OS Lab Manual 06 07

90
SHELL PROGRAMS
EXPERIMENT 1
AIM : To swap two numbers with out using temporary variable
REQUIREMENTS :
HARDWARE : PIII Processor , 128 MB RAM, 10GB

SOFTWARE : OS: LINUX
THEORY :
Shell is a user interface to the operating system built on the programming interface.
The shell executes commands of the form:
CommandName [ argument1]
The shell executes the program CommandName and passes argument on the command line to
it. Then the shell waits for the command to exit.
This program is for swapping two numbers using only two variables
ALGORITHM :
STEP 1. Read two numbers a and b

STEP 2. a=èxpr $a + $b`
STEP 3. b=èxpr $a -$b`
STEP 4. c=èxpr $a-$b`
STEP 5. Echo the swapped values as $a and $b
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

91
PROGRAM:
echo -n "enter two numbers"

read a
read b
echo "Before swapping"
echo " A = $a B = $b"
a=èxpr $a + $b`
b=èxpr $a - $b`
a=èxpr $a - $b`
echo "After swapping "
echo "A = $a B = $b"
OUTPUT :
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh swap.sh

enter two numbers4
5
Before swapping
A=4 B=5
After swapping
A=5B=4

92
EXPERIMENT 2
AIM : To Swap two numbers using temporary variable
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY :
The shell executes the program CommandName and passes argument on the command line
to it. Then the shell waits fro the command to exit.
This program is for swapping two numbers using three variables
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1. Read two numbers a and b

STEP 2. Echo the numbers a and b
STEP 3. c=$a
STEP 4. a=$b
STEP 5. b=$c
STEP 6. Echo a and b after swapping

93
PROGRAM
echo -n "enter two numbers"

read a
read b
echo "Before swapping"
echo " A = $a B = $b"
c=$a
a=$b
b=$c
echo "After swapping "
echo "A = $a B = $b"
OUTPUT :
enter two numbers4

5
Before swapping
A=4 B=5
After swapping
A=5B=4

94
EXPERIMENT 3
AIM : To read a number from the user and to calculate square and cube of the number.
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY :
it. Then the shell waits fro the command to exit.
This program is for reading a number from the user and to calculate square and cube of the
number.
ALGORITHM :
STEP 1. Read the number n

STEP 2. Calculate the values of square and cube as
sqr=èxpr $num \* $num
cube=èxpr $sqr \*$num
SETP 3. Echo the value of square and cube

95
PROGRAM:
echo -n "enter a number"

read num
sqr=èxpr $num \* $num`
cube=èxpr $sqr \* $num`
echo "the squre of $num is $sqr"
echo "the cube of $num is $cube"
OUTPUT:
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh sqcu.sh

enter a number 4
the squre of 4 is 16
the cube of 4 is 64
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$

96
EXPERIMENT 4
AIM : To check whether a given number is even or odd .
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
CommandName [ argument]
it. Then the shell waits fro the command to exit.
This program is to check whether a given number is even or odd .
ALGORITHM :
STEP 1. Read the number n

STEP 2. Perform modulo division on n and store it in r
STEP 3. If ‘r’ is equal to zero then
Echo the given number is even
STEP 4. If the condition is not satisfied then
Echo the output is an odd number

97
PROGRAM:
clear
echo enter the number
read n
r=1
r=èxpr $n % 2`
if [ $r -eq 0 ]
then
echo even
else
echo odd
fi
OUTPUT:
[krishna-edu-balu]$ sh eorodd
enter the number
5
odd
[krishna-edu balu]$

98
EXPERIMENT 5
AIM : To find whether the given input name is a file or a directory.
REQUIREMENTS:

THEORY:
Shell is a user interface to the operating system built on the programming interface. The shell
executes commands of the form:
CommandName [argument1,…..]
The shell executes the program CommandName and passes argument on the
command line to it. Then the shell waits for the command to exit. Files are the passive
containers of data on disk. Many operating systems name hardware devices in the same way
as files and allow access to devices using the same interface as to files: open, read, write,
close.
This program checks whether the given name is file or directory
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1. Read a file name.

