Schneider Electric - Electrical installation guide 2010
K
© S c h n e i d e r E l e c t r i c - a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d
Chapter KEnergy eciencyin electrical distribution
Contents
Introduction K2Energy eciency and electricity K3
2.1 An international appetite or regulation K32.2 NF EN 15232 standard K32.3 How to achieve energy eciency K3
Diagnosis through electrical measurement K6
3.1 Electrical measurements K63.2 Adapted measuring instruments K6
Energy saving opportunities K8
4.1 Motors K84.2 Speed variation K94.3 Control K114.4 Lighting K124.5 Power actor correction and harmonic ltering K144.6 Load management K154.7 Communication and inormation systems K164.8 Designing inormation and monitoring systems K19
How to evaluate energy savings K24
5.1 IPMVP and EVO procedures K245.2 Achieving sustainable perormance K26
2
3
4
5
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Schneider Electric - Electrical installation guide 2010
K - Energy eciency in electrical distribution
K2
© S c h n e i d e r E l e c t r i c - a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d
Introduction
The aim o this chapter is to acilitate communication between the designers oelectrical installations and the energy consumers who use them. Consumersrequently require advice on how best to reduce consumption and the amount theyspend on energy.While there are a number o actors infuencing attitudes and opinions towardsenergy eciency, particularly the increasing cost o energy and a growing awarenesso our responsibilities towards the environment, legislation probably has the greatestimpact on changing behaviour and practices. Various governments across the worldare setting themselves energy saving targets and passing regulations to ensurethese are met. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a global target set at theKyoto Earth Summit in 1997 and was nally ratied by 169 countries in December2006.Under the Kyoto Protocol industrialised countries have agreed to reduce theircollective emissions o greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990between 2008 and 2012 (this represents a 29% reduction in terms o the emissionslevels expected or 2012 prior to the Protocol). One o Europe’s targets is a 20%reduction in or CO2 by 2020. Given that 27% o CO2 emissions originate romtransport, 16% rom residential buildings, 8% rom the service sector and 49% romindustry proper, up to 50% o emissions can be attributed to electricity consumptionassociated with residential and commercial buildings. Moreover, as the use odomestic appliances and other equipment such as ventilation and air conditioningsystems increases, electricity consumption is rising at a aster rate than other ormso energy.Against this background, the ollowing conditions will have to be satised in order toachieve a 20% reduction in consumption by 2020:
b
All new buildings constructed must consume 50% less energy.
b
1 in 10 existing buildings must reduce consumption by 30% each year.As ar as most countries are concerned, it is clear that 80% o the buildings whichwill be standing in 2020 have already been constructed. The reurbishment oexisting building stock and improving energy management is vital in meetingemission reduction targets. Given that in the western world, most buildings havealready undergone thermal perormance upgrades such as cavity wall insulation,lot insulation and double-glazing, the only potential or urther savings lies inreducing the amount o energy consumed. Action to improve the thermal and energyperormance o existing buildings will almost certainly become compulsory in order tomeet the targets that have been set out.Technology exists to help promote energy eciency on many levels, rom reducingelectricity consumption to managing other energy sources more eciently. Ambitiousregulatory measures may be required to ensure these technologies are adoptedquickly enough to achieve the 2020 targets.
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K3
Schneider Electric - Electrical installation guide 2010
© S c h n e i d e r E l e c t r i c - a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d
K - Energy eciency in electrical distribution
Energy saving regulations aect all buildings,both new and existing, as well as their electrical installations.
2 Energy eciency andelectricity
2. Une réglementation volontariste partout dans lemonde
The Kyoto Protocol saw governments start to set out clear commitments in terms oquantitative targets and specic agendas or reducing CO
2
emissions.In addition to their Kyoto obligations, many countries have set themselves xed,long-term targets in line with the latest EEIG (European Economic Interest Group)recommendations to the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change) regarding energy saving and based on stabilising CO
2
levels.The European Union is setting a good example with its rm commitment, signedby all the national EU leaders in March 2007, to a 20% reduction by 2020. Knownas 3x20, this agreement aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 20%, improve energyeciency by 20% and increase the contribution made by renewable energies to 20%.Some European Countries are looking at a 50% reduction by 2050. Reaching thesetargets, however, wiII require signicant changes, with governments stepping up theiruse o regulations, legislation and standardisation.Across the world, legislation and regulations are serving to underline stakeholderobligations and put taxation and nancial structures in place.
b
In the USA
v
The Energy Policy Act o 2005,
v
Construction regulations,
v
Energy regulations (10CFR434),
v
Energy management programmes or various states (10CFR420),
v
Rules or energy conservation or consumer products (10CFR430).
b
In China
v
Energy conservation law,
v
Architecture law (energy eciency and construction),
v
lRenewable energy law,
v
1000 major energy conservation programmes or industry dans l’Union Européenne
b
In the European Union
v
The EU Emission Trading Scheme
v
The Energy Perormance o Building Directive
v
The Energy Using Product Directive
v
The Energy End-use Eciency and Energy Services Directive.
2.2 see
(Guide de l’installation électrique)
2.3 How to achieve energy eciency
Whilst it is currently possible to obtain energy savings o up to 30%, this potentialreduction can only really be understood in terms o the dierences which existbetween active and passive orms o energy eciency.
Active and passive energy eciency
Passive energy eciency is achieved by such measures as reducing heat loss andusing equipment which requires little energy. Active energy eciency is achieved byputting in place an inrastructure or measuring, monitoring and controlling energyuse with a view to making lasting changes.TIt is possible to build on the savings achieved here by perorming analyses andintroducing more suitable remedial measures. For example, although savings obetween 5% and 15% may be obtained by improving how installations are used orby optimising the equipment itsel (decommissioning redundant systems, adjustingmotors and heating), more signicant savings can also be achieved.
v
Up to 40% on energy or motors by using control and automation mechanisms tomanage motorised systems,
v
Up to 30% on lighting by introducing an automated management mechanismbased on optimal use.It is important to remember, however, that savings may be lost through.
b
Unplanned/unmanaged downtime aecting equipment and processes
b
A lack o automation/adjustment mechanisms (motors, heating)
b
A ailure to ensure energy saving measures are adopted at all times.
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