ts

-, '" ,- -,~ ,. :. ' , " , , = ., - , - " - - , -'. ,,' , '- -

vertical the Q's vertical, the K's vertical the-

'K' 'B;_,,·· rti 111 ,th'· K···' K' ,,',',- i-·, 11 and the

e, ...' S ver .icar, !,' e ,' t. s verncat, a.n, t. e

NO··:··, I T: '-'A. 'T':: ''[·:·0-': :'N': ,:,'

. _.-- "'- ,"'--- " .' -', ,-' ,'"

49

,K :R 's vertical, The diagonals that originate in the fi rst horizontal are nam ed, acco ['( 1. in g to, the pieces that IOCICU'py their initial points and according to their lengths, the 'Q, R's diagonal, the Q Kt's major and minor diago-

~

. . ..,-. - ....

I." to, ,2,2~

(Black~,)

, 'Q R,8: QKt8,: Q 'S S. Q ,8

ql D [;~O ~ 18 0 I 0

Q'R'7 OKl'1' Q]3, Q'7 ,K1 K:B.,! :KKt~t KR7

I

t: '"8 () ,~~~O, z:: 8, '0, 't 0 z:':}1 Z g 'x ::z:; 1),1 '}I 't; 'H~"

I~~-I~~~' 'I~~-~

'Q-' R: 6! 'Q-:"'-K' f'~ I Q" ns Q' '_.,6'.,'" K-_,6_, K,,'B-----,·,6·'.-_ li'!I"K.',','. K:,' ':~.('.,I ,'V',"" R···'-,6·.'

£',,~, I~ {'l~l'O._,U.' I £"~, ',7"\_'_.. £,-~ £',q""_,, __ -,, E ........ 'I fJ .... '.; ;..,. ....

u V ~ ..t'i, I a. V V ,.Ai' 'Q, ,,11; , ..il, ,.11, , .g, ,.til.

t--~~~i !_~=:~~=, ~~=I~-~i"""'--

Q:R,S; Q:Kt_s.11 QI B, 5, Q 5

t 11l>O I it rso t, g, 0 I 't' 0

,

Q-:R 4 QK:L4, i Q B ,4 QI4-

S' "\i' r-: 5 l'~'7';;. 5' ,(']" ,~ s 0-. '. g, \._l' ~I ,aV' a v'

1'--=----

Q :R 3- 'f-Q'Kt 3- Q B, 3 Q 3,

91f 0 9 rx'D' 9 a: 0: '9 0

Q'R,::! Q,'Kt2' QB,2 Q2 lHO' £lXO '£':90, liD

I

: 'Q,'R, l r QK:t [11 Q S, t : '0 t ! '8 tI '0 ' ~'l"X o S' 'SI ,0 S' 0

K8 'K,B,_g KK.t8 ,K,R8

I: '}I'

1{,5 K'B,S KK.t 5 K'RS

.. X i'S:'}i[ 'tr~: 'X T'H,~

I

K4 I:K B'4 K,K,Lf, KR,4,' I !i )(' 5 ~l )I S I:)f}( 5 '"M: ')I

K,3, i KU3 'K:Kt3' K.R3

I -

9 X 9' a: lI:: 9 rX)I '9 'cr '}I

:K2 ::K:B~,'~K:Kt.2 KR,2 t )II l a '~' l rx 'X I l. 'l:I: '}.I

( 'r srt: .,~ ')" ,~;y ,nt i;t' •.

1 ( h f" Q-'" 'K"" Q'R b 'iI! .h

na .5' t .' at • rom .• .:, 1< t I to "._ ..... ,;2 _lleln"g t r e

QKt's, minor, and that from 'Q~'I,Kt I to KR 7"

" ,. - ,'_ ." " --" , . - .. ,-,,- -----" _", .

- h Q':' 'K'" '--, ., "- --- d ~ . . '111 )'- th ,'-, 'Q'" B' .-~'. --

t ~ e'c~' ,: ts major, "lagon,a,~:", rne .. i, :.: S maJor

d mi d ,," 1 d '1- ·"1"1 b

an mmor rnagonats, anc so 0]1. it ,\VlL ne

n- - oticed th ,a .. t 'ti h .. e····· .,:te:·· 'r~ 't ic ·a·:· Is ·hl·.·· a.-Iv'~-e·-' th e·· .• · S",am-e

_ ' '. .J!. ... '_..' '.: _ ... _ . _' I , . 'I' '. . 1 • .I). .. ' _ .. " . , . - jl _ • _ IJ..... . . - ..

d <i; .. s: b 1:... 'I hat h Q-····R-"

esignati ons for both players that t .·.,e,:_ 1:',5

5'0-"

, ,I

I"· ,

T-H----,E" M:/'N':O' R' T ~,r.-_iT·~,,---"I,C·. ,'-("'! O.·······-'F:'·,-- C-._-·-,H-·-',-','I?,S:_--,S-'··:.:~

.. ," ;,~ 'L~";' ':'[ . ",":' ," ,.:.:,:"'; .. ' _...r-JI ~ l. i i;J .c.,.

A;a:g,-.~, on a-I' of one play er is th .... e K'---' R·,.-· :':8-, d iago m .... a~:-l-

··:~i~~ml.!. ,I : • •... 'J': __ .1 =e I .' e "_ .. _", _",: . ,', J A.. ',_ '_ .. I 01 I, i~,",,: I'" . ._

)f the other player and that the remaining diagonals take their names, 'half from White's side and half from Black's side of the board.

In recording a move the dash <. -) is used in the sense of "is moved to ~", ,; the:

name of the' 'piece moved is placed before the dash, and the name of the point to which it is 'moved, is placed after it j thus, K ,B -- Q B ,4, means that the King's Bishop is, moved to the Queen's Bishop's fourth point, W',h.'e:n a- piece captures another, how ... , ever, the point to' which the former is moved is not given ; instead the names of the tw,o pieces are' written, with the abbreviation x

(meaning ,';, captures n or " takes ") between th e -- thus K'" 'K'I-'~-'''' X K-I"'-" 'P'" m eans that the

' 'c_:_:m :! -- ,[ .. U, - I ~, .' .... 'I '.1, .. 1 ,;ci, . " r ,-, -,~".:.

"-" '._- , , ,', ,'... . - . ' '". - - - ,- - . " .

King's Knight captures the adverse King's Pawn, Other abbreviations and technical t .. erms will 'be explained as occasions for their 'use' arise in, the accompanying illustrative games,

BEFORE playing over the illus trative

, g,a'me-s yo:u, should make a minute and

careful study of the original position, 'Of" as it is, technically termed, the C'" normal ", posi ..

tion of the pieces <. Fig, '2 'I) .. Here, it 'win 'be noticed, only the Pawns and, the Knights can b-,~ m oved, The lines of movement of

__ ' __ I ..:. •• ~ • '.' ••••• _'~' _ •• 1,.' . .Il., ".:.:-, ... 1 '.', [ .:"_." , •• - , ,":' " •• _ ._ ••

all the other pieces are intercepted by the adjacent pieces, The Rook, for example, whose direction of movement 'is vertical or horizontal cannot be moved forward, 011 account of the 'Pawn that occupies 'the next point in front of it ,; no:r laterally, on a'CC.'O;U11t of the . Knight that occupies the next point ill that direction. The radiation of force by' the Rook extends to the points occupied by the adjacent Pawn and Knight, but 110' further, The Rook in this 'position is said to ," d efend n b 0' th the Pawn and tb e

11.<. ,_" -:-.:_ .! .. '. _ .. 1.1, -, ._. . ,l'l.~. " ".'."_ , .1-.1 .... :. ' •• _ ",' ~._,:.~.: t -, s: , .... ,~ [._ :." .. ,i' :., . -e l: .. :

Knigh t, No ad verse force, to be, sure, is radiated against the Pawn and the Knight, _...., that is" to, use the technical expression they are not ,{", attacked ;;~ and at first sight

it would seem that 'a, piece which is not attacked cannot 'be defended ; nevertheless it

is necessary to' regard the Pawn and the' Knight :in this plositio,n,.·- and, as well, the points occupied by those pi.eces,~· as defended by the force of the Rook against any further or contingent attack of all. adverse force, For this reason the two components of the force radiated by the ,R'OIOk - t.he one from R I. to Kt I and the other from R:I to R'2 -- are called radii of defence,

If you will 110W examine the positions of the Rooks, the Bishops, the Queens; and the Kings, m detail, recalling 'what j"O'U have learned concernin .. g· their radiations of force' and their methods of move me: nt, yo:u will find '"'-

J J -,.

(0) Q R, commands the points Q.R:2 and Q Kt 1,1 but cannot be moved to either of

h ~ 1 oIi' d b ki d d

t em, because they are occupied -<Y_Jll,'Jre,

pieces; Q ,R defends Q R. P and Q 'Kt; Q R operates radii of defence from Q R '1 to IQKt I and Q"R 2,.

(6) K R commands the points K R 2 and.

K,'Kt I, but cannot be moved to either of them, because they are occupied by kindred pieces ; K R defends K'R P and :K :Kt; K R operates radii of defence from K R I to, :K Kt 'I and K, R, 2·~.

(c) Q ,B commands the points, Q 'Kt 2 and Q 2" but cannot be-moved to either of them, because they are occupied by 'kindred pieces ; IQB defends QKt:P and IQP'; QB operates radii of defence from, Q B~: to Q Kt 2 and

THE' NORMA,l PO'SIT10N. 53

( d) K B commands the points 'K Kt 2 and K :2" 'but cannot be moved to either of them, because they' are occupied 'by' kindred pieces ;

K'B d fe .d .. r , KT Kt P .. rd 'K': 'P" K';'" 'B" . _ .... ·t···

,;~ '_ e en::$ ,I:, ~ _: .' an, .'.,' ;1, .. " olJera _es

radii of defence from K, B I to K Kt 2 and K"2,,

(e) Q. commands the points IQ B I., Q B :2, Q, :2" K, 2, and 'K I, but cannot be moved to ,any of them because they are occupied by kindred pieces; Q defends Q B" Q B P, 'Q P, a:n.d K P (but Q is, not said to defend :K, because the latter piece cannot be captured) j 'Q operates radii of defence from Q I to QB I" QB 2, Q 2, 'K 2" and K 1,.

if} K commands the points Q .I, Q 2, 'Kz; KB 2" and K'B I", but: cannot be moved to an.y ,of them, because they are occupied by kindred pieces ,; 'K defends Q, Q P, K P, :K. B 'P, and K B; 'K operates radii ,of defence from K I to Q I; Q 2, K 2; K B 2 and K, B, I.,

With reference to' the Knight, 'it has already been stated that the radiations of its force cannot be intercepted by other pieces; this truth will be clearly apparent from an examination of the normal position, If obliques be drawn from Q'Kt 1 as an initial point, their terminal points 'will b,e 'Q R 3, Q 'B 3, and Q 2, and between their extremities they do 'not p,ass through a11Y other points, o ceupied o:r unoccupied by pieces ,: for example, the oblique drawn from Q.Kt'l to Q'R 3 passes ,be ttneen Q Kt '2 and 'Q. R I"

.54 .THE J.ltlNO,R' TAe,TlCS O,P CHESS~

b ~l k' ~ h f th '~'I

{it tlll~O"l/.g··' neitr er '0, t aem ; It a SO passes

between QKt, 2 and, Q.R 2" but through neither of them. But", as the force of Q Kt is radiated along these obliques, from Q Kt I

. -. 'Q': R'" -. Q''- ", 'B-)-" id 'Q" it '.- '.,' . '. '.. th, t

to .", ~.' 3, :,3, an 1',2, 1- ap',pe,ars 1_. a

this 'piece commands the points QR 3, Q.,B ,3, ,.- id 'Q" .. and defends ,Q···IP··· ,:.1"0' as its line

ann x, 2" a,n ~I, '. ele.n, ,S "'_." 'I ,allS', ,_. 1.,_, un

. ~ bI'" Q" K" b

of movement IS an 0, rque, ,.", : t ruay jae

moved to IQcc R 3' or Q: B 3" but not to Q'.", ,':1 2'"

'. --"" .' '" -- "',",:, ',':,.' ,_:_ . ,'" __ .. ' -,. . .':"

because the last-named point is occupied by

a kindred piece. The 'po\y·ers 0'£' :KKt are precisely .'~ similar tlQ those of Q'., Kt and thus

. , ".: ' -' '.,'--, _ -" .- ., " ", '. " " - .

we m a '-y~. add to the notes 'U· pC"O'-:"DI' the pieces

_ • ' , I" .: _" .••. _ • . _ ..... '. '.:__ " ~.' • _ .'.~', • " '_ J', _ . .

. .:

th 'h' I d ..

-," "_ '-. _ . " -. ['_ .- .' , " -1 ' , -,. , •••• It

t .. at we ,I,ave a,.erea ,y .gIlVle.n, ~ --

(g) Q Kt commands the poiu ts Q :R 3,

QB'-:' ': and iQ'-" md "",,". be ,".,,-, ved 41,'· Q:"'IR:', ··3, an - . t. 2, ano can be mover ,,0,._.,,1,.3

or Q B 3, but not to Q 2", because Q ,2 is occupied b1y a kindred piece' .j, Q.Kt defends Q P; Q .Kt '0 perates radii of defence from Q Kt I ,,0 Q R 3, Q:B 3" and Q 2'1

(It) K, Kt c'o' rnm ands the points K 'R 3.,

K' B: .... and KT ," and - .... - '~ .... , .', . ved t'"'··" Kl'" R'"' :'

, ,3", ani - ,:- ,2,1 all·, call il)'e 1110ve:· 10', I , '. 3,

o'r :K,B 3" but not tOI K :2, because I{'2 'is Ole-

o' 'I b k 'I d d 'I' K--"-= K' d r. d

cupiec ,Y a ,:'lnr,e'-ple'c,e ,; ,',- Kt ,':' erenc S

K 'p". -K,'. K!Tt~ operates radii of defe n ce from

, . )' c> ,,_ -e _. " ' J1., ,_,iI,. .,' ,_".II/. .I,. . . I ,.'

'-K:F' 1'" . . ,}{, R" ' ,- ,

,.:." I;,.,t I to ,._:.L. 3" K,.B 3, and ,K 2.

'l'~h- p= h ~ d

,[ re Pawn, as we na ve seen, IS moved ver-

tically forward to the next point, or, from. its

1 Ii~ h int b

- ~ - [", ',_ . . .:" , ':- - .... [[" ... -'1 - :'. . j -' •• " • • - : -'; • !':_ -'"1 ," . . -. . ,- - . .:.......'

norma posinon, to t .e next. point out one ;

its force, however, is radiated diagonally for ... , ward tiO the adjacent diagonal point or poin S ; thus" for example, K P is moved either tOI K 3

THE NO.n.MAL POISl.TJON" S5

or 4+\0:'" 'K"' 4'" . and it com imands '.Q 3':: and ·K(···'BI"'S·::·

U,:._' 1.-.:. " _., ... . I Iii "." .' ~ . _'. : . ...:.,1 .. _._ I ' .. 'I _ .. ~:.: •

. In detail, the functions of all the Pawns in their normal positions are as, follow's, :-,

(£) Q R. P commands the point Q Kt 3, and can be moved to Q R.3 or Q R 4; it, defends :no piece ; IQ R P operates a radius of d efen ce from Q; ..... R·. '2·: to ,.Q" '. Kt 3':

. ..... . - - 1',., '_·,·I ...: . '.' . '.,:' I J _' '._ •• ,_. , • >. " .:_., I'" • : .. ' ," +

fJ) Q Kt P commands the points Q, R. 3 and Q.R 3., and can be moved t.o 'Q Kt 3 or Q .Kt 4;, it. defends 'no piece ; Q 'Kt p.

operates radii of defence from. Q Kt :2' to IQ.:R ,3 and QB 3~

(k) 'QB P commands the points Q let ,J. md Q .••.••• 3: ". and can be moved to Q ....•... _H, s····· or

a.D __ ._., " . . ' __ _ "' __ '_

Q B 4; it defends no piece ,; Q B.P operates radii of defence from, IQ:B 2: to Q Kt ,3 and

Q ..• _.' 3····~

.. I' •

(I) Q'P' commands the 'points, Q B~ 3, and

K 3, and can be moved to, Q 3 lor IQ4· ,; it

d ~' d .. Q"P d-!·~ fd

[~.; 'e-' 'no' -'11 '. I~ '[},O'-' 'p". '1- 'ec~ eli:", "': ',0'" 'p'. 'e- 'r:'la: te ":g:- .. ' rae 1.-[1 10· :", 1'·,· ·e··~~-,

'!i,,;r ;i;Ji I, ~: .. "'" J . ". __ ~; .. _: .. ', ,iL. ". .'.

fence from Q 2' to Q B 3 and K 3,.,

(111) K. P commands the points IQ 3, and K:B 3" ,3.11.d can be moved to :K. ,3 or K 4;, it defends no piece ; K P operates radii of de-

fence from K 2' to Q 3 and K B 3·.