STEP 2. Check for the type of file using –f option.
STEP 3. If condition is satisfied then
Echo file as an ordinary file
Else
Echo file as a directory

99
PROGRAM
clear
echo enter a filename
read $fname
if test –f $fname
then
echo file is a ordinary file
else
echo directory
fi
OUTPUT:
[krishna-edu balu]$ sh fd
enter a filename
string
file is a ordinary file
[krishna-edu balu]$

100
EXPERIMENT 6
AIM: To check the type of character entered.
REQUIREMENTS:

THEORY:
command line to it. Then the shell waits for the command to exit.
This program is to check the type of input character using case statement.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1. Read a character from the keyboard.

STEP 2. Use case statement to check for the type of character
STEP 3. Echo the character as alphabet or number or special character
STEP 4. End case

101
PROGRAM:
clear
echo enter a character from the keyboard
read ch
case $ch in
[a-z]) echo its a alphabet

;;
[0-9]) echo its a number
;;
?) echo it is a special character
;;
*) echo u entered more
;;
esac
OUTPUT:
[krishna-edu balu]$ sh case1

enter a character from the keyboard
a
its a character
[krishna-edu balu]$

102
EXPERIMENT 7
AIM: To illustrate the usage of case statement.
REQUIREMENTS:

THEORY:
This program is an example for using case statement.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Read the choice

STEP 2: If choice is 1 then display the file
STEP 3: If choice is 2 then copy one file to another.
STEP 4: If choice is 3 then create a directory.
STEP 5: End case

103
PROGRAM
clear
echo 1.display a file
echo 2.copy a file
echo 3.create a directory
echo enter ur choice
read ch
case $ch in
1) echo enter filename
read fname
cat $fname
;;
2) echo enter two files
read file1 file2
cp $file1 $file2
;;
3) echo enter the directory
read dname
mkdir $dname
;;
*) echo “ invalid option “
esac
OUTPUT:
[krishna-edu balu] sh case

1.print a file
2.copy a file
3.create a directory
enter ur choice
2
enter two files
c2 ch
[krishna-edu balu]$ vi ch
This is unix environment.

104
EXPERIMENT 8
AIM: To compare two strings.
REQUIREMENTS:

THEORY:
command line to it(via the argv array of strings). Then the shell waits for the command to
exit.
This program is to compare two strings
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1:Read string1.

STEP 2:Read string2.
STEP 3:compare the two strings.
STEP 4:If string is equal to string2 then
Echo strings are equal
Echo strings are not equal

105
PROGRAM
clear
echo "enter a string1"
read first
echo "enter a string2"
read second
if [ $first = $second ]
then
echo equal
else
echo unequal
fi
OUTPUT:
[krishna-edu balu]$ sh string

enter a string1
hello
enter a string2
krishna
unequal
[krishna-edu balu]$

106
EXPERIMENT 9
AIM : To compare two strings by reading strings from the command line .
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
to it. Then the shell waits fro the command to exit
This program is for comparing two strings by reading strings from the commandline
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1. Read the value of first string

STEP 2. Read the value of second string
STEP 3. If string1 is equal to string2
Echo strings are equal
STEP 4. Else echo strings as unequal

107
PROGRAM:
if [ $1 = $2 ]
then
echo "Strings are equal ...."
else
echo "Strings are not equal....."
fi
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh comparecmd.sh krishna krishna

Strings are equal ....

108
EXPERIMENT 10
AIM : To find the length of a string
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
This program is for finding the length of the string .
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1. Read the value of the string

STEP 2. Count the number of characters in the string using the wc –c command and store
the result in the variable length
STEP 3. Subtract the new line character
STEP 4. Echo the value of the length of the string

109
PROGRAM
echo -n "Enter the string "

read str
len=ècho $str | wc -c`
len=èxpr $len - 1`
echo " the length of the string is $len"
OUTPUT
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh length.sh

