IGNOU BCA Solved Assignment (CS-63) 2010

 
Course Code                                          :              CS-63
Course Title                                          :               Introduction to System Software
Assignment Number                            :              BCA(3)-63/Assignment/2010
Maximum Marks                            :              25
Last Date of Submission              :              30 April, 2010 (For January Session)
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30 October, 2010 (For July Session)

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There are six questions in this Assignment. Answer all the questions. You may use
illustrations and diagrams to enhance explanation.
 
 
Question 1:              Find out the reasons those have made the UNIX an amazingly
successful operating system. What are the Features on existing UNIX based operating
systems like Linux Red Hat, Fedora and Ubantu Operating system. Also, compare them
with Windows Vista. (6 Marks)
 
Question 2:              Write a shell program to generate the first hundred numbers in the
Fibonacci series   (4 Marks)
 
Question 3:                    Design an algorithm that accepts an input a decimal number and
converts it into BCD                      (Binary Coded Decimal) representation. Also, draw its
Flow Chart.
(4 Marks)
 
Question 4:              Consider the following set of processes that arrive in the ready queue at
the same time:
Process                                          CPU time
P1                                             2
P2                                             1
P3                                             4
P4                                             3
P5                                                1
P6                                             2
 
Consider the following scheduling algorithms: FCFS, SJF and Round Robin (quantum = 1)
What is turnaround time of each process for each of the above  scheduling algorithms?
What is the waiting time of each process for each of the above  algorithms?  (3 Marks)
Question 5:              Write a shell program to find the Greatest Common Divisor among the
two positive                                  non-zero integers given. (4 Marks)
 
Question 6:              List the UNIX commands for the following: To search files for lines
that match a particular string pattern given. To print the list of the currently logged-in
users. To sort alphabetically, a list of numbers stored in a file. To count, number of words
in a given text file. (4 Marks)
 

 
Answer 1 .#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int num,no_bits;
clrscr();
printf("enter a number");
scanf("%d",&num);
no_bits=count_bits(num);
printf("number of bits %d\t",no_bits);
bin_print(num,no_bits);
}
count_bits(int n) /* function to count number of bits */
{
int i=0;
for (;n!=0;n=n>>1)
i++;
return(i);
}
bin_print(int x, int n_bits)
/* function to print decimal numbers in binary format */
{
int j;
printf("no. %d in binary \t",x);
for(j=n_bits-1; j>=0;j–)
printf("%i",(x>>j) & 01);
}
 
Answer 2. In formal language theory, a context-free grammar (CFG) is a grammar in which
every
production rule is of the form
V›w
where V is a single nonterminal symbol, and w is a string of terminals and/or nonterminals
(possibly empty).
Thus, the difference with arbitrary grammars is that the left hand side of a production rule is
always a single nonterminal symbol rather than a string of terminal and/or nonterminal symbols.
The term "context-free" expresses the fact that nonterminals are rewritten without regard to the
context in which they occur.
A formal language is context-free if some context-free grammar generates it. These languages
are exactly all languages that can be recognized by a non-deterministic pushdown automaton.
Context-free grammars play a central role in the description and design of programming
languages and compilers. They are also used for analyzing the syntax of natural languages.
Example 1
S›a
S›aS
S›bS
The terminals here are a and b, while the only non-terminal is S. The language described is all
nonempty strings of as and bs that end in a.
This grammar is regular: no rule has more than one nonterminal in its right-hand side, and each
of these nonterminals is at the same end of the right-hand side.
Every regular grammar corresponds directly to a nondeterministic finite automaton, so we know
that this is a regular language.
It is common to list all right-hand sides for the same left-hand side on the same line, using | to
separate them, like this:
S › a | aS | bS
Technically, this is the same grammar as above.
Example 2
In a context-free grammar, we can pair up characters the way we do with brackets. The simplest
example:
S›aSb
S›ab
This grammar generates the language , which is not regular.
The special character å stands for the empty string. By changing the above grammar to
S › aSb | å
we obtain a grammar generating the language instead. This differs only in
that it contains the empty string while the original grammar did not.
Example 3
Here is a context-free grammar for syntactically correct infix algebraic expressions in the
variables x, y and z:
S › x | y | z | S + S | S – S | S * S | S/S | (S)
This grammar can, for example, generate the string "( x + y ) * x – z * y / ( x + x )" as follows:
"S" is the initial string. "S – S" is the result of applying the fifth transformation [S › S - S] to the
nonterminal S. "S * S – S / S" is the result of applying the sixth transform to the first S and the
seventh one to the second S. "( S ) * S – S / ( S )" is the result of applying the final transform to
certain of the nonterminals. "( S + S ) * S – S * S / ( S + S )" is the result of the fourth and fifth
transforms to certain nonterminals. "( x + y ) * x – z * y / ( x + x )" is the final result, obtained by
using the first three transformations to turn the S non terminals into the terminals x, y, and z.
This grammar is ambiguous, meaning that one can generate the same string with more than one
parse tree. For example, "x + y * z" might have either the + or the * parsed first; presumably
these will produce different results. However, the language being described is not itself
ambiguous: a different, unambiguous grammar can be written for it.
 