(n) 'K,B'P commands the points K 3 and .KKt3,and can be moved to K.B'3 or K.B4,;, it defends no piece ; .K. B.P operates radii ol defence from K'B 2 to K,3 3 t , nd K Kt .3·~

(0) K Kt P commands the points K B 3 and K, R 3, and can be moved, to K :Kt.3 or K. Kt 4; it defends n,o piece ; 'K Kt P ·~p'er' ... ,

II1II'·6:'

). .',

TH"V M' 'I'N' :OR ·T,·'AI'C"'T'JC·"·S.' 0'.' F C"'LIDS:'C

-,.c."" Ie ,n"" ~" ..... , , .... "IZ~,..J..

ates radii of defe nee from 'K Kt 2' to' K B ,3

d KR- an , .. '.,' 3 ..

(p) r. ·K'·"R····P· md: the oint KKt

." _. ..':" .", ·:·······t··· ',- -." _," - "-. ,".- '.' ,,'":- . ,-'_ " ... ' _"'. .:.'

I,' ,,', ,comm"a.~l S ,·.e pOln " . ,3"

a nd c 'a" n " be ' m ,0, . ve d *"0," 'K..:'· R' 3:·' '0' :"f' K;' R,·, 41 • it

,.,, __ ,'} -: '", ": " .... ', ' __ .. , li,., .. _" ,_', _ ,_' _ ,_' ) .!I, ,

defer ds '",'.' ;':~"""""';' K 'R·,· P .. operates " adi ',.' erencs no p~ece, _,',_, _,',', operates a raorus

of d .. efence from K R, 2; to K Kt 3 ..

In the normal position the objective plane

(cf ) .. f h ~ -K'8(

1"" .• - :"1_ ... ; _ •... ' -'"1 .,[°0.-, ,:~"l '~.'>: ':'.'-:- 1:11. '"r . :,': ",'I:' ,.~:-- _''-,.' - -"'," "; _'!-'-.- :"1 :~

cr. p,. 4:2, consists 0" t" e points ' " ,'. . "" occu

pied by' the adverse Kin,g), Q 8", Q,' K t. K B 7" and 'K B 8,.

I'L' LUS':'-' 'T'RI' A' T" I····V' ·"E' G' "A' M'E~~'S'"

. '. . I :_.1,"'''''' 'I" .. ~,,'. . .'-_~".' ,::, 1;',:.,

WE are now prepared to examine a speci-

, '.' men of actual play, for which a sho-rt

game won by the illustrious Paul Morphy

has b .'- .... ..'1'" ·t· 'd" 'T': "h' -_ .. hii .:~ '-'. '. - ":,- th r ;

as e'en :se'.eCi:.e1" ," a r i,e w (i rte plec,es lD '. 1.8

game 'we're played by Mr, Morphy and the

. . -'. . ' ...... ,." ,' .... ".. ' .. '," '", . c": . ... --. . . . '. - .:.-, ,,''','. -'. ." . .- ..

black pieces 'by t'\VO amateurs, the Duke of

E'·· .... 'ick md C'~" I nt 1·,··.'···· rd .. ' '.' lti .. '--',

runswic ". anc ··o,un· ,SQUal'., consumng.

'y.: .... {- '.'. ',.'. ask ed tc P·I·.· ... th -. '1.,._ st ~'. tt .' nti '.' t . "

, au are a.s" .. e .10 . ay I .. ' .e 'CI,QSes a,lenlon"o,

th .... ,''- I .'. ·t·· '''. .,' ., .. , ..... ' . d I" --d: .' to th . ~ '-,,' "'1', . I' " 11 -'.' .. .' .... ,' " :.'-

I. e notes appended [0 tne several moves, as

they contain much information that has, not previously been given, particularly concerning the characteristics of the King ; and t,o use the board and men, not only' in playing over file: actual moves of the game, but also in testing' the mo,ves sug" g .. ested by .. · the notes, 1tVhit:e"s

"'"' .' .'

....... ..,,............ .,"".~ . .' 'd'~- '. t t h e )~!e' f' t .. id ·E··· .'1': ". k 's m'ov,es are prln~,e, ... a:.:.· I..; an .'"'' ac ::

. the . ., h t f' th ' .. -

moves at tie :rrg.i oi tne page,

B; " .. ". ( .. , f"T"J1..., A' 1'/;"' ) .. :tACK, '" ~ .. nt ',' . ,lies"

1'1' K P ...... 1t4.. The King's Pawn is advanced two steps, This is the 'usual and 'best first move fo:r White. It releases Q and K.B, .. and gains cornmand of poin 'S by means of those 'pieces and the advanced P. The force now radiated by Q. along the Q's major

58 THE At!l NOll T:A C'TteS' OF' en B'SSi diagonal from Q I. to K R S" since it extends into the adversary's side of the board and commands a point there situated.Is attacking or offensive in nature and ]S called a radius of offen..ce.. Similarly', a radius of offence is created, by the action of K B" along the 1<' B"s major diagonal, from 1(, B i to Q 'R, 6,t ,K, ,P, 'too" operates radii of offence, from K 4 to [Q 5 and K B 5 ~ The points commanded by the white pieces, in addition to, those which were commanded in the normal position, before the advance of KPcare K,Kt4"KRS, Q.B4" QK.t5, QR6, Qs" and KBS. Instead of playing K ,P to K 4, for his initial move, '\Vhite may less advantageously play Q P to' IQ 4.; al! other initial 'moves are much inferior to these two" The student will observe that, a's the direction of movement of the ~P:SI is forward, the advance of a P cannot be retraced. This i.SI an important fact to bear in: mind, If [an error is made ill the movement of a,ny other piece, it ma,Y, perhaps, 'be reO. trieved ; but you cannot take b,ac,k a P 11l0V,C~

a, KP - K4,. 'T:be

King's Pawn is advanced two steps, Bj this 1110've Black gains for himself the same advantages that White gained by the' corresponding move on his side of the board, Black may less advantageously play K, P - K, 3.

2: .. KKt - B:B3~ illh.eKing'sK'night i~i' moved 'to the King's Bishop's third point. By' this move White di ectly attacks an ad .. ,

60

.

T: trs M/l····.,.·'O· ."0' ..-p"C···T~·'tC····'S·',· 'O·:':F"~:' ,C···-HrlS···:··S;'

" ".,c, ... '" ,I-'Y'_. [C\ '~'~" " ~'.-_ . ' __ ~ _'. II!

play K Kt x K ,P, :Blac'k, would reply wita Q P x K, 'Kt. '\Vh.i.te cannot, however, afford this exchange ,; a, Kt is intrinsically worth 'lD'OJ'e, than a ,P, and 'in, general the gain of a . P does not offset the loss of a Kt, It may, indeed, be stated that, as a rule, the exchange of a piece for an adverse piece of less 'potential value, o.r whose potential complement is less" is. disadvantageous (cf p4:' 2' 7 ),~ Nevertheless, exceptions to this rule are constantly arising, when, by tempora "r·y.":.' loss, I.Q·r··· a S, it is sa id by "s'::a: cr ifice _", of

, . " _. '. .:.J ~, "', .. Jl. . , _ . "" . _ , .. . . ,U . . ,

material," the player is enabled to secure for himself still greater gain, and ~v'en the, greatest of all gains in chess, the checkmate of the adverse 'K,,, Splendid examples of' this sort of sacrifice occur in the present game, 'Of the merits of Black's second move it may be said that, while it releases Q B,; and thus creates a radius of offence

- 1 .. .... th 'Q' B""" "~ . . " d '.' , (}f" .' .}, '" ·t· . '. . - -, ~ t

a,~,ong .'1' ,e ' .. ··'--S 'maJor .· •. riagonar, it simurta-

neonsly intercepts the radius of offence already operated by K E,. A, 'better move he-re is, 'Q 'Kt -- 'Q B 3 ,t

. . -_. . . Th ('", ,. p' ' '. ~ d'

3" Q.p ' ...... Q4. '. ae ',llIE'en s :.a\vn ],S. ao-

vanced two steps, White attacks the adverse K P with still another piece ; he now threatens to play Q P x K P" and then, if Black replies 'with 'Q,P' X P', to continue with l{ Kt :X' P'" thus winning t'\V',O Ps fO'T" o'ne, , Moreover, by

_ _ _ _ "[ Il l " .. _. , _ l I. ..i;. .. l, .. ill , , , I. .. ,I.",

this adva n .. · c e of Q".: P ,,V':, h r t .e c '. e· .. at, .es a' ra> ,(l~'; -'I S,

.. _... _ . .. __ , . '.' __ I . r;;.._JI. __ Yi..1J,U ..

of offence by means ,of Q,:B along the Q'B'.s,

/"'7"£-' U' "CT'DA' 'T' ·/'V-·v G 4 srss

L.·.:",· .: ,J" .:·',A· -~, ,:',"'"' " /n ',".',.11:,::'" :~ S,

6r

major diagonal without intercepting the radius of offence already operated by 'K B~

3,. QB ~ KKt5~ l'he 'Q. "u·'e.e:n:'s.-, Bishop - I~S", m oved 't-I·O.-· the King's

... - . . ",' 1....1 ,I, , _. I _., , '.. .. . ' .• 1 ~ ":'., I",

K . ht' fir. h 0; T' 'h" ,., d

___ ,n,ig_' t's ; ittn pomt, '-;, -0: is is not a goon

move. It 'IS intended indirectly to defend K, P, 'but instead of attempting to support that piece any longer, Black, should exchange 'K P for the adverse Q I_)', by' playing K P x Q P', tOI which ,~rh,ite might reply with either K Kt :X' P or Q X ,p,., The 'way ill 'which, Black hoped to' defend

K- .P b "tr ~,h-:- ·1-~ m iove • 0., '-'f': Q .. ,. " .. , E. ,~~ explained by th ie

. _' l _. r,:'] . ,[ . ..~ .. ' ,. Ji b1i . _ _. _ ,I _ _ _ _ .. ' ". • . _ ..

next two moves on both sides ,; and that the method 'ltv-as faulty is proved 'by White's play and the advantage, that he speedily gained. It should be stated here as a principle of play' that the moue of Q B' - ,K Kt_s; after the' aduerse K Kt has bee1i ,p,oste-,d at K B ,3-" is seldo»: p:rojitable~ The sole object of the move is usually to prevent the adverse K Kt from being moved, for which purpose it is adequate, inasmuch as Q,B would capture Q, if the adverse 'K Kt 'were moved; this play is called ,,~ pinning ;, the adverse K, Kt ; it. is

disad va ntag reous hi owev er bee a: 'us-e in ord e r

, . " ,.' __a.,:-'_' _. _ v» L __ , .... ",,_ \,.r" ,., '.' ... , .'- _" _:_ .. ,,1.' _ '. I

to' .. ' .. -1 .... K'" t ... to; _., piece of greater

., renner a ..... ,' inacnve a ,;lC,.,: ".,.1_: .er

potential value (a B) is employed and, 111- deed, the natural consequence of the 'play is the subsequent exchange of B for Kt, which is still more unprofitable than the '" pinning ,,. 'process'I' It is particularly unwise thus to

6"

2:

give 'Up B for Kt when both Bs are on the board, for the noo Bs in combination are 'l·!e,ry p.()wer/ul/o'r altack and difenc,e',and they sJio.ultloe retained as long' as ,je·,asible., 'Two more principles may be laid down with reference to the B: first, K,B' is more v,altl,',able tha» ,Q B in the u,j-eni'ng of a gaJl'le" because ,K.B ma,y operate a radius of offence against the point occupied by the adverse K, whereas Q'B cannot, as, it operates radii of offence only through squares that are opposite in. color to the adverse K's square ; an d, secondly, a slnglt, B is less v'alit.ab-/e than a singl« ,Kt i" the' endingof a game, when but few ot her pieces besides the Ps remain [0.11 the

J()ard, because a Kt may attack Ps on squares of either color, whereas a B can attack Ps onlv o,n squares of one color. With refer-

_, .

ence to the moves of a B" it should be no-

ticed that this piece always moves through squares of the same color ; the white 'KB. and the black Q B lTI,OVe through white squares, and the white Q~ B and the black KB through black squares,

,4,. Q p X K ,P4O The Que-len's Pawn is moved

~o the King's fifth point, capturing the ad'verse King's Pawn which is :no'\v removed frorn the board, This move forces. Black to capture K Kt with Q B as the only' means of regaining the' 'Pi that White has taken,

4~. Q:B X X xe. Tile Queen's Bishop is moved to the King's

ILLUS,TRAT1,VE G'AMES., 163,

Bishop's sixth point, capturing the adverse King's Knight, which is now removed from

"

the board.' If, instead of doing this" 'Black

plays [QPX ',P" White cannot immediately ic:aptu,reP wit.hK Kt for he would then suffer checkmate (see remarks below) ; but first he . plays Q X Q", to which, Black must at once reply 'with K X Q" and then W'hite goes [on with, K, Kt X P, having won, a P ~ T'h[e reason 'why, if '¥hite here plays Q X Q, Black must at once reply with K X Q, resides in, the: fundamental law of chess

, .

+hat re:n.,en K' is subjecte,d to th,e ,(JpeJ;oation

"l ,f..J. ;, '1, .,. 1 '0: • oJ h .. I 1

OJ a ratt,l us 0)' 0.u~e'n,ce" or, lIZ tecnntca .. ' r ' .lan-

gu'~ge, is ,placed In che,{,k" £1 must on the followil1g mone be rcmoucd from che,ck., if p'o.ssible. If it cannot be removed from, c heck, then, as already stated (cf, p .. 42); :K suffers checkmate and, the game is at an end, In the position that is 110W under con-

, sideration, the white [Q, operates a radius of offence against. the black ,K; that is, gives check to, or, ill one word, checks, the black K" K cannot esca,pe the force [of Q by being moved to K 2 or Q ,2, for the force of Q is radiated against these points as well as against that which is occupi ed by K;, nor is there any way [of averting the check other' th,anby the capture of Q by K, which, the re fore, is obligatory. In some positions of check there is. a third method of averting check" besides the moving of K or the cap-

6:4"~ THE MINo,a TA,CTICS ,OP ,CHESS ..

'- ~

ture of the adverse checking piece), tamely,

. the interception of thea,d,ve'fse radius of offence by the interposition of a kindred 'piece between the checking piece and ,K+ A',} example of such interposition occurs at the eleventh 1110've of the present ga.m,~ ..

5,. Q ,X' Q[:B~, The Queen is moved to the King's Bishop's third point, capturing the adverse Queen's Bishop, which is. M10\V' re ... moved from the board~'Vhite is compelled to make this capture, either with 'Q or with K Kt P', in order to avoid loss ; for, if he: were to play otherwise, Black could withdraw 'QB, to a 'place of safety, having' gained a Kt in exchange for a P.By effecting the cap,,, ture with Q, White creates a radius of offence along the K. B's vertical against~:~ B 7,;, a point in, the objective plane,

5. QP X p~ l~he Queen's Pawn is moved to, the King's fourth point, capturing the adverse Pawn there situ .. , ated which is now rernov ed from the board, Black has made good the los'S of material that he suffered 'by White's fourth 1110ve, but the integrity [of his position is seriously' impai red" as White's next move will S_lO\V~

6,. K B - Q B 4. The King's Bishop is moved t[o[ th e Q'-, nee n "S" Bi ' .... ho " P "~. fou rt h p .. oi n t .

