, 8 ,
Qneicllnk vge fnv }g}vn lhoh}gknv g fnvvn îrv~}nk
@qh }ijnr g kn}vn îrv~}nk lnf c}} co vrceenkn3 Kîr qg kî kárlnr c}} kvvîr}havnk% ðk}inr qg qneicllnk vgefnv }g}vn lhoh}gknv g fnvvn îrv~}nk+ Qg `îtnr hv f~ ben acr,kðf lnf îrnv} ~vohqn hq Vrceeie~bbnk+ Nr f~ giin fnv% qge qgojnrkn `ðrn arh fno+ Kn}vn îr} ie~bbthiin qge f~ i~kkn }iha,an fno tî }hlln lîvn }cl g îr% fq}+ `c} fgk ecihen K AcrlVrcee acr`hkfenr+ @hr f~ giin kcnk ecihe acr`hkfenr% vhr f~ickvhiv lnf fgvv ehkf} fg}vrgb~vðr }n }gfn 8>'+ ]cl qg }nr hqVrcee 2?1% }cl nr nk hq îrnv} k`nvnr% nr fnv giin bhrn qglnkkn}inr }cl nr }intvg}in tî `qh fnv kn}vn îrv~}nk }ihebrgkon+ Qg lnkkn}inr nr qne aðr}v co arnl}v }tnkv tî cl qîrvfhvh~v}vr co hkknv ~v}vr }cl `hr fhvhbrgiinr% qge a~konrnkcrlhev kîr ieciink begr vceq tî kvvîr}havnk+ ]vrðl nr co}înk vgko qg qge }hqkn `qg} fnk begr bcrvn+ @nr g Kcron ihk fnvqárn `nev knfn g ÿ64˚ tî fnk vgfnk hq îrnv+ Kcnk ohkonrihk qg bnokkn î e~rn tî `qcrfhk lnkkn}inkn iehrvn }no aðrg vgfnk ~vnk }vrðl+ ]î qgfv jno qnv nr arnlfnen} vrceenkn ~vnk}vrðl% }î fn b~rfn ihk}ijn giin `h }î }vcrn bnilrgkonr acrîr 2444+ Ihk}ijn fn vnkinr tî c}}++++
Bnkqnk~vg hee/~evglh nfgzgckn fneeh rgqg}vh fg x~n}vclgeenkkgc(
Kne trc}}glc lgeenkkgc mc}h mhtgvnrä h kcg n hg vrcee3 Gemhtcfhkkc }g }vh hqqgmgkhkfc n qg fghlc ge bnkqnk~vc hee/~e,vglh rgqg}vh fg x~n}vc lgeenkkgc+]tnrghlc m`n }ghvn }vhvg mckvnkvg fnee/nfgzgckn fne Me~bVrcee9 }n kc ahvnmg hqnrn en qc}vrn kcvgzgn+ Ge thmmc fng }cmgfnee/hkkc trc}}glc }g trcm~rh kneec }vn}}c lcfc fnee/hkkc}mcr}c% mgcà fhe v~c mcllg}}gckhrgc K Acrl Vrcee ecmhenqnfg t+ 8>'+ Mcln qnfghlc fhe vrcee kc 2?1% ~kh fneenkcqgvä fg x~n}v/hkkc% kck }cec kcg ~clgkg }ghlc }mnvvgmg}~oeg nqnkvg fne F~nlgeh+ Kcg ~clgkg }hrnlc }ctrhvv~vvchk}gc}g fg }htnrn }n g kc}vrg mclt~vnr n hevrh hvvrnzzhv~rh nenv,vrckgmh a~kzgcknrhkkc kcrlhelnkvn x~hkfc eh qgogegh fgmhtcfhkkc e/crcecogc }mcmm`nrä en qnkvgx~hvvrc+ Hkm`n ehmcrrnkvn }hrä ~kh mc}h m`n rgltghkonrnlc }n lhkm`nrä+ X~hgk Kcrqnogh eh vnltnrhv~rh gk x~ng vnltg t~ò }mnkfnrn agkchg x~hrhkvh orhfg }cvvc ec znrc+ X~hem`n qcevh mg }g mclgkmghh fclhkfhrn mcln lhg eh onkvn }n eh mhqhqh gk hevrg vnltg}nkzh mcrrnkvn+ Tnr x~hkvc gc }httgh g vrcee }ckc }nltrn}nkzh mcrrnkvn% n x~gkfg kck fcqrnbbnrc acr}n trncmm~thr}gvhkvc fnee/hkkc f~nlgeh+ Lhohrg }g trncmm~thkc tnr kcg+++
