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THE CARDIOVASCULAR

SYSTEM
EMERITA C. MENDOZA,
R.N., M.D.
LOCATION OF
THE HEART
• Hollow,
muscular organ
• PMI is at the 5th
left MCL
• Weighs 1 lb.
FUNCTIONS
• Transports O2 from the lungs to
tissues of the body
• Delivers nutrients from the GIT to all systems
• Carries wastes from tissues to the excretory
system
• Serves as a route for hormones, enzymes,
and other chemicals to reach target tissues
LAYERS OF THE HEART
3 layers within a sac:
• Endocardium
(Inner)
• Myocardium
(Middle)
• Epicardium or
visceral pericardium
(Outer)
• surrounded by
parietal pericardium
• Myocardium is the
thickest layer
• Unique because of
the presence of
INTERCALATED
DISCS allows a
single stimulation to
cause all cardiac
muscle fibers to
contract.
MUSCLES WITHIN THE CHAMBERS

• PAPILLARY
MUSCLES - found
within the chamber
walls
• Extend into
CHORDAE
TENDINAE attached
to valves
BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE
HEART
• Left LUNGS LA mitral
valve opens LV mitral
valve closes LV muscles
contract AV opens aorta
 distribution

• Right BODY RA


tricuspid valve opens RV
tricuspid valve closes RV
muscles contract
pulmonary valves open
lungs
HEART SOUNDS
• Aortic valve: second
ICS(intercostal space) R
PSL(parasternal line)
• Pulmonic valve: second
ICS L PSL
• Tricuspid valve: fourth ICS
L PSL
• Mitral valve: fifth ICS L
MCL(midclavicular line)
HEART SOUNDS
• S1 : closure of mitral and
tricuspid; “lub” sound
• S2: closure of aortic and
pulmonic; “dub” sound
• S3: ventricular gallop
• S4: atrial gallop
CONDUCTION SYSTEM

• Sympathetic
( increase in CR,
norepinephrine or
epinephrine is
increased)
• Parasympathetic
( decrease in CR)
• Creates an electrical
impulse/activity
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
• Measures the electrical activity of
the heart
• 3 major limb leads: AVR, AVL,
AVF (right & left wrists, left foot);
V1 to V6 (precordial leads)
• Normal cycle: NSR(normal sinus
rhythm)
• P wave (atrial contraction), QRS
complex (ventricular contraction)
When the heart contracts When the heart relaxes
Cardiac Rate and
Pulse Rate
• CR obtained via
auscultation; PR is
palpated.
• Most common
pulses:
- Radial pulse
- Carotid pulse
- Femoral pulse
- Dorsalis pedis
BLOOD PRESSURE
• Pressure when the
heartbeat can be
heard (Systolic =
contraction
pressure)
• Pressure when the
heartbeat
disappears

(Diastolic =
relaxation
pressure)
• BP is expressed
as systole/
diastole
JNC VII (Joint National
Committee on the Prevention,
Detection, Evaluation &
Treatment of High BP)
CATEGORY SYSTO DIAST
LIC OLIC
NORMAL <120 <80
PREHYPERTE 120- 80-89
NSION 139
STAGE I 140- 90-99
159
STAGE II >/= 160 >/= 100
STARLING’S LAW OF THE
HEART
• All venous return is
accommodated by contractility of
the cardiac muscle fibers.
• May be called EJECTION
FRACTION (EF) percentage of
blood pumped into the aorta from
the left ventricle
• Cardiac output= stroke volume x
cardiac rate
PULSE RATE
• Place the tips of digits 2
and 3 (index and middle
fingers) over the surface
where the artery is found
• Feel the pulse and count
per minute
• Normal adult PR: 60-100
bpm (beats per minute)
• < 60 = Bradycardia
• > 100 = Tachycardia
THE VASCULAR
CIRCULATIONS
• Blood flow through the • The Hepatoportal circuit
body is the Systemic is a subdivision of the
circulation systemic that serves the
liver
• Blood flow through the • The Circle of Willis is the
lungs is the Pulmonary systemic circuit at the
base of the brain
circulation

• Fetal circulation differs from an adult


General Plan
of the
Systemic &
Pulmonary
Circulations

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