. . .. . .. ~ -,~ .. IV.~' ," .• .,)! III .'.1 ~~" ~ . "_'_ ~

White thus creates a, second radius of offence against K, B 7; and threatens Black with checkmate on the follo.'\vi'ng move j; {or, unless Black does something to prevent :it" White

ILL ,US,TR A T1 VE ,GA1J1' »s. 6;5

will play 'Q x K B P"gi,·it1g check (Of', as it j s technically expressed, using the abbreviation i', ell" for ",givin,g check," Q X 'K B P ch} and the black K cannot escape, The po "S'~tiOl"l' will T'ec"'p"'cI1iy'.. car' eful stud 'y'" Supp ose

[_ .. :I.· .. :··J,L:._I._ .. _ ..... ~, '~l" .· ", 1.· .. "1·· ", ,1".,,', 1.-.1 ~" .. , .. I."._,... . .. 1~·...li"',_f" :~l.

that White at once makes another move, IQ :X' KB P, by which 'the black K is exposed to the force of the white 'Q; K, cannot now be moved 'to :K 2 or Q 2, because those points, tOIO" a,re commanded by the whiteQ ; nor can it be: moved to K. B 2" capturing Q" because the point K B 2; is. commanded by the white K B~ Never, indeed, as a little thought will convince you, can K capture a defended 'piece, such as the white Q is in this position ; and it win be apparent also" from consideration of the law of cheek that was stated in, the 'Dote on Black's fourth move, th .. at a player" when it is. hils turn to move, cannot expose his K, to check,

6. :KKt - XB3!O Th.e

'K'·· .".. K--· ... - ht··:111 ''',. , __ , d tc th K'· -_.,.

, .Jng S DIg n S moveo '0 tne . '. .mg: s

- ~

Bishop's third point, Black tb,U:SI averts the

threatened checkmate by intercepting the radius of offence of the adverse IQ~. He has several means of escape, all of which should be examined. First" there is K Kt - K R, 3" which would enable him to reply with ,K Kt X Q 'ifvV'hite should play Q X K, B :p' ch ; but this "is bad, because White would first play Q 'B xK Kt, and B~ack, could not then regain the piece 'by' K. Kt P X Q B

66, FUll' MINO,R TAe'TICS OP' Cl:rE'S~')-

without suffering' checkmate by Q X 'K,BP' ch, For the sake of brevity this variation frOID the actual I)lay is expressed as follows, the comma (,) after a move denoting that 'it is made by' White, and the semi-colon ( .;, ) that is made by Black : If 6. K Kt - ,K R 3 ;

7,. QB X KKt, KKtP X 'QB; 8. Q X K B P ch, giving checkmate, 'T:h,e nota-

tion that expresses ",ch, giving checkmate," is simply "F mate, j':, so that the last

m o .. -v--e, , should be written 8 .. ,--":·, Qi .. ' •• -' X·'··-,·'·.· KEP

. !... ~ . 1 •• • _ ., • • ~ .,. I !II!.. . '

m a" te' 1"0-"-' th -e:· secon d plac e Bla ck -- In' ig" h t

.~ "_:. I' :- .. '.,.. .11' '., '. '." .• -'. •...• _. ~,"J.. ",.:.', -" 1.:...:.;",:, I, '.'; ,':.....~:' •• :" .•

P-Ia"Y-': 'K" Kt _. K"- n 'W·'h'·I"'C-'h· would lead to the

_ ,.-.'_': .' ••.. " ':; .. 1 .. , .;;",;0, ,_ , ... ~, ",,:, __ ,~., __ "'" _ '1I1''Ii'' .. ,-'.''',.'~ ,_, '.:'-.,' ".' I, .. 1 .. "

r'I'I- .r.; , ri atio - 1-' f 6-'" -K:"'-' K; ·'t' K .. '- 'Q-' ",

1,0',1 ,owing v',a :,1:_: ion : I', '.'.:; , _ ",2'" 7,. I,:~', X

KB,P ch, K - Q 2"; and", besides having suffered the 10s:9 of K B, P'" Black's K is so' exposed to the attack of the adverse forces that t 'he- l,·o·::·s··s· '0','(" th e game C"' a nno ··t be 'IO-'-"DI IT d eferred

' _ ''- ... - _ '.' _-' '",' __ " : : _ - '.~' -_" _-... . . - . .'" -., _ . _ -, _ .. . - , : :, . e ',,- - -- JL i_- __ ,. ' . ,- '. - ..

'T:hirdJy, if 6'1, ,K, ,B --- I{:2 ,; 7. Q X K E, 'p ch, ,K - IQ :2'; and again Black must lose the ,ganle~. Fourthly, ,if 6,., I( B P ,_, K E',3 ,; 7~ Q

-- Q, Kt 3" 'K Kt _... K 2 (in order to avoid the lossof apiece by 8. KB X' K,Kt" K,R X K,B'j 9. Q X ,KR) _;, 8,., K.B,,~ ,K,B 7 ch K _ Q 2 ;

9'. Q _ K.6 mate. Or if, ill this variation, 7,. K ,K! ~, K R, ,3,; 8., 'Q :B, X :K Kt" K 'Kt ,P' x Q"B;, 9. KB - K,B '7 ch K, ~ K 2 or Q 2 ,; II: O~, Q. - K 6 mate. Fifthly, if 16. K, B P --

K B:,':--~' White continue .• s ex' ·.·a: ctly as in, the

4 ,. - - . , . -- - -; ~.. ..,~ - - -,-. . - -- - -

fou rth varia t ion by ':1", "Q': ,_ 'Q,':, Kt 3': ·e-tc"·

1'_, . t.,., _ a. " .. _-,j[ ..., _ _ ~. '. .' . .' :\;.: _ , .. 1:... . ..

Sixthly, if 6+ K ~, K 2 ,; 7 ~ Q, x: K, ,B P ch, K ~ Q,3 ,; 8. Q, -- 'K6 ch, K ~ QB'4,; and

lLL·USTRA'l'l.VE 'G,Ajl1"E,S~ [6'7

Black, can delay the' checkmate only for a few move'S,. Seventh.ly, if 6. K --- Q ,2;: '7',~ Q ,X K E, P ch, with a su periority :in position and material that must speedily win, Eighthly, if 6. IQ _, Q 7 or Q8, ch ; or 6., Q ~, Q 4., Q 6 or K. Kt 4; Black sacrifices Q to' 110 p'u.rl?·os.e except to ,giv'e K .an opportunity to be m .. oved out of check, Ninthly if 6~ Q - KB 3, K 2 ,01' Q 2; White gets an, attack similar to that which, he secures in the game as .it is actually played, although Black: avoids immediate loss. Lastly '~f ,6t,Q - IQ 3, Q 5, !Q B I or K R 5 ,; '7-" Q X K, B· P ch, etc. ,By no other sixth move than those suggested in these varia, ... tions can Black escape checkmate on the following move Black's best move of all,

however was 6: - :Q> ~ Q···,·l -2- 'I' and, if -7··-'· .Q.-<- ,_

< n."._·._"., ,.,_ - .. -. , , " _. ~ .

[Q, Kt 3", Q B P ~ Q B 3 j but even th .. en \Vhite had an attack that could nOll successfully be resisted •

.,., IQ -- IQ, Xt 3·. The Queen is 'moved, from,

the King's Bishop's third point to tile Queen's Knight's third point, A radius of offence is created against Q Kt 7, and the adverse Q Kt Pis, threatened with capture by [Q. A double radius [of offence is simultaneously created against K'B 7', and checkmate is, again threatened by 8. K B X K B, ,P' ch, :K, ...... , K 2 or Q 2; 9,1 Q .... K 6 mate,

7 Q...... x:- .. '2·'

r . . .

._ . __ ....... J. --_ c_.

• ' .', -' ·'Ii

'Th,e

Q · d- h K'~'" d t,

ueen 18 movec to u e .-In,g-s secon . point,

Black cannot prevent both the checkmate

6,8 THE ilrllNOli TAe'TICS' OF CHESS.,

and the '1-··,-· '. '-'f"".'~thc'II·'··:' 'Q:". K:-'~P': '," K·' B": 'P""

a,n,,·le _oss 0 el.er "'.', ... Il._, O,[_" ""

d f h . d f d h +. If ..

. '. ",,,,'" ' ,', ' ", ' , '""',,, . " ..... ,:.,.. , . ". I " .: -, .' '.', I '. ',"-, i ,',

an or course ie must derenn .. .imsen agamst

the greater menace. He has several means of avoiding checkmate, 'besides the one . ,,,,:1 '. ,it·", ,,'d·~~'h,~,"h' the str de It" sh ould Co; de: 'V',-, anop en, lV ic .. ,', I,e s u en," S I, ou II enoea- or

to find, and examine in, the manner exemplified in the' note on Black's sixth, move ; but

1 1'1 d ~ hi b - Th

tile move aetna' ,Y mane IS ms ',est.,'i _ie

black Q nIO\V' operates a radius of defence in

f K" B d l' di C" ,(X

support 0_ ",_i"2,, an '" a ,so a, radnis 0'1' orrence

, ,. 'Q"K"""""

'.:. [.,.1.", '1;" ".: t. J I··"' I: ._

agal nst C L. t .5 ..

8,.. Q Kt - Q B, 3., The Queen 's Knight is moved to the Queen's Bishop's third point,

White ,--"'-, .. } ... -"1'- 8' Q'''''' .' Q:-:"'K~"~'1') b ut tho , .

. ',~' nue In:,a,Y a 80 ]J ay c. " ,X ':, '_,~ .I, ,u ~ : nen

B':l ick _'. ould ., c, " .. " . .' ith 8· .. · 'Q' 'Q",' "K:'t' ·,:·'h·· ~

, .' .ac, _' 'V,QUI·. go o,n WI, 1: .. ',. .. , _"'"",., 5 C,",

and White would be compelled to' answer

9' . Q'" x" :Q: for 1":'£': he re "m"':'oi,-V'" ed the ch eck in

to"!I" . ...• :_.' .. ' .. 'I 11~1'_'1' ,--' '_. " ....:", ._. "," :,",.' ' ... " ~,., :._. I', __ ,'

,an,y other ,vay 'Bla,ck would, capture Q with 'Q~, Th "e"~' 'p' -rob able ""':0"'It'"' ,:.",: '., ,t_l .. ··'f't' ,'-,. '8- 'Q!-"

. . . .r "a _.. c,n'clnua.'lon ,3.., "er ',,' X

Q 'Kt P', would therefore be 8 ~ Q '_, 'Q Kt 5

h Q .. , .".. Q' K'" - B . - Q'" 'h Q-' 'B Q'''_'

, -:, -'I ~ '.- I .... '. :', ",' ... ' , " :--, '-'I!i ,"", (. I _': I' '. "

C",:" 9;0 X<,' c'_· .. - X_,c .. , I'O~ -"2,,

K B X Q B ch j; I I.. Q Kt x 'K, B, and although White has gained a P', the exchange of so many pieces has. left him without sufficient force to win speedily, By bringing out Q Kt, on the other hand White create . .'s·,,:· radii of

- - - . ~ ......, , ~ ',," .. ..,. _.... . , __ ~ iiI .. ,

offence ag."' ainst Q .. -' Kt 5·· and ,Q,···.··.5··· and a 'radius

. ". '., , ' ,,:: ,". , -.'~. " , .. , , , ~~ ... - . --,

of defence in support of 'K,,4 and K 'P; and, ·g,,·:t 1'" '-1 J th reatens t":'OI ,c··'a··· .. pture .. the ad ... :" .. " ... ,.,~, Q:" K"-'t 'p ... ,

.. " , .... . "".!i. ."" I.. ,",' ",.' _ ,ur"" ,e ,a _vers~ '~, " I, ,c

with Q,~

Q Q T' .

8., '_ B P _' •...... B 3. ne

Queen's Bishop's Pawn is advanced one step,

IZ,L U:, ',S TRA' T-- rrv« G:-A- -: _,~',,1? ,C ,6g-, -'

,_ _ _ __ ,J; y ~__ _ __ ,~ I'::l ,.c;.,~

The black Q is hereby made to operate a radius of defence in support of Q, Kt P .. Black cannot D'OW' 'permit the capture of Q ,Kt P and then play Q ,_' Q Kt 5; because he would not give check, and White would be able to, capture QR with Q:: ,e~g.; if 8 .. QKt ,~ Q 2;, 9- i Q, 'X IQ Kt 'P', 'Q '_ Q 'Kt 5; I o. Q X 'Q R ch, secu rill g' the clear g,ain, of a 'valuable piece" an advantage that will quickly decide the game in, White's favor.

9~ Q':B '_' KKt5'1' 'The Queen's Bishop is moved to the King's Knight's fifth point, It was stated in the note on Black's third 'm .. ove that this play of Q E, is seldom profitable for either White or Black ,;: but in this instance, with the attack, in hand, White contemplates the rapid concentration of his forces against the objective 'plane', 'with the ultimate c'rea ... ' tion, if possible, of a radius of offence by means of Q B, along the adverse Q's major diagonal, against K 7 and Q ,8,., T,h.e black forces are already badly hampered" and K, particularly, is 80 confined that the location of the objective plane cannot readily be changed ; so that every' radius of offence which White now creates in, the direction of the objective plane becomes more than ordinarily dangerous to Black,

9, .. Q:KtP ,_ 'QK,t,4. 'The Queen's Knight's 'Pawn .is advanced two steps, Black hopes by this sally to, drive ba ck the adverse K- -: B"·'. wh '1'I!iC,-::_-:'h'- - 1"~ th re a tened

,__.. I. \".. ,el .... .' .. __ ,.::JI _' , __ , .. - . ,. , . .~ ,_I_.. _ \.,., , 'II;".. ... '

with. capture 'by Q, Kt ,P.,

70 THE' MINOR ,TACTICS' O,P CHE~~S~

Th Q. ..... "'K';' l'

1.0. Q Kt X Q:Kt,P~ ie <c. ueens " mght

is moved fro:m the Queen's Bishop's third point to the Queen's Knight's fifth point, capturing the adverse Queen's Knight's Pawn,

W- 'h-I"~'C':'h,'-1 I~S":': J'e···:m .. ·· ·o··.··:v··.·;:e·:·:d'< fro rm th e board -TI ~·l'I~·'S .. -

.i I ,Jl. . 1_. 1 • '," ... ", -.' _" .' _"I .' . I' .' , _' ,' ..... _-' .' ~ _ . I . . .

move and all the moves of '\Vhite that fol ,

}"O\V, to the end of the' game, form, what is. called a, "," combination, ,,' the ultimate result

of which 'vas more or 'less exactly seen 'by

_. '-

Mr. Morphy when lle sacrificed Q Kt (eft

note on Black's second move] ,'"

,10,.. Q B P X QI X"t.

The Queen's Bishop's Pawn is moved to the Queen's Knight's fourth point, capturing the adverse Queen's Knight, which is removed from the board, Black can do nothing better ; 'he has lost: a 'P, and with SQ inferior a position he must at all hazards recover his m at eri ""1] .

Ji. y I, "a", ... >Ct, 'i!J'

11. ,K.B, X Qx:t p ch. ''"r,he King's Bishop is, moved from the Queen's Bishop's fourth point to. the Queen's Knight's fifth point, capturing the Pawn there situated and giv ... ing check, For the first time in the g,ame a, radius of offence is, created directly against the adverse K~ On his next move Black is obliged to remove the check, if it is possible to do so.'