 
Answer 3. Windows Vista is a line of operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on
personal
computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs, and media center PCs.
Prior to its announcement on July 22, 2005, Windows Vista was known by its codename
"Longhorn." Development was completed on November 8, 2006; over the following three
months it was released in stages to computer hardware and software manufacturers, business
customers, and retail channels. On January 30, 2007, it was released worldwide, and was made
available for purchase and download from Microsoft's website. The release of Windows Vista
came more than five years after the introduction of its predecessor, Windows XP, the longest
time span between successive releases of Microsoft Windows desktop operating systems. It was
succeeded by Windows 7 which was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009 and is
scheduled for general availability on October 22, 2009.
Windows Vista contains many changes and new features, including an updated graphical user
interface and visual style dubbed Windows Aero, a redesigned search function, multimedia
tools including Windows DVD Maker, and redesigned networking, audio, print, and display
sub-systems. Vista aims to increase the level of communication between machines on a home
network, using peer-to-peer technology to simplify sharing files and digital media between
computers and devices. Windows Vista includes version 3.0 of the .NET Framework, allowing
software developers to write applications without traditional Windows APIs.
Microsoft's primary stated objective with Windows Vista has been to improve the state of
security in the Windows operating system. One common criticism of Windows XP and its
predecessors is their commonly exploited security vulnerabilities and overall susceptibility to
malware, viruses and buffer overflows. In light of this, Microsoft chairman Bill Gates
announced in early 2002 a company-wide " Trustworthy Computing initiative" which aims to
incorporate security work into every aspect of software development at the company. Microsoft
stated that it prioritized improving the security of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003
above finishing Windows Vista, thus delaying its completion.
While these new features and security improvements have garnered positive reviews, Vista has
also been the target of much criticism and negative press. Criticism of Windows Vista has
targeted its high system requirements, its more restrictive licensing terms, the inclusion of a
number of new digital rights management technologies aimed at restricting the copying of
protected digital media, lack of compatibility with some pre-Vista hardware and software, and
the number of authorization prompts for User Account Control. As a result of these and other
issues, Windows Vista had seen initial adoption and satisfaction rates lower than Windows XP.
However, with an estimated 330 million internet users as of January 2009, it has been announced
that Vista usage had surpassed Microsoft’s pre-launch two-year-out expectations of achieving
200 million users. As of the end of August 2009, Windows Vista (with approximately 380
million internet users) is the second most widely used operating system on the internet with an
approx. 23% market share, the most widely used being Windows XP with an approx. 69%
market share.
End-user
Windows Explorer in Windows Vista
· Windows Aero: The new hardware-based graphical user interface is named Windows
Aero, which Jim Allchin stated is an acronym for Authentic, Energetic, Reflective, and
Open. The new interface is intended to be cleaner and more aesthetically pleasing than
those of previous Windows versions, including new transparencies, live thumbnails, live
icons, and animations, thus providing a new level of eye candy. Laptop users report,
however, that battery life is shortened with the feature enabled.
· Windows Shell: The new Windows shell is significantly different from Windows XP,
offering a new range of organization, navigation, and search capabilities. Windows
Explorer's task pane has been removed, integrating the relevant task options into the
toolbar. A "Favorite links" pane has been added, enabling one-click access to common