Enter the string krishna
the length of the string is 6

110
EXPERIMENT 11
AIM : To calculate the value of X n
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
This program is for finding the value of Xn
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1. Read the values of x and n
STEP 2. Initialize sum and I to 1
STEP 3. Check for the condition [ $I -le $n ]
STEP 4.Repeat the following steps until the above condition becomes false
Sum=èxpr $sum \* $x`
i=èxpr $i + 1
STEP 5. Echo the value of sum as the value of x power n

111
PROGRAM:
echo -n "enter ther value of x "

read x
echo -n "enter the value of n:"
read n
sum=1
i=1
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
sum=èxpr $sum \* $x`
i=èxpr $i + 1`
done
echo "the value of $x power $n is $sum"
OUTPUT:
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh power.sh

enter ther value of x 5
enter the value of n:2
the value of 5 power 2 is 25

112
EXPERIMENT 12
AIM : To read 10 numbers from the user and to find the sum and
average of the numbers .
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
it.
This is the program for reading 10 numbers from the user and finding the sum and average of
the numbers
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1. Initialize the values n to 1 and sum to 0

STEP 2. Repeat the following steps until the condition [ $n -le 10 ] becomes false
Read the number
Sum=èxpr $sum + $num`
Num=0
N=èxpr $n + 1`
STEP 3. Calculate the average
avg=èxpr $sum / 10`
STEP 4. Echo the average of 10 numbers

113
PROGRAM:
n=1
sum=0
while [ $n -le 10 ]
do
echo -n "enter number $n"
read num
sum=èxpr $sum + $num`
num=0;
n=èxpr $n + 1`
done
avg=èxpr $sum / 10`
echo "ther sum of 10 numbers is $sum"
echo "the average of 10 numbers is $avg"
OUTPUT :
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh sumarg.sh

enter number 1 is : 1
ther sum of 10 numbers is 55
the average of 10 numbers is 5

114
EXPERIMENT 13
AIM : To accept a number from the user and display the list of even numbers
below that number
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
it.
This is the program for accepting numbers from the user and display the list of even numbers
below that number
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1. Read the limit value

STEP 2. Initialize x to 2
STEP 3. Read the number
STEP 4. Repeat the following steps until the condition x<number becomes false
echo $x
x=èxpr $x + 2`

115
PROGRAM:
echo -n "enter the limit:"
x=2
read num
while [ $x -lt $num ]
do
echo -n "$x \t"
x=èxpr $x + 2`
done
OUTPUT :
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh evenbelow.sh

enter the limit:10
2468

116
EXPERIMENT 14
AIM : To find the count and sum of even and odd numbers separately
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
it.
This is the program for finding the count and sum of even and odd numbers separately
ALGORITHM
STEP 1. Read the limit n

STEP 2. Initialize the values of i ,j ,sumodd and sumeven as 0
STEP 3. calculate modulo division for each number
STEP 4. If the answer is 0 then add the number to sumeven
else add it to sumodd
STEP 5.Echo the values of i, j ,sumeven and sumodd

117
PROGRAM:
echo -n "enter the limit"

read n
echo -n "enter the number"
i=0
j=0
k=0
sumodd=0
sumeven=0
while [ $i -lt $n ]
do
read num
if [ èxpr $num % 2` -eq 0 ]
then
sumodd=èxpr $sumodd + $num`
k=èxpr $k + 1`
else
sumeven=èxpr $sumeven + $num`
j=èxpr $j + 1`
fi
i=èxpr $i + 1`
OUTPUT :
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh oddeven.sh

enter the limit5
enter the number1
2
3
4
5
total even number is 2
total odd numbers is 3
the sum of even numbers is 9
the sumof odd number is 6

118
EXPERIMENT 15
AIM : To count the number of digits in an integer
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
it.
This is the program for counting the number of digits in an integer
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1.Read the number

STEP 2.Initialize digit to 0
STEP 3.Repeat the following steps until the condition num > 0 becomes false
a=èxpr $num % 10`
digit=èxpr $digit + 1`
num=èxpr $num / 10`
STEP 4.Echo the number of digits in the integer