1,1. QKt - Q,2 .. The Queen's Knight is moved to the Queen's second point, Black thus e,f interposes ,t a

piece (cf note 0:0 Black's fourth move}, so

'-L«L' I'rS·...,'~oAT· ·'[~.f'j!.D GA'M'E'" eI,: L: v;· J: :"", ': L, y,n, '. '.' '_ "...:~...,.,

as to intercept the radius of offence of the adverse K 'B" H,e may also interpose' K .Kt or Q, at Q, 2 j, but then, in either event, he suffers the Joss ofQ.. The only other way of removing the check is by moving K to Q I. IE Black had done this White's reply would have been ,as in the text,

12. 'Cas,t:les, (Q'R). The King is moved to the' Queen's Bishop's first: point, and the Queen's Rook to the Q,uiee.n's first point, This is a manoeuvre that requires careful explanation, Onc« during a game" w',h:en K ,allulits KI" and K R occupies ,K,R' I, the' two intervening !,oints ol!l11g'u;no'ccup£ed, K may b,e m,o'ued two steps to. ,K KiI, and K R to X'D I ;

hisi '1'] d .t: 'III' K<-' 'OJ

t· IS 'IS caueo cas ti,l ,11g' o« tn,e .,:.',S siae, or cas-

tling with .K'R, and the notation for the move is '" 'Castles (K,R) ;, PI' or, if K occupies KI, and Q R occupies Q R I, th:e three interuening ,po'in!s ,being' ztn'o('c~pied" K' ,111'ay ,b,e 1.1:lo1.J'e,d hot)

rte::ps to ,Q B I" and Q R to 'Q I; this :is c.al1ed ,ca'stling on: th.e Q'S' side, or- ('aslltm,tg witl" Q R, and the notation for the move is a Castles

(Q R) .," But the play cannot be' effected, if either K lor .R has been moved at any preViOlIS, time durin .. g the game ; nor if .K is ill check ; nor if ODie of the points between K I

. ,

and R I is commanded by an adverse piece,

Castling is a privilege, the objects of which are to shelter K behind kindred pieces, out of the 'way of attack 'by' the adversary, and to, bring R into active co-operation 'with. the

7·._-.·.· r · r :2 .. : T'H':"'Z;: M·,· v L .. ·N'",·",·O, :R· r ,·," T·· r :·A·· :c: ··'T···~··'l'~c· 'S- o':'-:"P:- c···" !'·'LI'r::-s,···, S':"~'

_ 'I~' _ •.•.•.•...• .:__. , .... '.' .• "_.[", ," _.IZ·,~ ... 1_ •.•• : ..

other kindred pieces ,; the privilege should not be neglected but should be exercised a'S early as practicable in the game, The player who, by stress of an adverse attack is prevented from castling, generally' loses the game ,; .and the player who long delays the manceuvre generally runs a serious risk of being' unable to execute it at all. It is frequently better to, castle ('K R.) than to castle (Q R) ~ In the present game, however, being able to castle on either side, White 'wisely chooses

h Q .. , +d' ~ h b d '. 1!.".

tne O S sice, inasmuc ~ as by SQ' ,: omg ne at

on . ce creates a radius of offence against Q '7" augmenting the force that be has already directed against the objective plane, The extraordinarily rapid and powerful development of the white forces, and their concentration against the objective plane, are the most instructive feature of this game ,;, every move made by 'Mr. Morphy is the 'very 'best that can be made, and his play throughout should be exhaustively studied by the learner, and accepted as a, chess model of the highest order. A diagram of the position after White's twelfth move is. ,a,ppen,ded:~,

1.2~ QR ~ Ql(t The Queen's Rook is moved to the Queen's first point, :Black: has to defend Q Kt) for W:hit-e by' his last move threatened IQ, R, X Q Kt, and Black could not in return, capture Q R with K, 'Kt or Q", except at the cost lof Q,.. Black nrta-y effect the defence of Q K.t by J 2 .. Castles

ILL, U S',TR A TI,VE ,G,A Jif RS~

73

. '.

FIG,. 23~

(Whitt) 'MIt. MnftPHY~

(Q 'R) ; but in that ease he would be checkmated in tW'OI moves, as fcllows : If 12., Castles (Q.R); I3'~ KB - QR6 ch, 'K, _, 'QB,,2 ,; I4,~ Q '~ Q Kt 7 mate.

,13,., Q R X' Q Kt.f! TIle Queen's Rook is moved from the Queen's first point tOI the Queen's seventh point, capturing the adverse Queen's Knight, which is removed from the

,b,o,ard,~ This is another sacrifice on White's part, for he gives up a R, for a Kt, whose potential value is less than that ,of the R .. 13 .. , Q R ,X Q R,~ Th .. e Queen's Rook is moved from the Queen's first point to the' Queen's second point" cap-

7',4, THE ,MIN'O,R ,TAC,TI'~S IOF CHES~~j

turing the adverse Queen's Rook which :is removed from the board, This is the 0111.y way in which Black call capture the adverse Q, R without losing 'Q,; and if he does not capture Q R he will be checkmated in a few moves ; e. ,g~, if 13 .. 'Q, -. K,3; '] 4 .. K R ~, Q '( (this process is cal I ed ,,' doubling the Rs '~),'

K,Kt X QR; 15;0 K"R:x K,Kt, Q X' 'Q; ]>6'1' ,K, 'R X Q ,R mate. On the last move White

gives check simultaneously with two pieces" ,K R, and ,K B ,; this is, called ~',d,Quble check 7P

(abbreviated into "db~e ch '~), and the check

given by K B is called "d,'isc:overed check :"

( a' b '.' 'b-, r evi at e-.:. d '- l~ n t' O,'_- ,", ,r, d ! ]~ s ch ":~), io Blac - .k' s f ft e e"-',: n t h :-,

. '_ _ I _ [ _... ._ , l •.. _ _ . I I _.. I . _ _ __ •.. .

:move :in til is, variation is not his best; but nothing can save him,

1,4,., !tB, ~ Q'l'l The King's ROQ,k, is, moved

t-o- the Queen's first point White thus re-

. ..". • I • _ ' ...•.•. '. -,_" "._ '.:' ~. ) .. I,. '_""" I _"',.. _ ,..:_' _ 'Iii! _'. . '.. _". I" [_. I 1'_

places Q, R" which he has sacrificed 'by' K ,R" having destroyed a portion of Black's defence by' the capture of 'Q Kt ; in other words, 'by' the sacrifice of Q ,R for Q Kt he has impaired

-B- 1- 'k-' ., .. '", 11--1 di ~ ,~ 'h ~ h e.

.o acks position WIt iout r iminishing t' ie terce

of his own,

'Q' K3

' . . .

14,. ':.' -"

~

Q, ',' ,-', --', 'Ii,_" ; "",' " .• ' 'd-' f -,', -, ,- h K" -,,_ .... "-- .. -- d'

ueen 1S movec rrom tt e , I, mg s second

P- oint to the King's third point, The obiect

. . I ~

- f'-' t __ 'h,i:- ,-'11:, ~. 'to: -'-. "--'---', ~t'" K- ;':- 'K':: -'.- ~ - be , " , ' d

o , 1,,:lS ,p',lay IS ,,0 permlc ,~' .. _ .. t!!.,o.e m'ovel

without undergoing the loss of Q, for the adverse Q"'B""

,ai_verse ..... _,' '~

-- - '---'B- - ,- Q'---:' R - T''''h K-'" 'B"~ '-h ..

1,5.. ,K, •. X:~ .. ~ ... en, , .. ~ e _ :_In,gs ',01S, )OP IS

" ',,'-' ,"",-, 'd'- fr -' ,-', - "h-' -Q.'-. .-.- ~ - K"" - -," rh t's fifth ,- ,'-' e., 'fm,ove'_ ",rom, t. l.'e' '_'Uee'll S :.-,nlg u -- S '_ It _ pOl.n,~

ILLUSTRATIVEGA'MESt 7S

to th .. e Queen's seventh point, giving check and capturing the adverse Queen's Rook" which is removed from the board, ,K B, 1t1 0 'W'

operates radii of offence against both 'K and Q ,; such a, move made with allY piece, is called "fo'rk,ill,g' .. ;. )

1,5. ,K xe X' K B'i The King's Knight is 'moved from the King's Bishop's third point to the Queen's second point" capturing the adverse King's Bishop, which is, removed from the board, If IS. K - ,K2 ,;, :m:6,. Q .- 'Q,Kt4ch, K - Q,I; .17'. Q _, Q Kt .8 ch, ,K ,_ ,K '2 j, 1,8'i Q __ , K 8 111 ate.

T'h + 'if h '11 r- hi ~. ~

, ne positton at the close 0:, t'-IS variation IS

instructive" because of the inability ,of the black K Kt, which is ,(. pinned ", by the white Q. 'B, to capture the white Q:.. Biack"s best pla.y at the 'fifteenth move, in order to pro ... , long the game, is to sacrifice his Q by' I S:~, Q X K B; 'with the following possible continuation : IS .. Q X' 'KB j, 16~ ,Q ..... Q Kt8 ch, K'K2; 17~ 'Q X KPch, 'K ..... Q I; x,8. Q,B X

K''"''·tc,,'h 'K'", 'K,"tP-.' X, Q"'" 'B"~ 1-9 I'Q'-:", ex, PC'h' =K'" B""

, , I" ", " ,',' ;,' '.' ..... I " ,,:., ,'. n '!, " ',--.

K 2' ,; 2"O.t Q X K Rich, K ~, QB'2; '2,%. K R X Qch K X I{R;. and now White will accomplish checkmate only after a considerable' number of 'm01veS,1 and then by bringing 'u:p K, and Ps into co-operation with Q:" Bla.c.k."s move of IS. KKt X' ,KB gives \tV,bite the opportunity for a very brilliant 'finish.

1,6,. Q - Q K,t 8 ch, The Queen js moved from the Queen's Knight's thirdpoint to the

'Te'R-'''E' str» :'O'R'" .rI"i «: T",/"C-~S'- or c sess

, . , __ ', ,it ,".'" ,I,.t'I','::. ,' .. '~. i,'::_- nCr : ....

Queen's Knight's eighth point, giving check, It will be noticed that Q, B now operates ,3 radius of offence against Q 8 (cf note on, White's ninth move},

16. K x .. t X Q~ T:he King's Knight is 'moved from the Queen's seco id point to the Queen's Knight' first

'-',:~:. fl.' '~,_' ',,: I.' ',_ '.: ,-Ii> , ,1.-.'J. _' S '" •. :

point, capturing the adverse Queen, which is removed from the board, This is the only move 'by means of which Black ca,:n remove the checkof the adverse 'Q~

17·':' K" R - Q-"':S" m a: te The King's Ro o ··k' is

, ,.' , . . . _ .. _,,, '.: "... I. ' . '. - ". __ ". ," . . -. ...- " '.... _ IL.'

moved from the Queen'a first point to the Queen's eighth point" giving check and checkmate, The student will see that Black cannot remove the check of the' adverse K, ,R. The game is therefore at an end, and the victory is wit-h Wh·· ,'~t.le .• · ,

~ , .. ~II., til

The next illustrative g,am,e is (1, specimen of quite different play from that of the Mor ... phy partie. For many moves 'neither side is able to gain a gr-,e,at advantage over the- other ; one by one, all the:sup,erior pieces are 'exchanged, and at length only Ps remain on the board with the Ks, The game is won by the queening of a P (cf Pi .40);, and while the student 'will derive a great deal of instruc-

Ii' r. h · h h "h

non trom t re manoeuvrmg throughout, " e

should particularly examine the ending, which is a fi:n,~' example of accurate and judicious P 'play, This ,game \V,3;S contested at the

ILL ,US TR,A TJ V E ,G,A MES,'~ 77

Sixth American Chess Congress, held at New York in 1,889, by Messrs .. J. H. Blackburne (White) and Max Weiss (Black) <i

\"'1 I trrz (' Mr. BI(JclJlj,t'tr'ne). 'D, L"A,C K' (,A:(r .. , 'We,iss )1"

1., X,P' - K4~ 1", KP -' :K'4.

2,~, KKt _, K,B3"i' 2'. QKt ~ 'QB3~

3~ K B, ' ..... Q K.t 5,,, This move is a feint to

win 'B-<[a,",c'''''k':~~s-: 'K" 'p",: b- 'y,-:,' 4" K-- 'B:'~, 'X'-'- 'Q'-"-, K-"'t', ,Q'-"I P-/' x

, JI'cil,.Ii. - - ,'-- -' - , , - "-"'" ' _' ' i ,. , '-'" - " ":__ ',-;, - ,-<~, ' ' ," _

'-K'- -oj E' '" I 5 'K K- - t ex, 'K- P 'I 'h e m or - e ]-I,a- s t .'1' ':1"- ('1'

,-" '", ~_ ,'-' '": - ~/, ":-' -.. 'j,,'-; i,~~'! --,., , "', ,;C,-, .' ,,~I:6

effect DE the 'move", however, is due 'to its creation of a radius of offence along the adverse K's major diagonal, iJ.1, the direction of 'Kg,. the central point of the objective plane ..

3 'K--' 'J[-,:'"t' K"- B-' '3'-" 'C' .re

. ", ~ '", ,. -', --

iii' , . I! .. ' '_' ,.' I .....:. ," [.. ",_. _:', .' "

sting a, radius of offence against White's K P, in 'preference to a radius of defence upon 111S 0\'\111 K, P,.,

'4~ 'Q,:P ~ Q ,4,. Continuing the attack against the adverse K I' and disregarding the adversary's l)'u,:rllo:se. ,B Y' lila ying, later, Q P X K,})or 'Q, p' oZiO' 'Q s. ,Alhite m,ay establish radii. of offence so close to the adversary's base 01'£ operations as to hinder the development of his forces for a considera ble length of time .. , If for his fourth move" White should captu r-,e·· .Q""" K· .t with -K:···· B···· Black '~'I'i!'O""~11,d-- have to

_ ..'I!;;,I".. : _. L .. . . .. .... ".1 - l'Y·· C' .. _ . :" l , _" " ,1n'_1!J, l c' '_ " " .. ,- s : :

recapture with Q P or Q 'Kt 'P', and he would then, have t'\V,Q Ps 0'0 the Q'B"s vert,ical,a situation in which the Ps are said to be u· doubled ,;, ';, doubled Ps are sometimes dis-

78 ,THE' j}/IN:OR TACTICS or (/HESS~,

ad van tageo us" but on, a B's vertical they are, on the contrary, usually valuable as a lTI,eaI)S

. of support for one of the centre: Ps (K P or Q,P)., In, the present instance, if 4 .. K B X' Q 'Kt, Q, Kt P X' K B; and Black may soo:n, advance Q P two steps, supported by the forward Q B :P, having" besides, tile open 'Q Kt's vertical through which to operate a radius of offence by means of Q ,R, at Q Kt I ..

4,. KP X 'QP. Black effects, the first. capture, and temporarily repels the assault. If 4 .. K :Kt X K P; .5. Q P ,_ 'Q,,S, or 5,·, QP x KP., .If 4,. QKt X QP,; 5~ K,Kt X QKt, K,P X' K,Kt.; ,6,., K,P ,_, ,KS-

s. Castles, (KR)~ ,He may also play 5. KP ,_ K 5" but he m,ay' well delay that move until after castling, 5.. K Kt X P would not be good, on account of 5,.· ,KKt X KP~,

5. :K,B ~,,!t2,. He-

cannot 'play' 5 ~ K, K t x' K p.; for then." by 6., K R _, K !J[, White would threaten to win K Kt,

d 'B1: k Id - .. h ]

an, . '~iac " ' cOU,' :, not escape wit out ,.IlOSS : e. g~"

if 5 .. ,KKt :x K,P'; ,6,~, KR .... K '1:, Q:P _ 'Q,4.; 7·., K,Kt X P, Q,'B ,_ Q2; 8" K.,BP - KB'3" and now Black cannot remove K Kt 011 account of the radius, of offence of White's K R, against K, and must lose it for a ,P. III this variation Black plays 7,t Q B - Q 2 in order to 'prevent: 8,~ K K.t X Q Kt, Q, Kt :P x K, 'Kt ,; '9 t· 'K B X p' ch, winning Q RoO By' his, fifth, move, 'K' 'B _'", K 2', Black avoids a,n

attack of this sort, fer n,Q,\V he might play 6".

79

K Kt :X' 'K P ,j. and then, 'if 7. K. R - K I, K, Kt ...... K 'B 3;, and Black is. safe.

'6. X.R, -- Xl. The 'best move is 6,. KP ......

