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 Has 10% loss of birth weight in 1st 3-4 days of life
 Fluid makes up 73% of body weight
 Head circumference is 70% of adult size
 Needs to consume 20 calories per Kg of weight per day
 Sleeps 20-22 hrs/day with brief waking periods of 2-3 hrs
 Grows about 1 inch/month
 Gains 5-7 ounces/week
 Feeds q 2 ½ -4 hrs
 

 Posterior fontanels closes
 Obligate [preferential] nose breathers until 5 months
 Drooling begins
!

 Doubles birth weight

 Teeth may begin to erupt
 Moves food to back of mouth & swallows during spoon feedings
 Sleeps through the night for up to 8hrs
 Goes 4-5 hrs between feedings
 Has 2-4 naps/day
¦"

 Begins teething with lower central incisors, followed by two upper incisors
 Mashes food with jaw
 Sleeps 14-16 hrs/day, including naps
#

 Sleeps 14-165 hrs/day & still naps

 Drooling stops
 Grows about ½ inch monthly

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 Alerting
 Social smile
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 Laughs & squeals

 Cooing
 Utters single vowel sounds such as ³ah¶ and ³eh´
a

 Utters 2 syllable vowel sounds

 Includes consonant sounds such as ³m´ and ³b´
 Produces belly laugh
 Orients to voice


 Razzing
 Intersperses vowel and consonant sounds
 6 months
  Babbling
 Uses about 12 speech sounds
¦

 Makes talking sounds in response to caregiver or while others are talking

 Coos & squeals
 Vocalizes up to 4 different syllables
ÿ#

 Uses ³dad´, ³mama´ in non specific way

 Responds to own name [receptive language skills develop first]
 Babbles to produce consonant sounds
 Vocalizes to toys
"

 Imitates speech sounds

 Understand name and ³no´
 Understands ³bye´ & ³pat-a-cake´
 Imitates facial expressions
 Imitates definite speech sounds
 Uses jargon
 Communicate by pointing to object & by using gestures
 Respond to simple verbal requests


 Has one word [or a few] in vocabulary

 Comprehends ³give´ & stops when told ³no´
 Has receptive vocabulary of several dozen words
 Deaf infants lose ability to vocalize by 1 yr of age
 Jabbers expressively
 Experiments with ³pseudowords´
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 Fixates on human face & demonstrate preference
 Blink reflex present


 Follows to midline
 Visual acuity is hyperoptic
a
 Follows objects to 100 degrees


 Visual acuity 20/200

 Recognizes feeding bottle
!

 Inspects hands
 Can fixate on objects 3 feet away
 Strabismus no longer w/in normal limits
 Develops hand-eye coordination
ÿ

 Has permanent eye color

 Depth perception developing
#

 Tilts head backward to see up



 Shows smooth visual pursuit of objects w 20/100 vision

  Can follow rapidly moving objects
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 Follows to and slightly past, midline
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 Keeps hands open predominantly

 Reflex grasp replaced by voluntary grasping
 Grasps objects such as rattle in open hand
 May bring hands together at midline
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 Uses ulnar ± palmar prehension with a cube

 Reaches for objects
 Hands predominantly open


 Attempts to catch dangling objects with 2 hands

 Begins use of forefinger & thumb in a pincer grasp [opposite thumb-prehension]
 Retains 2cubes
 Recover rattle
 Reaches for & grasps objects
!¦

 Can grasp at will

 Holds & manipulates objects
 Scoops pellets
 Transfers from hand to hand
 Demonstrates inferior pincer
 Bangs objects together
 Can release objects
ÿ"

 Combines spoons/cubed of midline

 Retains 2 of 3 cubes offered
 Archives neat pincer grasp of pellet
 Feeds self finger foods using only 1-hand
 Release objects at will
 Rings bell
 Holds bottle and places nipple in mouth when wants it
#

 Plays ³pat-a-cake´ [a midline skill]

 Puts several objects in a container
 Holds crayon adaptively
 Bangs 2 cubes together
 Looks to hidden objects [object permanency]
 Achieves neat pincer grasp of tiny objects



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 Turns head when prone
 Adjusts posture when held at shoulder
 May squirm to corner/edge to crib when prone
 Arm and leg movement are reflexive
! '


  Hold head up 45 ± 90 degrees when prone

 May hold head steady when in supported sitting position
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 Rolls over from back to side

 Holds head erect and steady
a

 When supported, sits with rounded back & flexed knees

 May bear weight on legs when assisted to stand
 Head lag disappears when pulled to sitting position


 Puts to sitting position

 Rolls from back to stomach
 Sits alone momentarily
 Shows unilateral reaching
!

