Professional Documents
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• PROJECT SUPERVISOR:
ENGR. SAYYED AQEEL ASHRAF.
CONTENTS: -
Page No: -
ACKNOWLEDGEMWNT
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ACTION PLAN
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CHAPTER-1: INTRUDACTION
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CHAPTER-2: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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CHAPTER-3: PICTURE OF OUR
PROJECT 7
CHAPTER-4: IC, 4017
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CHAPTER-5: IC, 555 TIMER
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CHAPTER-6: 1N914
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CHAPTER-7: LED 9 V, RED,
YELLOW, GREEN COULOR
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CHAPTER-8: TRANSISTORS, 2N3904
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CHAPTER-9: 180, 47K, 10K Ohms
RESISTORS 16
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CHAPTER-10: CAPACITOR, 10 µF, 30V
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CHAPTER-11: 9 -Volts Battery
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CHAPTER-12: CONCLUSION
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REFERENCE.
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AKNOWLEDGMENT
In the praise of almighty ALLAH,
the beneficent, the merciful who
showed the path of righteous ness
and blessed me the strength to
embark this task.
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guidance throughout the design
process.
4
Reason
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ACTIOT
PLAN
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 2
Circuit Diagram
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Chapter 3
Picture of Our project
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Chapter 4
IC, 4017-Decade Counter
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Chapter 5
IC, 555 Timers
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Chapter 6
1N914
Chapter 7
LED 9 V, RED, YELLOW,
GREEN COULOR
Example:
Circuit symbol:
Testing an LED
Never connect an LED directly to a
battery or power supply! It will be
destroyed almost instantly because too
much current will pass through and
.burn it out
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LEDs must have a resistor in series to
limit the current to a safe value, for
quick testing purposes a 1k resistor is
suitable for most LEDs if your supply
voltage is 12V or less. Remember to
connect the LED the correct way round!
Colures of LEDs
LEDs are
available in
red, orange,
amber, yellow, green, blue and
white. Blue and white LEDs are
much more expensive than the
.other colures
The semiconductor material
determines the colour of an LED, not
by the coloring of the 'package' (the
plastic body). LEDs of all colors are
available in uncolored packages which
may be diffused (milky) or clear (often
described as 'water clear'). The
coloured packages are also available as
diffused (the standard type) or
transparent.
CHAPTER-8
TRANSISTORS, 2N3904
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The transistor is considered by
many to be one of the greatest
inventions in modern history, ranking
in importance with the printing
press, automobile and telephone. It
is the key active component in
practically all modern electronics. Its
importance in today's society rests
on its ability to be mass produced
using a highly automated process
(fabrication) that achieves
vanishingly low per-transistor costs.
Although millions of individual
transistors (known as discretes) are
still used, the vast majority of
transistors are fabricated into
integrated circuits (also called
microchips or simply chips) along
with diodes, resistors, capacitors and
other electronic components to
produce complete electronic circuits.
A logic gate comprises about twenty
transistors whereas an advanced
microprocessor, as of 2005, can use
as many as 289 million transistors.
NPN is one of the two types of
bipolar transistors, (or BJTs), the
second being PNP. The letters "N"
and "P" refer to the majority charge
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carriers inside the different regions
of the transistor. Most transistors
used today are NPN, since this is the
easiest and most cost effective to
make from silicon.
NPN transistors consist of a layer of
P-doped (the doping agent is often
boron) semiconductor (the "base")
between two N-doped (often made
with arsenic) layers. NPN transistors
are commonly operated with the
emitter at ground and the collector
at a positive voltage.
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A small current entering the base will
allow a large current to travel across
the collecter-emmitor.
Chapter 9
180, 47K, 10K Ohms
RESISTORS
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Some resistors are cylindrical, with
the actual resistive material in the
centre (composition resistors, now
obsolete) or on the surface of the
cylinder (film) resistors, and a
conducting metal lead projecting along
the axis of the cylinder at each
end(axial lead). There are carbon film
and metal film resistors. The photo
above right shows a row of common
resistors. Power resistors come in
larger packages designed to dissipate
heat efficiently. At high power levels,
resistors tend to be wire wound types.
Resistors used in computers and other
devices are typically much smaller,
often in surface-mount packages
without wire leads. Resistors can also
be built into integrated circuits as part
of the fabrication process, using the
semiconductor material as a resistor.
But resistors made in this way are
difficult to fabricate and may take up a
lot of valuable chip area, so IC
designers alternatively use a
transistor-transistor or resistor-
transistor configuration to simulate the
resistor they require.
Chapter 10
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CAPACITOR, 10 µF, 30V
Chapter 12
CONCLUSION
The LED traffic Light circuit controls
6 LEDs (red, yellow and green) for both
north/south directions and east/west
directions. The timing sequence is
generated using a CMOS 4017 decade
counter and a 555 timer. Counter
outputs 1 through 4 are wire ORed
using 4 diodes so that the (Red
-North/South) and (Green - East/West)
LEDs will be on during the first four
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counts. The fifth count (pin 10)
illuminates (Yellow - East/West) and
(Red - North/South). Counts 6 through
9 are also wire ORed using diodes to
control (Red - East/West) and (Green -
North/South). Count 10 (pin 11)
controls (Red - East/West) and (Yellow
- North/South). The time period for the
red and green lamps will be 4 times
longer than for the yellow and the
complete cycle time can be adjusted
with the 47K resistor. The eight 1N914
diodes could be substituted with a dual
4 input OR gate (CD4072).
REFERENCES
1. http://www.electroicsforu.co
m
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2. http://www.fairchildsemi.co
m/technical_information/datas
heets.html
3. http://www.dir-
electronics.com
4. http://www.kpsec.freeuk.co
m/components/cmos.htm#401
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