Power an Politics- Chapter 14 in Organizational Behavior
y
Power
- refers to the capacity of A to effect B's actions in accordance with A's wishes
o
M
ay be held but not actively used
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D
ependency- The greater B's dependence on A, the great A's power over B.
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L
eaders use power as a means of achieving goals.
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eaders achieve goals, and power is a way of facilitating their achievement.
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Power does not need goal compatability, merely dependence.
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eadership requires congruence between people and leader.
Bas
e
s
of
p
ower
F
orm
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position in organization, ability to distribute rewards etc.
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Coercive- based in fear, one does it out of fear of what might happen. If one has power to fire, orhold information from or embarrass in any way then they have coercive power.
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R
eward power- the opposite of coercive, refers to the ability to give someone something theywant.
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egitimate- formal ability to control and use the companies resources. Not only do they have allthe powers, but they are accepted by the organization and people comply.
Per
s
on
al-
power that comes from an individuals unique characteristics
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Ex
pert power- influence wielded because of e
x
pertise, a skill set, or knowledge.
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R
eferent Power- identifications with a person who has desirable traits or resources.
D
evelops outof admiration.
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Of the bases, e
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pert and referent are most important because they are linked to companycommitment, alignment of goals, and supervisor satisfaction. Coercive can even backfire.What Creates dependency?
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Importance- what you have must be deemed important, to a tech company, their engineers aremost important, to Proctor and Gamble, their advertisers are most important.
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S
carcity- if anyone can get it then it is not going to make them dependent of you, if you have amonopoly on it or can make others perceive you to then it will. Computer genius creatingdifferent types of source code, or firms meeting in secrecy to be perceived as scarcity of knowledge.
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Nonstability- the fewer substitutes the more valuable the resource, OI
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, Harvard.
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tc.
Power Tactics
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egitimacy- relying on ones authority position, stressing importance in accordance with policystandards.
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ational persuasion- logical arguments and factual evidenceInspirational appeal- developing emotional argument by appealing to a targets values, needs,wants, hopes, aspirations.Consultation- improving motivation by inclusion on how the task is going to be done.
Ex
change- benefits or favors for following a request
Personal appeals- asking for compliance based on friendship or loyaltyIngratiation- flattery, praise, or friendly behaviorPressure- warnings, repeated demands or threats.Coalition- using the support of others to get a target to agree or enlisting the aid of others.
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Consultation, inspiration, and rational persuasion are the most effective.
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Pressure is generally the least effective and will backfire most of the time.Coalition- a informal group of people bound together by active pursuit of a common issue.
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Coalitions in organizations often seek to increase size.
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M
ore coalitions will be created when there Is a great deal of task and resourceinterdependence
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ess coalitions when subunits are contained and resources are plentiful
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The more routine the task of a group the more likely they are to form a coalition-
DE
T
R
OIT
S
e
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ual harassment- any unwanted activity of a se
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ual nature that effects someone's employmentand creates a hostile work environment.How to avoid it
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Create a plan that describes very well what it is.
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E
nsure employees will not be faced with retaliation if they have a complaint.
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Investigate every complaint
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M
ake sure offenders are disciplined or terminated.
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S
et up in house seminars to raise awareness.
Political behavior- as those activities in an organization that are not required of ones formal role,but that influence or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages or disadvantages withinthe organization.
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egitimate political behavior- normal every day politics.Illegitimate political behavior- violate the implied rules of the game.The
R
eality of Politics
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Whether true or not, one individuals gains are often perceived as another's loss.
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M
ost facts used to decide whether something goes some way are open to interpretation.
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Individuals play a large role in this. People with a high locus of control are better able tocontrol their emotions and take a proactive chance at manipulating the situation to theirfavor.
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S
imilarly, highly invested individuals will pursue more drastic means at making sure thingsturn out positive for the organization.
Organizational Factors
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The less trust the higher the level of political behavior.
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R
ole ambiguity means that the roles prescribed to the employee are not clear.
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D
efensive behaviors- when people perceive politics as a threat rather than a benefit
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