K- 5, and then if 6. 'K Kt -- 'K s; ". KR --- K I. (Cr. note' on White's fourth move.)

6", Castles (I[ R.)"

7~ K Kt X' p~ Having given Black time to, castle, White cannot now 'play 7 ~ K P ,_, K,.s: so' advantageously as 'before; for Black would retreat K, Kt to K I,. where it is less exposed to attack than at K 5. Black's posi ... · ' .... io n would t·1"..,g_U·I'· be v'·· e" r'Y"'" strong fo r d efens I· v e"

,',~ "', :_:-', ""J.. " .Il .. 11~ , ! .' '._', :, . ,I ,.' .' .. [ 1': .'. , I, .I~ '. _ .'.

7 Q'" KI . t "X' K:" 'I'.r'·t-

:': .. : ; .. I.: ... .' .. _" .A'"

,8 .. ,<:I: :X QKt. 8 .. QP - Q4,~ By' this

move, 'made at all opportune moment, the second. player is generally able, 'DOt: only to free himself from the pressure of the adverse attack, but. to build u'p' a counter-attack ; and the first pla .. yer should therefore prevent the

~ f h . Bl 'k:!! b'·'I4' . d

move u ne ,can. ~I-Jlac :'5 atnuty to a, vance

Q P now is due to White's inferior sixth

)'n"',o' V· •. ·e···~··

'J. '. • ..

9[ .• XP' X QP~ I.f 91' KP ~. KS; .. K,KtK s; and 'V'hite cannot 'play 1-0,., .K B P - . . K B, 3 0:0. account of 110.. K ,B ._". Q B 4; which would 'win Q,.

9 .. · KXt X ,P .

. 10 .. X.B ~ QB4,. At 'Q,Kts nothing was accomplished 'by K B" because the objective plane w,as shifted by Black's castling. K B and 'Q now threaten to win K Kt.

80'"

. : ~ ,! '

'~H"" B:· .'. M- "l:"~·~O"c R·,··· T..·"',:·,'A,' ·C_,·,"T',',C',_'"S.:,'.·': 10.'·,', q C-Y,'t; (_.·'!!'S·~·'~, .

II.' 'l_: ,~, .' .... ,,, : " . J' Y! . ," . j. " iifI,l ~ l. ~ _ _ ~ J '"

ao, Q::S ~ 1[,,3.. '~I11is is the 'p,roper post for Q B, where its force repels any radius of offence directed along the ,K K't"S, major diagonal, toward 'K, Kt I.

11.. K B X :K,Kt. By this and his next move White accomplishes the important object of gaining time ; but the exchange of B for Kt tells against him 'in the long run, NI:r.. Weiss recognized the great value of t\VO Bs, and executed much 'of his subsequent manoeuvring for the purpose of retaining them,

ar. Q ,8 X ,K, B ~

12~, QKt - QBa. 1,2~ 'Q'B, -- ItS. L.o'S~

ing time by' the retreat ; but 'he can afford to do that for the sake of retaining Q ,B, which 'White threatened to capture with Q :Kt ; and besides, if 'Black had supported Q: B by 'Q:B p'- Q B ~l; ';Vl~ite would have played Q, Kt X Q, B, ;, and then, after Black's Q B P recaptures, that Pis, ," isolated," i. e., so situated that it cannot he' supported by another P., Such a P is hard to defend, and it is therefore rarely wise to' allow ,a, P to be 'so situated,

:13't Q , 'K,'4m Creating radii of offence

against Q K.t 7' :JJh:1 K 'R 7; 'but the main 'Ptlf'''' po'se 10.( t he move is to preven t the exc hange of Qs, after which \\;¥hite would 'not have

sufficient force to maintain the attack" and Black's t\V'IO Bs would acquire add 'i tional value, 'Bialek, on the other hand, steadily plays to force the exchange of Qs and Rs,

foreseeing the advantage that t'vo Bs against B and Kt will bring to him in, the ending,

1,3,. QBP - QB3~ III

this simple move, the immediate and apparent object of which is the defence of Q Kt ,P', there is deep meaning, Two valuable principles are [nvolved : first, a radius of ,offence erealed,by (1 superiorpiece is "tOS! ,a,dv,atl'lage.o,uslj' opp'ose,d ,by' .the radius ,0/o/fe'llc,e' oj' an, inferior piece'~; and secondly, the' ,prop:f'r I)O.5t lor Q B P" afte r the aduance of' Q P to'Q 4" 0,,. after

!1 1. '1,:i Q' D" Q' ' B " ~

tl,le exchange i?j', r, is at ",~,' 3,,\Vllere It

o'pp,oses 'radii of offence along both, the important diagonals of which it is the point of intersection, namely, the K's major diagonal and the QR"s diagonal,

14"., QB '- KB 44t l'4t KR ,~ Kl,.

l,5.,Q: R -. Q ~'4' ,15~ Q - 'Q Kt,3,~, '\lith

this move the opening of the game on both, sides. is concluded, White has brought every piece int,o'play" and Black has 0111y to, move Q'R to, 'Q I in order to complete the development of his. forces It will be noticed that White's 'Qts wing Psare much exposed to the adverse attack ; but for this circumstance the superior freedom of his pieces would be an item in his favor.

1'6: Q K' ,t: -- Q' ' 'R' 4". Initiating the m id-gam te

. ~_. ~, .... _ ... ,.' ",' . _.'." _''':,l ',. ..,,' -, ,il - ".- ". ,'" .. ~ .~. ,1:' ..• ' [.: .. " , .. ,.' I"

'The beginner should carefully mark the line of demarcation between the opening and the mid-game, and; later, the line of demarcation between the mid-game and, the ending, It

T·····V'D M··/I··~N:··:··':"'O':: ·R···:·,·' ·T·· IA,C: ··T:/''1:·:·C::·:·S·,····· ·O···IP·::·· ·C·· H'·· .DS~·

L7 ~ _. '_ ,~. . ....... . .t2 . : _. . ... I": .... _:' ", •• ', ... L:; ", .. ~I[~

is not easy in ev'ery' ,game to draw either of these lines sharply, but 'in general the divi .. sions of a, carefully pla ~'y··:: . 'ed gam e ar:e· •• ·' th rus

,. '_'__ •.• ' •• ,J •• 11'_ .. w _.: "J1 .. 1 ••••• "~ '._ • '_'. _" ., t..4_.,

broadly distinguished : In the opening the m a .. meeuvre s on b •.. oth sld es are directe d towa .rd

_'. ' .. ' .. _ I' .. ., _ .. I I I _., .. ' ... " ,_. , .. t.. _ I '!.r. .. _ ._. '_ .

posting the 'pieces in the 'most advantageous positions, 'both for offensive and defensive purposes, and the opening on either side is completed when the forces of that side are thus deployed j; in, the mid ... ga·me all the forces in operation are employed in a strategic manner, so as to gain if possible, an advantage for one side 0,[ the other, either in 'position or in, material, which should decide the issue of the g'anl.e, and the mid-game is completed when such a result has been attained .;, in the ending th e~- advanta ~g. ie-·:·' secure d b y.' 0·· '. n ie side

_ " _, ,Ill , . . . _. ',' . . . '_.,' , .. '__ _' tl. ~.., ,". _ . :_:.: U '. _ : . : . '. ....' ,... __ '. j

. ", .'

is used so as to' effect the defeat of the other,

either by' actual checkmate or by the surren ... del' (or resignation, as itt 'is technically called) of the losing player, The chief instances o,j, departure from these broad principles are as: follows : In th e' first part of the game, one 'player may complete his opening earlier than the other player completes his." in which case the Cormier has the advantage, and, if the difference between the respective devel .. , opments is great, should win ; in the second part of the game neither side may be able to gain an.y' advantage, in which case the ending is understood to be initiated when most of the superior pieces have 'been, exchanged,

~rl: u· :·,~~·1···,,·:·"NA·1-·"·I·"·V./·Y f·:A· M .. '.·· .. ·E->S--::·.-·

. ..1.' ~\ . ""~,, e-: _' .' _' ,'. .',~ !ILif', " ", _ ....

8.3

and the play '~s carried on" mainly or entirely, by means of Ks and Ps ; in the third, part of the .g·a·me each side may still be unable to' gain an advantage, and if" by reduction of the forces and equalization of the positions, neither side can checkmate the other" the game is fin ally' said, to be draton, A [drawn, game may also ensue from other causes, which will be explained farther on ..

1,6. Q ._ Q Itt. 5.,

1.7'jI 'Q X .Q:. It was injudicious for 'White to exchange Qs (cf .. note on 'White's thirteenth move) . He should rather have pla yed '1 7.

QR·· ........ ·iQ·-··4··

~ .' . iii

, " _'1 -

17,. KB X Q.~

18. X R ...... K 41> aa Q, 'B .- K X.t 5'~ ,By

this move two, of White's 'pieces (K .R and Q R) and two of Black's (KR and K]~,) are placed en prise, and as Black desires, an exchange must follow ..

1,9+ X:,R :X KRob. If.·W·.hite had captured, instead, ,K B, with K, R, Blac:k would have captured Q R with Q ,B, gaining' a R. for a B .. This sn·rt of advantage _, gaining R. for B or K t -'IS called (,( winning the exchange,'

.19 .. QR X :K.R. Blaek, had to remove the check from K; he, could not, therefore, play I9~ Q n, X Q R.

20" K'BP - KB3- 20. QB ..... KB4:.

2[1. QBP' ~ QB.3.~ 21,1 KB .~ X.2 ..

224' Q Kt:P -- Q K.'t3,. In order to afford a point of retreat for Q Kt, 'which Black threat-

84 THE kIIN,OR TA[C,TICS OF CHE'SS~ ened to win, by' :2 ZiF Q Kt P ~ Q, Kt 4~ :Fly the advance [of QKt. P" however, White injures 'his position, as Q B, ,P is left llnStlp[,ported ; a P ad vanced one step" as Q, ,B l) is here, without the support of an adjoining P, is, said to 'be t,,' weak, ,,'

22~ [Q[,KtP - QKt,4·~ Black thus weakens his own Q B PJ, but 11e can afford. to do this because White has no time to attack it" as will be seen from the subsequent play~Moreo[ver, being OIl a white square Blac.k,';s Q B P cannot be attacked at a.l.l by the adverse 'Q B.

23. QK't ,_ Q:Kt.2. This piece now oCC,'U'''' pies a ver,Y inferior post ..

23. R,B '-,KB3,~ '01-' recting a radius of offence at once against the weakest point of the adverse position ..

2,4,. 'Q B ~ Q 2~ To defend Q B r. If 24., [Q:R ,=- QBI, QR - K7,;. 2.5. QK't - QI." QR X QRP'.

24 .. Q R -- Q:,l~

2,5,~ Q:KtP - [QKt4,. 2'5t :KRP- k.R4~ 26~ 'Q B - :g,:l., 'He was threatened with the loss, of a piece 'by 26., 'Q B _, Q B 7'; \V hich Black could not advantageously play 'before on. account '0,[' White's reply of Q R, =- K r when Black could not capture Q ,B with 'Q, R without suffering checkmate, By the advance !of K R 'Pt however, Black opened a point of retrea for K, a:nd he is now in n.o: danger from the' adverse Q R~ White's move

IL,L.f.lS',TRA'T1VE G.4MES~ 8'5,

of 26, 'QB ~, 'K I app'ears to 'be his only 'w,ay to avoid immediate loss" and the exchange of Rs that follows isexactly what Black has been e:Il,dea'voring to force. Mr. Morphy's play 'in the former illustrative game was recommended to the student as a model of the' highest order of chess, ,_ the direct attack against K, j, 5,0 the p,a:y of Mr. Weiss ill this

," m e is worthy 0" "'f' g' I'e" at' C'O" msid eration as n

ga:~,:!, ,11,,',-'_, I, I ~,' \" :,,' I. _,I, ',: I . I, , ',I' .era ~ ,",_ '~>_: a;"

example of a second branch of the science, only less important than the first, which aims at the maintenance of a small advantage' in position, and the simplification of the posl ..

.. k h dvani 'I'

non so as to rna .e tie: a - vantage te 'most

forcibly in the ending ..

,26'E Q R X' Q ,R ..

2_7-.::,-, 'Q- ~·t X·-· ,Q.···',R,=

, _,". • ,~.. • __ 113

,2',·8:,. Q-., Itt ~ K 3,.,

•• ~ ~l" ••• _

2--9: Q'- 'RP'-: Q---'R' '3"'-

'" :-'ij ","c • '. _:---- - ',.~,: ", • ._'.l,iIj:

2:7,~ Q,B ,_ 'QB7., sa Q' - B~~ Q 'trt 8

6." ~ J." ",:.-: r _. ', .. ,', .. .Dr.' - ' .. 'iii

,2'9',~ x: - KB ,1. B:Jack

has succeeded dn weakening the adverse 'QBP and QR'P, and. now hie brings 'u,'p K, judging that he may win by the advantage he has gained. The present move, therefore, is the first move of the ending,

30~, K,,~ :KB2',~ 30'~.Q:B ~,Q6.. To,

'prevent ,- <: from advancing further at, once to' the support of the Q,;'-s wing Ps.

:31 .. K,I[,tP ' ...... K:B:,t3. 31,~ K ~ K 21•

3,2'1 x: B P _, :K ,B 4,. This was injudicious, He should have :In .. aintai:ned K B P at K B 3, so' , as to prevent the adverse K, from, being played subsequently to K,4'~

32~ X ~'X ,3: ..

8:6 THR MINO,R :TACTtCS' OF' CHE,S"£

33" K""" "IJI'" B'~' -3'"

,.-."_ . _._ '. ~ Jlli..l .. ',"_ .

, ~ -- , , .

aa J[,:S - Q" "1'1-- Direct-

..~ - ._1' l" ~- -_ .....

ing a radius of defence toward 'Q, R 4, so that h e m --i' a'-"y,~- be a b le t 0' ad va nee Q: "._' R;, 1)' two s .. te ps

," ,.' 1-" ",_I ' __ 1.,-- ,~--!_ , I, _,,-.- ,J: __ "'f'e' '"."" "'~""

_. ~. : • :- I

'3'-':-4---' 'Q" ,-, B'· K"-:: B' '2" 3-''-' 4'-· 'Q' "R' 'po, Q'" HI ',4'-

",', . !III!!!II!!!II!'.., .•• •. ' - . oiiii!!iiiii' ," .'

".:_' ,_~, ..... , ._....:... .. ' ... Iii! .. r ill ., i ,"", '. I,. _ .. Iii!

3""'5:- Q'-'" '"Di""',t', 'Q"-"'I 1 111"f',-- e '-- IQ' :'1 K-" t P"'-: x 'Q"-I R"- p'-':

-:' ,- '. ", ',: ,.Ili.. , ' ..... ' ,,-__:, ~ it! '- I, ,35 Ii! ': ,,_, ,,' ,- « : _- _,,', ' ,,', '_ 1:

,3,5. ,K, ,R X P ,;, and 'V'hite's QJ!s wing Ps would

b k h - h b C'.

ne even weaker than they we're netore.

3_' Q - Q - ,--

,5., ',", '._' B, _-_' D, 71

36 Q -- QK- 6

. . ...

,~-,~-__ ,B, _-.. ~t '.

37" ,K - :K4't 37' .. ES,P ,_ ES4 oh,

3& K,_IQ3~, rr 38,., Q'K:t:xKBP,,38,.,

Q,B,~ Q,B 1C,h,; ,3,9~ K, ,-,~,B ,3, Q:B X Q, Kt.

3S'- Q' "R-P QR5-

';"" . -__, -~" -, ' '_~" .' ~

319,~ 'Q K't, ,_ K :Kt ,2. ,39 t, Q ,B ...... ' IQ B 5eh.

'4!O;o :K - Q a 4!O~ K ,_ 'Q 4~,

;41~, Q B ,~, Q 4,. 41., X Kt, P - K, K.t 3.