119
PROGRAM:
echo -n "Enter an interge:"
read num
digit=0
while [ $num -gt 0 ]
do
a=èxpr $num % 10`
digit=èxpr $digit + 1`
done
echo "the number of digits in the integer is $digit"
OUTPUT:
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh count.sh
Enter an interge:12345
the number of digits in the integer is 5

120
EXPERIMENT 16
AIM : To find the sum of digits in an integer
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
it.
This is the program for finding the sum of digits in an integer.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1.Read the number

STEP 2.Initialize sum to 0
STEP 3.Repeat the following steps until the condition num > 0 becomes false
a=èxpr $num % 10`
sum=èxpr $sum + a`
STEP 4.Echo the sum of digits in the integer

121
PROGRAM:
echo -n "enter an integer"

read num
sum=0
do
a=èxpr $num % 10`
sum=èxpr $sum + $a`
done
echo "the sum of digits in the integer is $sum"
OUTPUT :
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh sumdigit.sh

enter an integer12345
the sum of digits in the integer is 15

122
EXPERIMENT 17
AIM : To print the multiplication table of a given number .
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
it.
This is the program for printing the multiplication table of the given number
ALOGRITHM :
STEP 1.Read the values of table number and limit as x and n

STEP 2.Initialize the value of I to 1
STEP 3.Repeat the following statements until the condition [ $I –le $n ] becomes false
Sum=èxpr $x \* $I`
Echo “$x x $I = $sum”
Increment the value of I

123
PROGRAM:
echo -n "Enter the table number"

read x
echo -n "Enter the limit"
read n
echo
echo "The multiplication table for $x is "
echo
i=1
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
sum=èxpr $x \* $i`
echo "$x x $i = $sum "
i=èxpr $i + 1`
done
OUTPUT :
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh multiply.sh

Enter the table number5
Enter the limit10
The multiplication table for 5 is
5 x1=5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
5 x 10 = 50

124
EXPERIMENT 18
AIM : To print all the divisors of a given integer.
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
it.
This program for printing all the divisors of a given integer.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1. Read the number

STEP 2. Initialize the value of I to 1
STEP 3.Repeat the following statements until the condition I<num becomes false
Temp=èxpr $num % $I`
If temp is equal to 0
Then echo I
Increment the value of I

125
PROGRAM :
echo -n "Enter the number"

read num
echo "The divisors are"
i=1
while [ $i -le $num ]
do
temp=èxpr $num % $i`
if [ $temp -eq 0 ]
then
echo -n " $i "
fi
i=èxpr $i + 1`
done
OUTPUT :
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh divisor.sh

Enter the number5
The divisors are
1 5 [balu@krishna-edu shell]$

126
EXPERIMENT 19
AIM : To find the factorial of a give number.
REQUIREMENTS:
HARDWARE: P-IV Processor, 128 MB RAM, 40 GB

SOFTWARE: OS: LINUX
THEORY:
This program is to find the factorial of a given number.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1:Read the number

STEP 2:Initialize res to 1 and i to 1
STEP 3:Repeat the following steps until the condition i<n becomes false
res=èxpr $res \* $i`
i=èxpr $i + 1`
STEP 4:Echo the value of Factorial

127
PROGRAM
clear
echo enter the number
read n
res=1
i=1
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
res=èxpr $res \* $i`
i=èxpr $i + 1`
done
echo factorial=$res
OUTPUT:
[krishna-edu balu]$ sh fact

enter the number
6
factorial=720
[krishna-edu balu]$

128
EXPERIMENT 20
AIM: To generate fibonacci series.
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY :
it. Then the shell waits for the command to exit.
This program is to generate fibonacci series upto a given limit.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1:Enter a number upto which the series has to be generated.

STEP 2:Initialize a=0,b=1,d=2.
STEP 3:Repeat the following steps until the condition d<n becomes false
c=èxpr $a + $b`
echo $c
a=$b
b=$c
d=èxpr $d + 1`

129
PROGRAM:
clear
echo enter the no. of numbers in the series
read n
a=0
b=1
d=2
echo $a
echo $b
while [ $d -lt $n ]
do
c=èxpr $a + $b`
echo $c
a=$b
b=$c
d=èxpr $d + 1`
done
OUTPUT:
[krishna-edu balu]$ sh fibo

enter the no. of numbers in the series
5
0
1
1
2
3

130
EXPERIMENT 21
AIM: To find the reverse of number.
REQUIREMENTS:

THEORY:
This program is to find the reverse of a number.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1:Read the number.