directories. The address bar has been replaced with a breadcrumb navigation system. The
preview pane allows users to see thumbnails of various files and view the contents of
documents. The details pane shows information such as file size and type, and allows
viewing and editing of embedded tags in supported file formats. The Start menu has
changed as well; it no longer uses ever-expanding boxes when navigating through
Programs. The word "Start" itself has been removed in favor of a blue Windows Pearl.
· Instant Search (also known as search as you type) : Windows Vista features a new way
of searching called Instant Search, which is significantly faster and more in-depth
(content-based) than the search features found in any of the previous versions of
Windows.
· Windows Sidebar: A transparent panel anchored to the side of the screen where a user
can place Desktop Gadgets, which are small applets designed for a specialized purpose
(such as displaying the weather or sports scores). Gadgets can also be placed on other
parts of the desktop.
· Windows Internet Explorer 7: New user interface, tabbed browsing, RSS, a search
box, improved printing, [21] Page Zoom, Quick Tabs (thumbnails of all open tabs), Anti-
Phishing filter, a number of new security protection features, Internationalized Domain
Name support (IDN), and improved web standards support. IE7 in Windows Vista runs in
isolation from other applications in the operating system (protected mode); exploits and
malicious software are restricted from writing to any location beyond Temporary Internet
Files without explicit user consent.
· Windows Media Player 11, a major revamp of Microsoft's program for playing and
organizing music and video. New features in this version include word wheeling (or
"search as you type"), a new GUI for the media library, photo display and organization,
the ability to share music libraries over a network with other Windows Vista machines,
Xbox 360 integration, and support for other Media Center Extenders.
· Backup and Restore Center: Includes a backup and restore application that gives users
the ability to schedule periodic backups of files on their computer, as well as recovery
from previous backups. Backups are incremental, storing only the changes each time,
minimizing disk usage. It also features Complete PC Backup (available only in Ultimate,
Business, and Enterprise versions) which backs up an entire computer as an image onto a
hard disk or DVD. Complete PC Backup can automatically recreate a machine setup onto
new hardware or hard disk in case of any hardware failures. Complete PC Restore can be
initiated from within Windows Vista or from the Windows Vista installation CD in the
event the PC is so corrupt that it cannot start up normally from the hard disk.
· Windows Mail: A replacement for Outlook Express that includes a new mail store that
improves stability, and features integrated Instant Search. It has the Phishing Filter like
IE7 and Junk mail filtering that is enhanced through regular updates via Windows
Update.
· Windows Calendar is a new calendar and task application.
· Windows Photo Gallery, a photo and movie library management application. It can
import from digital cameras, tag and rate individual items, adjust colors and exposure,
create and display slideshows (with pan and fade effects) and burn slideshows to DVD.
· Windows DVD Maker, a companion program to Windows Movie Maker that provides
the ability to create video DVDs based on a user's content. Users can design a DVD with
title, menu, video, soundtrack, pan and zoom motion effects on pictures or slides.
· Windows Media Center, which was previously exclusively bundled in a separate
version of Windows XP, known as Windows XP Media Center Edition, has been
incorporated into the Home Premium and Ultimate editions of Windows Vista.
· Games and Games Explorer: Games included with Windows have been modified to
showcase Vista's graphics capabilities. New games are Chess Titans, Mahjong Titans
and Purble Place. A new Games Explorer special folder contains shortcuts and
information to all games on the user's computer.
 
 
Answer 4. echo Enter a number
read no
i=1
ans=0
while [ $i -le 'expr $no / 2' ]
do
if [ 'expr $no % $i' -eq 0 ]
then
ans='expr $ans + $i'
fi
i='expr $i + 1'
done
if [ $no -eq $ans ]
then
echo $no is perfect
else
echo $no is NOT perfect