It is now to be remarked' that all Black's Ps are' on white s'qu,ares", where they cannot be attacked by the adverse Q 'B"I

4t]< 'Q" 'V"t--- 'v" 3""""""b: 4- n K:;- 'TJi"" '5---

61~ .', ,;,~. -,~ 1:-",,,,-, "' !Ii I' .~~ ," '_ ll!!ll!!!ll! ..13.. I~' ill'

43,. IQ Kt: X Q H,. 43,~ 'Q: !C,t P ,X Q Kt"1

Thi h d lib ',: d b M'-

',I '_115 excnange was oeu oerateiy rna:' ,e ,Y·. :r.

Weiss, although it, broke his, combination of t\VO Bs j, for his Ps are all out of danger (cf prec .ed 1·1 n 'g-' no te) while a' ~I "1 h is a Id-' v ersary's

I: ... :" .... "' .... _' ._:.~::. .. ,~,,:, >I..!.'·-:-:~";I rl' 1.[ "I. j'"'_'- , II. I II"':. ,·..::I.,, __ .' .. ",I ._.~[~. I: -; '1iJI

Ps on the con tra 'i"')t_ are on black squ a,' res

" " _ -' • e= ,. " ,_ • .Il., ,,- "'-r " '_" ,'" .... . '- _ e- ' , '- "

where they may h,e attacked by' Black's K, B,;

and beside'S, Black threatens to play K -, ,K E,6" and then K ..... , ,K Kt 7, when White would 'be utterly unable to avoid the 1.0:9:9, of Ps ,0:0 the K's wing, The error of White's 3, and move, by which he has pile rmitted the

IL,L. US.TR.A' TI V E ,GAM ES:~. 87'

adverse K to enter his side of the board, is

. .

R'O,W' apparent,

44.. X - K 2:i. Necessary, to prevent the further advance of the adverse K . .,

4- 4· V'"' F't· p.' 'U"" "U"·t'! 4'

:':. ~ ~ • !. ._ 1~.IIIIi.< ,:.

B"l' . ··k-· .... '-.:, p" :-, . 'C", to . ·e .. ··: '. h . " n--:'g' e' 'or' a' 's' .t ·t- .","

.,a'c,·· pre aries ,'.: . xc,.al":.::-.-,,. ,- -:' l IS

t . '-' ed t ' .. d·' ": -.:,. 11 .' thr K-"'" -e-' .... g. P'" .... that

e,rme _, 10. Isso,ve 1 e ,--. S w,]n, J s,:So. "I ai

he 'may afterwards concentrate his forces 01,0 th .. ~. weak Q' 's wing of the ad v e rsary

.. e ",-: - ,_". ".- .. ' ' " .. ". -:. ','.-' ,,~,I,. I.-'.C·, '" .C _ .... __ ,: '"

4- 5"': ~ Q" E·-:: ~ "'I'r' 3' '.-.. 14-5'· -.~ ~ ~,t Pi .: X": -- iD"" B:" 'p' '"

_1_'1 .. ',,',. ", ~"" • 'e" ~.~ •.. ,,' ~, ." 'P

46>' Q:B X-· P 46 K"" B-:' - XB3

_ . LjI ,,~ _ , . • III ,". ~.. " I • • " • "

47: 'Q' B -Q'-'- 2'" I' f" 4'17', K:· - ,'Q.'; ,2,:' 4" '7' K"/ R···· p.'.

: Ii ". _. .' .. '. [ . :. : ' '_ JI . ~ ",', :. '___: • ,_ .. J _ ' .. 1(1 . ,I I ." I

,_ K R 5." and White, by:' cap ituring K R P

" r • ,': " .. .' '. - ,. - .' '-' ,- -- , ':::, , , J

ld' ~ Q-B-'

W'OU;,i . ose U. I:, ..

47. E,RP'-XR5~

,48~ XXt,P X P. 48 .. EB X' P (at J[,R5).. Bla.c.k's KB,P and, White:'s :KRP being so situatec that adverse Ps cannot impede their progress, are called "passed; P's'I"'lf there' lsno aduerse P on e,"'ne',' vertical act/acent' to that along whi'tlt. a P ,~S' ml}vt,d, thai Pis said ttl be passed; a passed ,P is ge'ner:ally very' valuQ,ble, and particularly if it is supported on either side by a kindred P,

49- , Q., .... B' "17 3'" 4-' 9" "17'" 'B' 'K: ". 'B':: '3~' ,

. ~ .••• I : '.'~ .Q.,.,_." . " .:... ... I - j -, "' _' '. :.. •• ,

5,0,* Q:B _. Q 2:~ 50~ :K B ,P' - .K B ,5. 5'1.. X B :P --- K B, 60'h.

51~ IQB _. 1t.,1. ,52. X-X B,2~

52-- ...,.. B'·' -- ':D""' R-' '" ' 5, '-C" ··-·h·-

'.111 ~ . ~r' - "",il

53,. X,· ..... E,:B 1. 53~ KBI X Q.B~

5_4 '17' X' -VB 54 K Q6' A h""

,'._-~, ~ ....• ~,' .. , _' ·.Ii .. :, - ,.,,'., :,'_'0 ex,·l ....

bitlon of remarkable accuracy .. , When Mr, Weiss exchanged Bs, he must have foreseen

the outcome, no less than I 7 moves, Iater. He now allows his adversary to queen K R P,; while he himse If queens K 'B ,P', and then forces the exchange of Qs, ultimately win ~

ning by' his, remaining Q's wing Ps,

5,5'i KRP',~ KR,4~ 5,5',~ :K, x QB,P,~ ,56. X R ,p -- K R 5 .. , 56~ :K ' ..... IQ Kt '6,,~ ,5'7,~ ,K R, P ~ X R, '6., 5,7. Q 'B Pi -- Q:B 6,~, 58~ X"R,P ~ K,R'7~, 58,. Q:BP .... Q:B 7~

59. :Ie,~ Q 2. Preventing, it would, seem at first. sight, the further advance of Q B, P, Black cannot OIl the next move 1) lay K '~, IQ, ,Kt 7', because '\Vhit.e';s K ,R P 'would then 'be advanced to K R 8" immediately becoming a

Q", "'", a nd giving check a nd Whit :e: C' .o uld then

","" __ c_', "T:I", 0 ,,1, , :' ,..;, ,'r "llc"'- __ I " ,L""""

win the ganle.

5,'9'. K,:B P - K :B 11. T'h,e

successful queening of one or the other of the advanced black Ps cannot now be 'p":[:e"v,'_",'e- nte d

',,"" , '" .' ,:' -, l e :',:-', "!II

'60~, KR, P ~':KR,8'(Q)~ ,At the' 'instant that P enters the 'last horizontal of the board, it becomes Q; the player su bstitutes the Iatter piece for P when he makes the 111IO've~, If he has already had Q O,D, the board, P nevertheless assumes all the force of 'Q; so that a player 'm,a,y have two or more Qs simultaneously in play,

60 QB - Q ()

•• " .' -.", ~, . -. ,".. .','1 .'.' .",. • :

_' .. ~ ... p......, ,':,B8 .. Q.: ea.

'The n,ew black Q.'-> gives check at once, Black

. I _ I

could 'DII··.-::ti' pl .. _ ..... 6!·· .: ·.. K-"":"",' B': P ...... -K" B":' 8·.·· ,(.Q.;').' t, be-

-0 __ 1, ,,0 ,l,a,y -' O~I" . '''c! ... ,:: , ,_e

::,,:', ':' ":,:,-, b "~ 6'-' 'Q'-:'" Q''-' , -B-', zch W,'·'''''h' ite '" ald

,ca,u,sle,y/i~< _'\>"_ ",3,'c,'",-- arte W'OiU.'"

[LL,USTfi}A'TIV.E' GA,MBS, ,89

assume the irritiative, and Black could get n 0" thing better than a" drawn game F'oC-'['

I" " ,,' ; _ J:. ,,:, ,'~ c' e- _ '""" ,- I ,,- -, ".~' ,f~ -a -, c- ,~ 1;:; .. ,_ _ '_ : __I_'-

example, supp,ose 6,01 K B ,P ~ K 'B8, (Q,); ,61,~ Q ~ IQB3c,h", K ~ QR,1 ,; 6-2", Q X ,P

(at QB 2) c,h, K X Q'R,P'; 63. Q _, Q B 3 ch K - Q'R, 7 ;,- 64,., Q ~ Q B 2 ch, and D'OW'" to whichever point K, is moved, check may be given again, and repeated for an indefinite number of moves, by' the white Q, at IQ B ,3 and Q,'B, 2 alternately, In this case the g,arn,e is said to be drawn by perpetual check ..

6'1. 'K :X 'Q. 61 .. KB Pi - KB 8, (Q)

ch. Now, on the other hand, Black secures the' first check which makes all the difference in the game,

62;~, K, - Q 2", 6,2. Q ~ K:B7ch.,

6,3. K ~ Q 3,., If 6'3~ K, ---e' 'Q B, I., :Q -- K .8 or Q,B 7 mate. If 63~ 'K ='", Q, I, Q ,_ Q H, " ch; 6,4. K _. KI, Q,'~ Q, B 6"ch; and Whi tie' is forced to exchange Q's as he is in the actual play,

C3;~ Q'.'-'~, Q'""'B-' 17"" oh

o _:_'.'rIj. "'.: -', "'. I '" .' '\..I.!'., ..

64,~ Ie ..... 'K 3. If 6,4,. K, -.. 'Q: ,4: .. , Q ........ ,

1- ',"' II ~ ,

Q B 6 ch ,;, winning the' adverse QI'

64., Q~' QB6,ch~

165. IQ: X 'Q ch, '\¥hite 'was compelled to capture the black Q, for otherwise he would have lost his own,

6S' ~ 'X' ,,-, 'Q:- I

.,.:_':iI! ,~, ...... :., ,'_,!ii

66,~ :K ...... K 4'~ He cannot save his Q's wing Ps, and the note on Black's 54t,h, move will now be appreciated by the student,

go,

.

T···· .; uE·'::··· :!i/J'···:"N':O···!R:·:": T'~C':' 'T~'!'1C:" 'S'.:' or C' -YES,' ~

. .~.t c' .lVJ 1. . _ ., .l"J . ~..,. ...._ .._ ' .. _ ___._.a.,JI'~ .

1Il!6' "17"' Q" "CI!""t 6.- .. ·

g- .. :~ A ~ '. ,; ..... _ ~,:,~,

6,7;; E,·-'= 'Q: 4,. 67~ It.X R P,.

[68·.~ X ~ QB31' 68,t K .-. QR7 ..

6'9 .. g, - Q'B,2~, 6'9~. QRP - Q:R. 6' ..

70.. K - 'Q S a. If 7·O.~ K·_ Q.B 3, ,'0.

K ._ Q Kt g,; followed by the advance of

Q R!-.:: pi-,'

. '_":." . 9

[,",'0 'tJi"" Q ""'t' '6"

-i: It ..D.. ~ . ," ~_. A ':II.~~·!I

71,~, Re',si:gnsl' Mr. Blackburne here resigned the game in his adversary's favor, Fo:r the benefit of the learner we will con .. · tinue it. to the final position of checkmate, giving the best moves o:n both sides,

7L·· K ,_ Q' 'K:t l~ 711' K .. x Q K,t p,~,

72... K ~ Q ,R:2t, 7,2 •. Q B P ... [Q.:B 4~

7,3~ :K. -- Q R ,1,., 73~, :K,~, Q Kt 6.

'7'& ''17._..__. [Q':' 'K' . t[· 1 Th'· .. ·Kl ... ·' '.'. '}-'- '.. _.. ".-~' _ ..

_oz. ,,g. : ._ .. c .. .' e· . ;.8 1n t TIS position

are said to be ][·1':1,., opposition, a~-rn: [(.1 Wb ite h as'.

_ _ . _ . . . . j. .." '_ , _ 11. , , ..,' J _ _ I .,.. •.• _

, , 1,1

,', gained the opposition .. :'" It is sometimes

an .. advantage to gain the opposition, but not here.

- 'If

'7'4~ Q. :8 P ...... ·Q::B 5.. __ '::-

..- :Q R" P"" Q 'R··.' 1-7" ch .. 'K· .. · Q"C-:' 'R' " Q: -B:' P

74'··, ; . - " ·····c 'I' "5':. ,". - I. : ,]1 "".' .: ...

.- . -. . '" .. ' ,:. . .• ., . c .. , ... , ..... ,-- '.'

- . .

,_ Q' ..•... B:·I. ' .. "~V":h·'i,t--, .... ·.'·Ii- ot (: .. ,.-_ .. , '1'·.- : .... ' .. -- Ki and .. -

- .... , ···5, .' -] e c,anno, 110\V .ro.ove . I.~, an"

the position of Ksis what is called stalemate .

- I. . . .. -_. - .. .. - . . - . . _......, - .. _. . -' -'-'- -- .. -" .. ,

h .. ich .~:. ". .ck '." d" draw - .. , . ..... ·S-t··_·l' .... ·· .a: .

W .,!lC .. ' IS ree . one·:. a,· .. r.aw.n gam.'e" I.e la, emate

h I 'h+ .

occurs wnenever a pi ,aye.r, on _,' 'JS turn. to,

P· ]a,y.~.·· cannot make a lawful move : even if

, .. , . _. -- _. . - .• I. . . • . '--. . ••... - '--':J' '.- '. -' ' ..

he h - . h ,~ b id K"'-'--' h b d

I" . I .' I.'." :'1 ~, : ': .'. - .", I '; -:- -~~.:: • I' j' .. -. ::.:-' I' .i _. I - :1 -.': ,". . -:. I"· - .; I . '. I' .. . . . . .' ... .... "

e nas ot _er .pIeces oest __ .es n .. on t .... eoar.,.

P- rovided he cannot move any of them, the

_. _ •••• - _.. ..... •• •• < •• -' •• '-'. _'.; •••••• • .' '-" • '.

ga:me is drawn .. ~

[7··5· X··" 'Q" -:'. ·R·· '1

. - ".-.'" .

:'.' . "~, : • .:.' .•..• ,.., •.. " I . -I !Pol

75 QB- Q"- 6

- ... - .. ' .' ,-' .' '. " . .-

,:' .•........ ,p...-.; '.' .:8 ... :_ .. iI'

". . . , . I D A T'·I If .!'L"" G' 'A~ II £f'e-S'"

ILL US .T.l~ h .~. ~ .. ,i.b ,'". ','< .!IY" u. .

7'6~, K- 'Q: Kt 1.. 76·~ Q .B p' - 'Q 13· 7 0:11 ..

7[7' •. K _. QB.l.. If 77,1 ,K. ~ QR I, Q B P :Q ...... E:' 8·' .(:Q! ")"" mate

'tIIiiiiiiiiiiI • .' : .. ~'. ..' :," ... ~ .•.. , : " .. ' )' :, I!

'77. Q.R,P ~ Q.R 17.

78. K -- 'Q,2.~ 78~ QRP ~ Q:R.S (a)

:7'9~ K ._. K 3.. 7'9~ Q _. X 4 ch, '1'th.is

~ th fourth Q" th Bl k h h d d' .~

IS, tne tourtn ·.t:, .. at .:.·,,3C.:· [.as 1:a.'I.u:rl.n,g

the present game, He might, instead of playing' thus, make still another Qb,y 7'9~ IQ 'E, P ~ 'Q.B 8" and he would then be able to give checkmate a little 'more speedily than he does 'in the given play, The student would learn less, however, by following out the process of checkmating with, two Qs, than he will by seeing h .. ow the 'mate with one Q and K is effected. The object of Black's play

f 111"' ~ ~ h d'"' d'" h

rom this po tnt to th 'e enc IS to [._ mve t r Ie

a.d·ve:rseK to the side of the board,

S' 0' . K' ''117"' B '3' 8- '0- 'D' Q' -.' B~' 6'

_ .' I.. .:_-----.:. '~' . .1111. ~. '-,( .:.... . ,_," ,,' ... 1Ii ~ ~ :.':: _ 1 '" :", ..

81' . ~ ,_. T7' 'K" t·- 4',' '-. '. 81 '''17"'.- Q' 6, .:.

.. ~ ..DI. _ _ .. .• ~ iII.o.. .', .' .'