STEP 2:Initialize the value of reverse to 0.
STEP 3:Repeat the following steps until the condition n>0 becomes false
dig=èxpr $n % 10`
rev=èxpr $rev \* 10 + $dig`
n=èxpr $n / 10`
STEP 4:Echo Reverse

131
PROGRAM :
clear
echo enter a number
read n
rev=0
while [ $n -gt 0 ]
do
dig=èxpr $n % 10`
rev=èxpr $rev \* 10 + $dig`
n=èxpr $n / 10`
done
echo $rev
OUTPUT:
[krishna-edu balu]$ sh rev

enter a number
1234
4321
krishna-edu balu]$

132
EXPERIMENT 22
AIM: To find whether a given number is Armstrong number or not .
REQUIREMENTS:

THEORY:
command line to it. Then the shell waits for the command to exit. This program is to find the
reverse of a number.
This program is to find whether a given number is Armstrong number or not .
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1.Read a number

STEP 2.Initialize x to num and sum to 0
STEP 3.Repeat the following statements until the condition [ $num -gt 0 ]
becomes false
y=èxpr $num %10`
z=èxpr $y \* $y \* $y`
sum=èxpr $sum + $z`
STEP 4. If x is equal to sum then echo x as armstrong
Else echo x as not Armstrong

133
PROGRAM
echo -n "Enter a number :"

read num
x=$num
sum=0
do
y=èxpr $num % 10`
z=èxpr $y \* $y \* $y`
sum=èxpr $num + $z`
done
if [ $x -eq $sum ]
then
echo "$x is an armstrong number"
else
echo " $x is not an armstrong number"
fi
OUTPUT:
[balu@krishna-edu balu]$ sh amstrong.sh

enter a number :153
153 is armstrong number
[balu@krishna-edu balu]$

134
EXPERIMENT 23
AIM: To check whether a give number is prime or not.
REQUIREMENTS:

THEORY:
This program is to check whether a given number is prime or not.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1:Read the value of n.

STEP 2:If the flag is equal to 0
then the echo $n is not a prime.
STEP 3:If the flag is equal to 1
Then the echo $n is prime.
STEP 4:End program.

135
PROGRAM:
clear
echo enter a number
read n
i=2
flag=1
m=1
j=èxpr $n / 2`
while [ $i -le $j ]
do
m=èxpr $n % $i`
if [ $m -eq 0 ]
then
flag=0
break
fi
i=èxpr $i +1`
done
if [ $flag -eq 1 ]
then
echo $n is prime
else
echo $n is not a prime
fi
OUTPUT:
[krishna-edu balu]$ sh prime

enter the number
79
79 is prime
[krishna-edu balu]$

136
EXPERIMENT 24
AIM: To read numbers from the user from command line and to display
its sum using until statement.
REQUIREMENTS:

THEORY:
command line to it. Then the shell waits for the command to exit
This program is for reading a number from the command line and to display its sum using
until statement.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1. If the count of number of command line arguments is 0

Then echo as invalid numbers
STEP 2. Initialize the values of sum to 0 and I to 1 and n to $#
STEP 3. Repeat the following statements until the condition becomes true
sum=èxpr $sum + $1`
Increment the count of command line arguments
STEP 4. .If n!=0 then echo the value of sum.