 Sits without support

 May creep an inch forward/backward
 Moves from place to place by rolling
 Begins drinking from a cup
¦

 Stands while holding on

 Early stepping movements
 Begins to crawl / hitch
 Raises head spontaneously when supine
ÿ

 Puts to a standing position

 Raises self to sitting position
 Palmar grasp disappear
"

 Walks with help

 Crawls, creeps hitches when permitted
 Sits down
 Holds on bottle
 Drinks from cup / glass
#

 Continues walking skill development with help

 Stands alone
 May climb up & down stairs
 Sits without support
 Recovers balance
 Changes from prone to sitting positio<span>n</span>


 May walk alone

 Begins to stoop and recover
 Pushes toys
 ³Cruises´


 Continues walking skills

 Climbs unto sofas and chair
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  Startles to loud noises
 Prefers high-pitched voices
 Low-pitched voices have quieting effect
 Responds to human voices over other noises
 Auditory behavior is reflecxive
 Generalized body movement [blinking/crying]
 Recognizes certain sounds. Ignore others: attends to quiet sounds than loud ones ± these are
learned rather than reflexive behaviors
 Turns to voice [quiet listening]
!

 Orients to bell [looks to side]
 Stops crying in response to music
¦

Orients to bell [looks to side then up]

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 Solitary play
 May be imitative
 Explorative and manipulative
¦

 Resists toy pull

 Picks up tiny objects
 Plays ³peek-a-boo´
 Works for toy out of reach
ÿ"

 Plays ³pat-a-cake´
 Recognizes self in the mirror

#

 Plays ball with examiner

 Achieves object permanence [searches for dropped objects]
 
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 Substage I
 Practice of reflexes and reflex-like actions
a

 Substage II ± Purposeful
 Reproduction of reflex actions
aÿ

 Substage III ± Objects

 Oriented and imitative actions
 Accidental actions are repeated
 Develops habits
 Responds negatively to removal of a toy
ÿ#


 Substage IV
 Coordination, intentional goal direction achievement
 Experimentation of object permanence
  Imitates and models behavior
 No concept of death
 Enjoys ³peek-a-boo´ game
 Attempts to flee from unpleasant events
 Recognizes anticipatory signs
#

 Repeats actions that elicit response from others

 Dislikes restrictions
 Shakes head for ³no´
 Appears interested in picture book

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 Regards face & establishes eye contact


 Smiles responsively
 Enjoys cuddling and motion
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 Smiles spontaneously
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 Smiles at mirror image

 Shows interest in siblings
 Invites social interactions by smiling
!

 Exhibits stranger anxiety

 Extends arms to be held
¦"

 Waves hands


 Demonstrate emotions of fear, anger, affection

 Can indicate desires without crying
 Offers object to familiar adult
 Talks to minor
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 Normal autism, self-absorbed, egocentric

aÿ

 Symbolic phase ± mother seen as an extension of child¶s body & needs and vice versa

!#

 Stranger anxiety
 Waves arms & legs when frustrated
ÿa

 Separation anxiety
 Trust versus Mistrust

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  Feeling regulated & interested in the world

 Sensitive to parent¶s joyful interest in him or her
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 Forming attachments
 Highly specialized interest in the human world
ÿ#

 Purposive communication
 Can connect small units of feelings into simple patterns
 Purposeful expression of wants & needs
 Fluctuates easily between laughing & crying
#ÿ

 Complex sense of self

 Communication is truly interactive, enabling toddler to tune into parents & to build appropriately
on their response