82'·. V' ~ "Q'" B'~' '3" 8n Q'" "17" ]t,. "t· 4

-'.~ ~ .~ - ~ 'di'li ..... ,_!. - A .' .,',::'"

83' K"" --= 'KI .' B.:·" 2'..:·'~

'Ii .. \',' _.1.

84~ K - XB,l.~

83. Q: _. :K :Kt ·5. B4~ X. -- K6~

;0"5·" 1J"" - ''P'' ' '8' ··5< 'Q' ,~. 'T.r K' .- t' 8~ m a' rte

g. !iii I~ I~' J'" _,'!II .... ' ~ __ •• ' II.' ~ .. _ .:!I!

Black may mate also by 85~ Q _ K. 7, or g,5~

Q - -

,~ Q ,8"1 'or ,8.5. 'Q B P ~ IQ B.8, (Q).

M:I'N' . '0'" R"' TAC'"T'''ICS'''

... ': ..... ,..... . ... , :F~-''''

ADD IT~ 0 N AL statem.en~s and mustr~tions of the general principles that SllOU. ld

govern the strategy of chess ·\ve shall meet in

"._ .::.ll', •. , ~ " .' _I ~ '. ' .. -) ,'" .. .r. " .. ,., _ .. ',. _ J ••• , ~ '" -, _ '.' ,. _

- t di "'t'" f I di

tne games an" 'PIOSl'ilOnS ,0',1' me appendix

(p. 17 I) .;, for the present, as his next step toward the chess player's goal, the student is asked to c:once'lltratehis attention on that

b h f th biect hi h h . id d ",1

_ rancr 0], :1 .e S'U '~ec.'~ W nc r nas proviuec tne

1. ith a ti '11 r: hi 'J' I ki

au t.lll.0rs wit I .. a. tt tte [or t . I.iS V·O'. ,U n1.'e',.. . •. 11 mas mg

choice of the phrase, I" The Minor Tactics ot

C'L U d .. ,.,

ness,': we .... eem it unnecessary to enter 1.11to

. ded d ~ ,.. f h '.' ""1" h

anyexten ed discussion 01:': tr e· sunuanty that

'11 b . hi d 1 ·'1';'

exists between tIS ,ga.·me ano the rmntary

art; but consider it sufficient to state, that ,a··:s'· the minor tactics ·0:,.··.£ .. '. warfare treats of the

• .'_.'. _ [_ _ •• • .• "~" - _ I ' __ l~. . '," .. '._ ..... ~,IJ' ,', __ .

proper construction of the various. component parts, of all, army, preparatory to the 'beginning of a campaign, SOl the minor tactics of chess deals with t' he.· ar rangernent 0:'( the

. . ~ . . .. _ . . . _' _. c..~ [ .. J.,_ ... ,. _. __ ', . ~ " .. ' .

pieces up I . on the board in the opening ofa

. _. _: .-: .' . '.', '.. , '. ,. _.' _ _: ,'. '.' ,_. . . ,. . c·· __ . _ c_ . .: :~. . , .

bef h >I' ,.,,,' ... f h

game, erore the imtiatron 0'::- those manoeu-

vres for attack, defence and counter .. attack

_. .... _.. ."" "' ..... ,_" .. ,'. --'_'., ... ' .. , .. __ ."c···· :,_" .... "_" .. ,.

hich II. h 'II t f

w, ucn constitute t ae more acnve s rages o;_·

the chess battle ..

MINOR .T ACTICS~

9"'3'

" I, ...

It has 'been the custom, in treatises upon

hess openi d r:

the C·" ess openmgs, to .i. evote pag,e alter page

and chapter after chapter to analyses, the

,- f hi h ,. d··.. 'h'

: : "." " .' ." .... .'. ','::. \ ',', . . •..• ~ . -I'~' r .', '1·· ... : 1-:" ',': .-. . ].... 'I' , .. - I" ".~ '1- • J.!!!!!I!

study ot WI .. .icn IS te IOUS, even, to tne expe-

,-_ •.. , .-.)3 pla ···r and to the tyro I noth ing le S:'S rlenee'll _" laye" : .. ' ,,_ , .' ..- .;., .,' '; .', _I ':_ ,.,,:.,

than appalling; and" after all is said and done, the thousands of variations that are thus presented teach no principles of play, are incon . elusive and frequently m isleading ill their results, and. not unusually fall to

OJ h-' b d ii' 1

. p'l.ec.es wnen t.. .. ey are tester In aetna prac-

tice. We' shall refrain, therefore, from at ... tempting to describe the manifold debuts

h b ... d'" h b

that . rave been mventec SInce C,I ess negan

to engage the faculties of ingenious men; and, in lieu of 8,0, complex and untrustworthy

k h ~ h "1~'11 d ~ i,

,a tas _, t ;,1.5 f .eory 'W'I i Jay rown certain pnn-

ci ples, easy 'both of COIn prehenS'i.oIlan,d of application, u,p,o,n which all sound. and enduring chess openings are founded, Taking the

' ':,' _,". ,_" .,' '.1 '. " .' •. , '" 'r.=.' ... :'.;. J • '_., .: .', ' ••• '.' I' 7' .,. 'I ;' ,'j • ',"

-:- , ..... "'. "'" d :~'. 'id " '. -1· r,'" . id . "0'" 1'1· -'. ti ':'1: " '-,",.:.' ,····h--· ')1

pieces In I rvmuat y an, cor ec rvery, we s .. at ..

show hot», In order tn,at the len,c'rgy' of the

C-~'·4'S"'(" fo -rses m··'·,,·a,·-~.1J .'. ~A ~&A' most fi""u:: ,l'rrm; ·J:Ot'flv·'·:e·,lo"llc· d r,~ . J; " r ~~~ '" .': '! __ ' y' Ur;, !{,t:t~ 1:1\,,': I:. " .. "[{;J' Itlf:,. t~-,r-"- _: '

in .th:~ ope,nlng, c'a'ch pie'ce s./tO'tlld ,be j'Ostc'd by' itseif, ,an·d h011J all the ,pieces sho Itld' be p,osted

- - '.1-1,., ~.(,' -I .J; 1.., E -I I' i, ..J. ,,) ,'..n ~. .

W8'"t reterenc« to tnezr ,f.1lUi'1:t,'·a. mteraepenaence.

PA··", .'. 'W,,-'N:~ p- ,-',0····· ··'S·.· -"I' . T"!, O"I'N! S--

',' ' ... ' . I ,', ', __ ' _. " " _" ' ... , . . ... 11

IN the establishment of a strong position

, th ._" P- _- ,;'. "'e pe'" 'ha 'p'>L" t hi" .. ': :,,, -; ,-' st ~', .,' norts '! ·t

".I·e " S ,ar<. . ._,r", ,,'.,;:J ". e mos, Ilnp,oran.~

of all the- pieces. They serve at first as the fortifications ill whose embrasures and be-

hind wh r ·· .. ···,·· shi It .. '~' ,',,':. ralls the other ,-., , ,

___ rna wr 'ose S _' enermg waus '. "e 01;_ 'fr pieces.

are deployed ; and later they are brought into

'.' '.~ .. '. ,.-- '. ,~ >t~\ ,,' 'e' a:j' -. ' t .. ·,' :.'. d f:' '. '.-- -: '1" '. ds b le '1: " -t'''· .:0;.

use as ae,11V': gen s ann rornuua .. ' ['" lllar ICl'"

.' t 'N- -r 11: h C ~,

pants m tile con test. ! _ atura ,J[ y, t aeretore, In,

th th f' 4' , .. h p" fi' ,

',~ ", " "' .. ' · .. ·,i .. ·· ',"' :'1,- :", . ' - "I', I '~. 1- ""._ . I' : , -~ " 11"- .'.,.:-., .. ' .• ,"', '- I _',~' : "':: .

t. e t _ eory 0,. minor tactics, tr e ,_. s are rst to

b id d d ,;, h h id f h b d " e consiueren ; a:n,.-, with the aic 0'_: t. e: noam

and pieces, which the learner is again urged

,:._'. ~ [" .' I • 1

. id I' 1'- iIo 'h'" d'

most. assn uous .. y to em'p' oy m rns study, we

- ,

'·11 d - -h ~. .. .... h

W11, ,n,Q,W proceec to t ae exammation ot t_,_ e

f', nda .,-., ,-,··,t,,'TI .' .... "t· ~:- ... _ '.-; of 'P'':-' Ifv. .. .' --, :' "~l-l' ,,·1,·" - .... "

tunaamentar pOS1_10111S 0 ,1- S." -,' you wiu p_,ac,e

't·· h eo' W'" rhite _. P'-s>·' '0'-' n th ~ bo ia rd I in fob:' e'-: ir ~ n: 0'- rrn , a·:"1

.I,._,",_, ..... .1.11.. .. I -.1 ':: _ ~ill~ I: ._: .. -1 .. : l " L .. '_:" I .. ' J'_ ..• _.~_

position, (cf p,. 4.5), leaving off all the other

,-"',:., '. -: .: .-.', '_ '- d ".-- ."'11 '.' .1,~, 'I'· ..... the I'Q·': .. ···, 'B~-' 'P' ... -,: -.'" st -' .

pieces, an" \\"111" advance ~ :,e, __ ," - 'on'e Sf P'",

(Q ..•....... 'B'P,-,.Q. B3··· ') .... and .Q': .. Ptwo steps ("-Q- P'-Q"4'" )'"

, ',' " ','. - .' ,. ,." ,',,_'. . 1_... .,' "_' . 'C' .. "', - . " " :: "

, '. .' ,'"1il- h, ':: . '", ".'- . rt -, d th '-" fi . t d ~, ,-,,"'''' .. ti " Pi

you Wl~, _ ave c,re,a ,e u 1_.' I.e "rs,_, '.' rstrnc lye . .'.

position ~ Q •......... Kt P Q B P'· and 'Q' P here occupy '

, ". '- .... ,,' ..... ,.. 'ji' '-,"',:' -' , "'._'- '.'- ',' .. , , ,. , ... " .'.~'

three consecutive points upon a diagonal, ex-

._ .. . ... ,' " ' .. : .. , ' .... _ : ',','," ',' .. ,,",·,c· : " -'.' . __ ',_ .".'.::' '. ._" ,': _, .-:.', .. " ," ... ,' ':'. ,..,

tending outwardfrom the remaining Ps, which,

,'._' '.' .. " -_ ... ', ---' -'" .... " -" .. .., ",'" "',' . ,:. - ',~ - "-_ , -",

being unmoved, occ'upy points in a straight

11!,. 'T~ "" t· he 1:·. tt - P'"; '., t ~·l, ," -- " . ",1' 1-' '_. ," t '~ ',' l r ,-1'

Iln,e'i' , ,0 me ratter _ S, taken ,eo.' _,eC.lV,el,}" 'We

,. "" - ·1,' th .. t -. '-'. - ., -' ,...;.,- a-. ./'" p.:-J". .. ,'. t th ,f:_.,- ..

a,p,pc,Y_ '_, e ,·e,rm 110,' ,111iJ' .. ' {/,ase ,~' :,0 I", ,Ie lormer

PA~ W'N···· P' ·O·SlT--I·O~·N.··· (:"!I

.', ".[1 .. -',' :, .. '.[.,:_ .... , .... :/~: r t ..-.,- .. ~:~

[9,5

three, the term salient. It will be noticed that the salient and the normal P base have one P (Q Kt P) ill common, If you will 'next advance ,K P t\VO steps (K p. _. K, ,4·), ·y.QIU will

have another characteristic formation, consisting of Q P and K P, which \ve designate a. ,stipporting parallel;' and, considering the salient and the: supporting parallel together, we bestow upon this formation the title angle lJj resistance, The technical terms that we have introduced will be of great convenience in. the construction of our theory, and we shall formally' define them as follows: _.

A :saJient is. [a formatdon o,f p[S occupying thr·le·e eonaeouttve points upon a [d'lagona!, the ini.tial poirrt of wh:ich is in the second horizontal. of the 'board"

,A ,Bup[port,i:n.g parallel. i,a a form a..tio n of Ps occupying tw[o consecutive polnta UPO',D th[e fourth hortsontal,

An angle of restetanoe is a formation ·olf· Ps conaisttng of ·t,h[9 combi.n,ati.on. ,of a s·alilent and a supportdng parallel w'hich have a P in common,

The normal P base eonelsta of th.ose P,. ·wh'ioh are left in their normalpoaitdons ,afte',r the formation of a salie'n.t:"a supportdng parall:e·'l lor an angle of restetance.

If one of these elementary P formations is more valuable than the others, it is the salient, which is the prime requisite of a. sound defensiv[e 'position", or --- =ince the base of a

96' THE MIN:OR' TACTtCS' OF CHESS'~

. -- '1~ f" - . -- 'k I ~.. h b

' , '1:-', "I' 1 ~. - " 1- ' " --- '-' '- ','I,':, ': ':, ", ",": ,.,---' ,'. i - 'j '--, . =, ,:"", - -~", ..

true nne 0, attac "_" aiwavs consututes tt e oase

;00

of a true line of defence, ~ of a sound offensive position. In, tbe salient that we

ha - iust . itablisb. d _QC' BO" P-"'" ·--·t-'-- 'Q:'; B' '" --, ~I-

__ ,ave JUSI- esta :,~lS _e __ j.,. I, _, at .. , ,3 repels

a'ny radius of offence that 'may be operated ag-- ainst K before castling along the K's

:.' ,. -- . --" - - -- -- - -- - , . ,_'" .." , - - "--" - --, , ,

major . diagonal, by:' the adverse- :K B and Q, ..

-- . - - -- - -.-,' . - - --, - .. -' ' . _. _. - . - - -- ", . ,

and" Q-'" P at Qi "'- 4 sim ~ - ·1:--- -- reo pels a' nv ra di co 'f"

:~_-~._ ..... '" '.:'-,_:____: __ u aI'ly . '-,'.11: "_ YI,,< nus 0:,

0- ffence that may be -: operated a'··'g,:·,:--.a: in s':-t, K:' R." ':")

___ . .." _ _ • . , .. ' .• .. .• ._. • Ii. ~

. , . -'I -

and K Kt I, or against K itself, after castling,

I h KCK'" '"' 1" 11 b 1.

along t ie ,,', ' t's major (ll,ag',on,a.~, ~,y the same

adverse pieces Add to thi: salient K~"'P" , ... ·-·:t-

. ,v,£-:· ".: e3,., , , '. ,', ,is S ,1 e, , __ a

K r -i' ·h--'Q--·'P Q --

,4, rorming w1tl,_", I ' ,at:,4 a supporting

parallel, and completing the: angle of resist-

-- -- - d -- -- - -- -- ~ -- - ..' 'h 1"1

", . ," -Ii' - -. '. . . . .-' .' ,'-' '_. . ". " ", ' '.. _' " I . ..' [ . .._ .. '_ .'. ". . ,- "-'."

ance ; anc no great experience 10 :C,'! _ ess P" ay

· . '" ] d -- 1

'. ~. . ' ::- I . :- "'1 ',' :: '<'-. ,'. I' -', .', ri - .•. ' .. _", .-: .. -.', ,: • - .... '['.-:- I, "..... [ ... -,1· I " . '. : ", [' : . . ','." ...... :- -. ." .. :

IS, necessary to convince the stuc ent, not on ',Y

that this means of sheltering 'K:-- from the ad ,_

_ ... _ J:,":;' = __ _" _ . _ _ __ _ __ _ _, ,II. ' . a . _

versary's assaults is safe and sufficient, b,--, rt

" - -- .'. -- . . - - -- - -- -" - -- . - - '-" u

also that the defensive position thus constructed ';5,"': well-nigh impregnable, Th is' for-

.:l.. _ .... 1-'. .1 __ e .:' __ _. ", ",' roJ _. , •. ~ "I',';;_"). 11 ....