137
PROGRAM :
if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
echo " Invalid numbers"
fi
sum=0
i=1
n=$#
until [ $# -eq 0 ]
do
sum=èxpr $sum + $i`
shift
done
if [ $n -ne 0 ]
then
echo " The sum of $n numbers is $sum"
fi
OUTPUT :
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh until_cmd_sum.sh 3 4

The sum of 2 numbers is 7

138
EXPERIMENT 25
AIM:To read n numbers from the user from the command line and to display its
sum using while statement
REQUIREMENTS:

THEORY:
This program is for reading numbers from the user from the command line
and to display its sum using while statement.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1. If the count of the number of command line arguments is 0 then Echo as Invalid
Numbers
STEP 2. Initialize the values of sum to 0 and n to $#
STEP 3. While $# is not equal to zero repeat the following steps
Increment the value of $#
STEP 4. If n is not equal to 0 then echo the value of sum

139
PROGRAM:
if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
echo "Invalid numbers"
fi
sum=0
i=1
n=$#
while [ $# -ne 0 ]
do
sum=èxpr $sum + $1`
shift
done
if [ $n -ne 0 ]
then
echo "The sum of $n numbers is $sum"
fi
OUTPUT :
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh while_cmd_sum.sh 4 5

balu@krishna-edu shell]$

140
EXPERIMENT 26
AIM :-To read a numbers from the user from the command line and to display its
sum using for statement
REQUIREMENTS:

THEORY:
This program is for reading a number from the user from the command line and to display its
sum using for statement
ALGORITHM :
STEP 1. If the count of the number of command line arguments is 0 then

Echo as Invalid numbers
STEP 2. Initialize the values of sum to 0 and n to $#
STEP 3. for I in $*
sum=èxpr $sum + $I`
Increment the value of $#
STEP 4. If n is not equal to 0 then echo the value of sum

141
PROGRAM:
if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
echo " Invalid numbers"
fi
sum=0
n=$#
for i in $*
do
shift
done
if [ $n -ne 0 ]
then
echo "The sum of $n numbers is $sum"
fi
OUTPUT :
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh for_cmd_sum.sh 4 5


142
EXPERIMENT 27
AIM : To copy a string into another string, character by character.
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
This program is to copy one string to another
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1.Read the value of the string
STEP 2. Find the length of the string
STEP 3. Initialize the value of a to 1
STEP 4.Repeat the following statements until the condition a<len becomes false
Cut the first character of the string and echo rev
Increment the value of a
Store the new string in temp
STEP 6.Echo the copied string

143
PROGRAM:
echo -n "Enter the string :"

read str
len=ècho $str | wc -c `
a=1
while [ $a -lt $len ]
do
rev=ècho $str | cut -c$a `
echo $rev
a=èxpr $a + 1`
temp=ècho $temp$rev`
done
echo " The copied string is $temp"
[balu@krishna-edu balu]$ sh strcpy.sh

Enter the string :krishna
v
a
s
a
v
i
The copied string is krishna
[balu@krishna-edu balu]$

144
EXPERIMENT 28
AIM : To reverse the given string
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
This program is for reversing the given string
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1. Read the value of string
STEP 2. Find the length of the string
STEP 3.Initialize the value of a
STEP 4. Repeat the following steps until the condition length > 0 becomes false
rev=ècho $str | cut -c $len`
len=èxpr $len - 1`
STEP 5.Echo the reversed string

145
PROGRAM :
echo -n "Enter the string "
read str
while [ $len -gt 0 ]
do
rev=ècho $str | cut -c $len`
len=èxpr $len - 1`
done
echo "The reversed string is $temp"
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh revers.sh

Enter the string abc
The reversed string is cba

146
EXPERIMENT 29
AIM : To convert lowercase letters to uppercase .
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
This program converts lowercase letters to uppercase
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1.Read the value of the string

STEP 2.Use tr command to translate from lower letters to upper letters
STEP 3.Echo the changed string

147
PROGRAM:
echo -n "Enter a string "

read str
temp=ècho $str | tr a-z A-Z`
echo " The case changed string is $temp"
OUTPUT:
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh lower_upper.sh

Enter a string krishna
The case changed string is KRISHNA

148
EXPERIMENT 30
AIM : To count the number of vowels in the string
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
This program is for counting the number of vowels in the string
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1. Read the value of the string

STEP 2. count the characters of the string using wc command
STEP 3. caculate the length of the string by subtracting the new line character
STEP 4. Initialize the value of vowel as 0
STEP 5. Repeat the following steps until the condition len>0 becomes false
Cut each character of the string and store in temp
Check if the value of temp is any of the letters a,e,i,o,u
And increment the value of vowel
Decrement the value of length
STEP 6. Echo the number of vowels in the string