, ' .... , ,,':" 't- ",' :-: ,.: ,(", - a·.':_-' b ·e ·:t-"~'ll- ,( "t":hl- " ,-- st "--,- "., -"'1'-' "t',h,' ''','1 . ,., -d'

manon ffi._y --_" S .ut tart __ er s trengtt .ene "

however, for purely offensive measures, by the advance of K B, P t\VO steps (K 'B, P _, K,B4,) ; in but few circumstances should this

b d b r I'" ~ h K-'~'

ne " one berore castling, masmucr as ,:" in its

n·,,-, .. " "::--1 -,"'1 positior '"f' K"· . '·BI'.·· p,.:, hi' : _-._-'C.,_ be ._. --_.- .. vedr is

"or.ma. ,·OSI.l,n, I., ..... , .~ ~_as ,.·een m,o,ve .. :,~ 1,5

d h ;. f di f f

! ." " ", ... " ....... : I' _ .. ". " : :"; ,'- .... (..:- [': . . '-'II'-'·~:--- ,_: .' I - [ .. , ': ,", :",", ~. ,"_ . -.:-.-' : ," -'. ",.' . - "': I ~

ex,pose , to t. e operation 0 a ra.IU1S, 0 0,

fence along th 'e'- K:··:"',~---, ino '-.: d .. :~, gona 1--' 'S·I" . ch

,~,!I_,., '-, .. ', :--- .,1 .. , ' ,S l"Ill,:.r .: 'lCl> I ., ,.. .: llC, "

an attack, 'm,ay be repelled to, be sure, by

h d r-- 'K 'K" P - 'K' '-K' - P

: I' . , :. ", [' ".:; ~,~ / _." . '1'" .' '. .' ... ,'. ' .,: . 1 ::'.' '.' I' . :.' .' . : :.",: (.~ , , .... .,,' '.' 1 __

t .. e a "vance 0" -', ,'" t . o,ne step (.. '" t -

K'K-"-" ') ~ b d 'b th

,::' "j- C---. ',. :":'.(,~". '--1-'''''--''--'''--1','.-- ",,, .. ,-,-,--"""",_ .. ·,--·,,"i-'-',", '--(~'._' "I' ._'. ,-- -- "---"i-~,

, ,t3_" or it ma,Y be prevente ... y tne post

ing of 'K. Kt at. K B 3'; nevertheless, there

PA.' 'u'TN' P' :",0·'" S,'·1", rtotes

, .' "l~ IV¥- ~ ",_. .: , . ~ .... J .," , .. ", ~ r '-.:' 'Ii. V '~'Il

9'7"':

, '

are difficulties attending e-ither of these methods of defence, which need not 'be dwelt upon here: it is, enough to, remember that the functions of PiS in minor tactics are es ... sentially defensive, and that a sally like :K B P' ,- K B, 4" although a. powerful manoeuvre for offence, is theoretically defective if essayed before castling on, the ground that it exposes K" instead of sheltering it. Therefore, a's, a rule, whenever the advance of K:B P'" whether

. t ~ d d i hoi> h

one ortwo steps, 1S recommendeo m t'18 the-

ory, the previous castling of ,K, is to be taken for granted, When 'K B ,P' has 'been advanced two steps, it forms, in, conjunction with :K ,P ,at K,,4 and Q P at Q 4", what may 'be c all ed a composit« ,$~pp,o'r.ting p'ara/lel; and the angle of resistance consisting of this supporting parallel and the salient that 'has been described, is called a composite angle of resistance, The composite angle ,of resistance is the only elementary' ,P formation in, which three PS, are . 'posted, abreast on the fourth horizontal of the board, and it is by far the most powerful of all the P formations,

The next salient to which the consideration of the student is invited consists of K Kt P in . its normal position, K B P advanced one step (K B ,P~K B ,3), and K P advanced two steps (K P~'K ,4). Between this salient: and that which has previously been described an. inti-

t I ,., ;0; " , h l' - .' . ,j f

ma e re ation ex ists : t ae sa te nt ClO nsistmg 0:'

'K 'Kt P, K, 'B ,P and K, ,P SllO'UJ.,d 'be established

'98 THE MINOR TACTICS OP ,CHE,S;S~

only after the establishment of the salient C,Qn-' sisting of 'Q Kt P", 'Q H, p' and Q, P'; for which reason, the former is, denominated ,all} aucciliary salient: The formation !of both, these salients, it will be noticed, pres'ell t:s two ang es of resistance, which have in, common the supporting parallel consisting of Q P at Q 4, and ,K, P at :K 4". Together with the unmoved Ps that constitute the normal P base, this position of Ps possesses a character of completeness that entitles it to, the specific designation of a, P lnleg,'ral/ in contradistinction to which term the elementary formations that enter into its construction are called. P :tJ.'nlts ~ The following diagram (Fig, 2,4) and formula clearly show the composition of this P In tegral 1~J;'1 wh ~'C·' .h W,·· 'e in clud ,'e: K' .'; in,' orde r

" ,.I. -""",~.':'-'-":!i . .1 ,!f1""l1 ,[ ,,'_" .l,,", ".1,. __ ' __ l!, 1,.,'t.,W,

to, show that it should occupy its position after castling (K, R) : ,_

Formula : P integral :=: P unit (element of '11 orm ai P base-Q R I), Q :Kt 'P) 'plus, p'

unit (salient ...... Q Kt I'" Q B ,P" Q P) . plus 'p unit (supporting parallel-Q P, K P) plus

1_:), ; "I n "1"' t ,(. s a ' '1'~ ,e no' . t _'. ·1< P, IT 'B' P K- - 'K' t P '): pl U,- s

, y, '. _.' . .' "ill. '" ~, . -" '_ ~"'). -c.., "e _' _" _ '_' " " .' J. .. _ .

P unit (e'~eme'nt of normal P base-K Kt P"

K""R,;' 'P:")'"

. '. '.' '_' "!Ii

We \V:~1111 no .. W' .', .... 'C" 'Q .. onsid er th eo' for ml,;a·:·.· tion 0:' ":'fl" aI-I'

. f _.. ... _ I... _, _ . l~. . . . . . .Ii. ._. ;;;. ,.

the P ll,n its ann P in tegral s ill detail, The necessity of their diligent examination, one by one, cannot be too strenuously urged upon the student of minor tactics,

The salients. are six in. number, and are

'FIG~ 24. ( Bltu: Ie ~.l

PAWN' P'OSITlONS. 99

r

(' Wh,'£te.,)

A 'p'" A, 'w' " N' IN"'rEG'I)'AL

' ... : l'~ .", ... -," .. ',_ .. ->: ' ... -.1-( :.::.'.~ . .',' -I!

ranked as follows" according to the Ps that

t int t h ~, t t- ,i' d th 'I' t

enter 10',0' tneir construcnon anc tne pO;'~ll,'~

that are occupied by those Ps ::: ~

First s,;a'Ji,ent = IQ: K,t P ·at 'Q: K:t 2., Q :B .P' at Q 'B 3, Q P at c 4·.

,First: allxiliar,y' salie,nt = K K,t P at K ,K,t 2:i "'D'" B" P , t K'" 'B: 3 "U"" 'p' t' 'KI -' 4- 1

.D., ',', ,- -' ,a' _~ '-". ,-_, ", ~ , ~' a I: , " '_ ~,_'~

. iSec'o,D,d salfent := K B P a't K, B 2,. 'K,:P at X.3" Q p at Q 4~

,S"le"""'o"n-'-d" a"u~I''-ll'''a''r--y' 'sa.' Hent _, Q-"", R-'-:': P" a"_""t'_-,,,

... ," '," .. 'IIIj.. -,-I :. -.' . . " -"" .~.iL' r.'~ _ 'I -', " .: •. _l lI~,I~' I. !.' ~ _=. . t. '". . I., L. .. "

,Q Ri:;!, Q :K,t,P at Q Kt3:, Q B P :at Q'B ,4.

T,hird salient, -= IQ: B, p' at Q B 2" Q P at Q 3" K,'~ a,t, ,K ,4""

1:00 THE ,MINO,N TACTICS OP ;CHESS~,

P,o'urth, aalferrt := Q :p ,at 'Q 2, !c, Pat, K ,3,

K'·' 'B': p-.- at:'~' B': ,4; ,

. . .' . . .. '. I . .' .&lii;. .. .. "it

The functions of the first salient have alread y' been stated ('Po. 9,4);; The first auxiliary salient is useful in conjunction 'with the first salient ,~'S·:~, a p'·.:'r-' im '. e- ~ d ... ' . efe •. ': nsive •. ' 'm,~'i<_JI:S' U.·· re' fo r C',o,' v : ...... '

_ . ,"" . . .. . I ' ,IL - , . . . _. - I'H. . 'Ii",.« . . . I.' .

ering the developing manceuvres of the superior 'pieces in the opening ; its most important feature is K,B P at K B, ,3,' which supports K P and prevents the posting of an adverse piece at K Kt 4,,~ Both these salients- belong to' 'what is called tile o_pen' game, in which the first move is :I. K P-K, ,4:" and the forces are developed with, the primary objects of attack and defence on the K's side,

The second. salient and the' second auxil ... :iary salient on the other hand" are characteristic of the close ,ga,mc', in, which the opening move is either I'~:Q P~Q 4" ;r .. K P-K ,3,; I',~ QBP'-Q:B'4, I'~ QKt:P ..... ,Q,:Kt3 or I~K:KtK B 3" and the forces are developed with the primary objects of attack and defence on

h Q" id Th s: I' lik

the ':,'5 Sl~·.·e., .hese two tormanons, unlike

the first and the first auxiliary' salients, are most frequently' associated with each other ,;: the first salient may be established without the addition of the first auxiliary, but the second salient should be accompanied by its auxilia ry'" Again" the protection of K [rom attack is 'not a direct object of the formation of the second and the second auxiliary salients" as it is of the first salient and its auxil ..

P . -_. - _.

A' w.' . "A.l' p·:·'··O·:··IS·:··:j""7""I'O·:1 ""'f'!!'

_," ',." 1 W" ~: _.': ",. :.,' ,J;: ~ I!, .. 'ji; "¥' ,~'~

101

i,ar,Y;, their purpose ills rather to protect the, Q,",s side during the developing operations of the opening,

The third salient marks a purely defensive variety of the open ,ga'mle; it is p,rope1-~ly istall-

..

l~J~'ht!.(1 ,only by .tit,e second p:l~J",e,r, and its virtu es

as compared with those of the first salient are so few that it must be regarded as, greatly inferior to that formation, ,Slt:iU",:i t is fre __ quently necessary to adopt this class of sa, .... lient when the establishment of a better

>Ii • '", 'b'}- d c. h !Ii

one is impractieab e, an', tor that reason It

:P:~,IYS an important part lin minor tactics, I.n its composition Q, P' at Q 3'J' supporting K P at K ,4jl is the only' element worthy ,o:f consideration.

The fourth salient is rarely employed and when it is pressed into service it, is consist-

e-:""-n'-'f!o'1y-- ac com pan ie d b "y: t hi' e iO'DC" '0"" '0" d I anxilia r y

. " II!."j,~.-_; '_ . I,~ a..i.,,-:- ': . '_'_' 11._>.: ~"",":."'" ,I' ,1 ·,u~, .. ~ _ ,/

salient ,; the class of ,game into which it enters

'I·'~ essentia Ily cl 0," ise but possesses a:' Is·'Q··· CO':-:-"':m-I:'I,e~'

.. ~ ~"~"_.' . _ '_ . I :': _.:; .~ ... ~I." '" __ /: l. ,~: .::.~I~~~._ ... _:~ ' .. , . "" ~ , __ ._,:_,,_ ....

characteristics '0,' the open game, inasmuch a's itt contemplates a, counter ... attack 0'0, the K's side in reply to the adversary's close attack (In the Q's 'side", 'The fourth salient is generally adopted only by' the second player,

The supporting parallels are fOtlr lin numb er, ranked as, follows : ------.

:r,tir:st supportdng 'pa'~alme'l :::;., IQ P iat !Q: ,4" K :P' at :1{,4, ..

!",jr,st cOlm,p,os;il"te supportdng parallel ~ Q P' at 'Q 4" X P at K .,. :K:;8!' a't E, B, 4,;0

102, ,THE MINOR ,TAe,TICS os CHE'~)S~

Se:con,d aupportdng parallel :=: Q " at Q:'4, QB Pat· Q B 4.

T,hirdsnpp,orting paraflel = K Pat, K. 4, It B Pat, K B 4,~

As the salients repe] adverse attacks along diagonals, so' the supporting parallels oppose radii of offence directed along verticals ; but as the Ps exert n .. o active force in vertical directions, their opposition to adverse force along verticals is solely' passive, and exercised by the process of intercepting, rather than repelling, adverse radii of offence, For this reason the su:p'p,o:rtin,gparallels, are chiefly subsidiary to the salients, i n con j unction wi th which they form the angles, of resistance.

'Our former definition of angles of resistance (p~ 95) was incomplete, 'il) that it failed to state that the salient and the supporting parallel ,of which all angle- of resistance is, composed are of th'e sante rank, Bearing this fact in mind" the student will have no difficulty in perceiving that all 'the possible angles of resistance are five in number, formed as follo,V's,:-·

First angle of resfstanoe (e:rat salie,nt together with ,fir:8't supportmg :p,aral].el) ,=. Q K·t P at Q Kt 2" Q: B P at .Q B 3" Q P at

Q "4', "'17" p=.': a" t 'K" ,.ill

. ,.,D;. '., - ,.. "Z'.

'p'. t -t- '1 f' '. t (fir t ~ lIS':: ,oo·mpO:S(J"I.-e angie '01" resaetanee ·.~~._:S'-

" I' .'1"'· .. ··t·, :t··- . t , ··t·'h··· '. --c··'th-' ,6:' ,t', .... ,.. -. ""t· ·1 • --.

aanem ·oge~llle'r Wl· , ,1.ISI eomposrte S·UP'-

portin tJI .... -I' " "ille"'l): ...._ 'Q::" K··t· p' .. -: ·t·, Q' ". "a"'·t'· 2···· IQ' .'. 'B: 'p"

'.~, Ib' p,aralL.. .' _,._ .... ~ ,a I '. ~. .IJiii... " _' ,.: .' . . ".

,at QB ,3" Q. ,P a't Q '4, .K ,P at. K 4~. It B ,P ,at 'Ir' B' 4'"

.&:Ii;. '. ' ..

PA'" W·,·'.·N·: p .. ' ·O . ..:'S····,.I::.T····.·.·1,ONS~.

- --' ! • , ." .. _.. -

1.0.3

First auxiliary angle of reststance (first a.uxi.liary salfent together with H,rst supportmg paralfel ) .~, KKt P .at K Kt 2, :K B P at K B 3, K P at X, ·4; Q P at 'Q 4'1

Secon.d .a,ngl,e· [of reaiatance (second saIierrt togeth,er 'with seoond snp:p,ortin,g' parallel) = K B P ,at. K B 2., It P at K 3, Q P at Q 4, Q B P [at 'Q~ B 4,.

Be·oou[d au.xili.ary angle of r'e'sistanc[e

(s· econ d', a·~I1I'!I'V"l· .. II~;a·:·r·y· sa l'!l!l·e···:nt·:· :t'-,o" gether w···· ·!·"'t"c·h

. : ...••. .1 '. .'!!I.I..oCIIo. .,iL:...... .. s- ·."···c' _ '" ''''" . .'_ .. ""

second S upporting parallel) = Q R P ,at Q ,R 2, Q. K:t Pat· Q Kt 3, Q :S,.P at Q B ,4". QP at Q 4~

Third angle O'{' re'sls:tao,o,e' (third salient 'together with third aupportfng parallef ) :=Q B P at Q H, :2, Q P at: Q ,3·, It. P at K 4, K B P at K B 4·,.

Of the fourth variety of P units·~ ele .. ments of the normal P base ,_ nOI classi ... · fication is [deemed necessary, and their consideration m,ay 'be dismissed in a. few brief observations : First, in every P formation of the ope:n ga'1ne 'both R :Ps (Q R P and K R P) and 'both Kt P's (Q Kt P and K KtP) remain unmoued : secondly, in some .P formations of the open game either Q'B P or KB P, or both. 'QB· P and K B P, remain unmoved, together with R P'S and Kt Ps constituting elements [of the normal P base; thirdly, in the close game the only P on the:

Q:':s wing that remains unmoved, thus form .... ing a'n element of the normal P- base; 'is Q 'R, Pf with a single exception (see P: I 6,5) ~