149
PROGRAM:
echo -n "Enter th string "

read str
len=1echo $str | wc -c`
len=èxpr $len - 1`
vowel=0
do
temp=ècho $str | cut -c $len`
if [ $temp = a
then
vowel=èxpr $vowel + 1`
elif [ $temp = e ]
then
elif [ $temp = i ]
then
elif [ $temp = o ]
then
elif
[ $temp = u ]
then
fi
len=èxpr $len - 1`
done
echo " the number of vowels in the string $str is $vowel"
OUTPUT:
[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh vowel.sh

Enter th string aeiou
the number of vowels in the string aeiou is 5

150
EXPERIMENT 31
AIM : To replace a particular character in the string
REQUIREMENTS :

THEORY:
This program for replacing a particular character in the string
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1.Read the value of string

STEP 2.Read the character to be changed
STEP 3.Read the character to be replaced
STEP 4.find the length of the string
STEP 5.Initialize the value of count to 0 and I to 1
STEP 6.Repeat the following statements until the condition I<len becomes false
cut the first character and store it in temp
compare temp with the character to be replaced
if both are equal then append the character to be replaces to the new variable
else append temp to new variable
Increment the value of i

151
PROGRAM:
echo -n "Enter the string :"

read str
echo -n "Enter the character to be counted:"
read c
len=èxpr $len - 1`
count=0
do
temp=ècho $str | cut -c $len`
if [ $temp = $c ]
then
count=èxpr $count + 1`
fi
len=èxpr $len - 1`
done
echo "The number of occurrence of the character $c in the string $str is $count"
OUTPUT:
[balu@krishna-edu last]$ sh count_char.sh

Enter the string :krishna
Enter the character to be counted:v
The number of occurrence of the character v in the string krishna is 2
[balu@krishna-edu last]$

OS Lab Manual 06 07

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90

AIM : To swap two numbers with out using temporary variable

HARDWARE : PIII Processor , 128 MB RAM, 10GB

STEP 1. Read two numbers a and b

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

echo -n "enter two numbers"

[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh swap.sh

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

AIM : To Swap two numbers using temporary variable

HARDWARE : PIII Processor , 128 MB RAM, 10GB

STEP 1. Read two numbers a and b

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

echo -n "enter two numbers"

enter two numbers4

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

HARDWARE : PIII Processor , 128 MB RAM, 10GB

STEP 1. Read the number n

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

echo -n "enter a number"

[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh sqcu.sh

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

AIM : To check whether a given number is even or odd .

HARDWARE : PIII Processor , 128 MB RAM, 10GB

This program is to check whether a given number is even or odd .

STEP 1. Read the number n

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

AIM : To find whether the given input name is a file or a directory.

HARDWARE : PIII Processor , 128 MB RAM, 10GB

This program checks whether the given name is file or directory

STEP 1. Read a file name.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

AIM: To check the type of character entered.

HARDWARE : PIII Processor , 128 MB RAM, 10GB

STEP 1. Read a character from the keyboard.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

[a-z]) echo its a alphabet

[krishna-edu balu]$ sh case1

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

AIM: To illustrate the usage of case statement.

HARDWARE : PIII Processor , 128 MB RAM, 10GB

This program is an example for using case statement.

STEP 1: Read the choice

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

[krishna-edu balu] sh case

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

AIM: To compare two strings.

HARDWARE : PIII Processor , 128 MB RAM, 10GB

This program is to compare two strings

STEP 1:Read string1.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

[krishna-edu balu]$ sh string

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

HARDWARE : PIII Processor , 128 MB RAM, 10GB

STEP 1. Read the value of first string

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

[balu@krishna-edu shell]$ sh comparecmd.sh krishna krishna

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

AIM : To find the length of a string

HARDWARE : PIII Processor , 128 MB RAM, 10GB

This program is for finding the length of the string .

STEP 1. Read the value of the string