_geeicllnk z~l envzvnk Vrcee,Lhohzgk fgn}n} Jh`rvh~}nkf}(
_h} th}}gnrv gl kæm`}vnk Jh`rvh~}nkf lgv ~k} ~kf fnkVrceenk3 Ehko}hl% hbnr ~kh~a`hev}hl% kæ`nrk wgr ~k} fnl]geqn}vnrhbnkf+ Bnqcr n} }c wngv g}v% wõk}m`nk wgr ]gn `nrz,egm` wgeeicllnk z~r envzvnk H~}ohbn fn} Vrceelhohzgk} gkfgn}nl Jh`rvh~}nkf+_gr `caank% fh‚ ]gn lgv fnr Jh`rn}ohbn fn} Vrcee,Me~b} z~argn,fnk }gkf9 ahee} kgm`v% fhkk }m`rngbnk ]gn ~k} bgvvn+ FnkMe~bvrcee fn} kæm`}vnk Jh`rn} nr`hevnk ]gn h~a fgn}nebn Hrv~kf _ng}n wgn fgn}nk% he}c bng G`rnl Vrcee,@ækfenr+ ]ceevnn} fcrv% wc ]gn wc`knk% ingknk @ækfenr onbnk% fhkk wnk,fnk ]gn }gm` bgvvn hk fnk Gltcrvn~r bzw+ fgn@hkfne}qnrvrnv~ko gk G`rnl Ehkf }gn`n ]ngvn 8>'+_gn lhk hl Vrcee 2?1 }n`nk ihkk% }m`ngknk kgm`v k~r wgrLnk}m`nk }intvg}m` ononkõbnr fnl z~ }ngk% wh} ~k} fh}kæm`}vn Jh`rvh~}nkf bn}m`nrnk ihkk+ _gr Lnk}m`nk }gkfwc`e gk nr}vnr Egkgn on}thkkv% cb ~k}nrn TM/} ~kf hkfnrnnenivrg}m`n Onrævn lgv M`gt} kcrlhe a~kivgckgnrnk% wnkkfgn ^`r gk fnr ]geqn}vnrkhm`v zwñea }m`eæov+]cwgn}c g}v fgn Nenivrgzgvæv nvwh}% fh} wgr bng ngknl nqnkv~,neenk ]vrclh~},ahee }m`lnrzegm` qnrlg}}nk wõrfnk+ @gnr% he}cgk Kcrwnonk% ihkk ~l fgn}n Jh`rn}zngv fh} V`nrlclnvnrz+B+ bg} z~ ,64c aheenk+ Lhkm`lhe w~kfnrv lhk }gm`% wgn fgnLnk}m`nk ngonkvegm` qcr fnr Nkvfnmi~ko fnr Nenivrgzgvævz~rnm`v ihlnk+ ]cwngv gm` wng‚% `hbnk fgn Vrceen jh kcm`gllnr ingknk ]vrcl+ Fn}wnonk lõ}}nk }gn }gm` wnonk fn} Jh`rn} 2444 ngonkvegm` h~m` kgm`v }c qgnen ]cronk lhm`nk+Qgneengm`v fnkink }gn }vhvvfn}}nk hk ~k}3
, 2 ,H} wn onv} mec}nr vc KnwWnhr‗} Nqn wn wg}` c~wnemcln vc v`g} lgeenkkg~,l‗} eh}v lhohzgkn+
_n `ctn c~ hrn }hvg}agnf wgv` v`nVrcee Me~b v`g} nhr hkf wn wc~efegin vc `nhr arcl c~ ga c~‗rn kcv+ Knpv nhr‗} me~b thmihon wgee bntrcqgfnf vc c~ v`n }hln wh h}v`g} nhr% v`hv g} v`rc~o` c~recmhe K Acrl Vrcee fnhenr+ Ga c~fck‗v `hqn hk ecmhe fnhenr% tenh}nmckvhmv c~r mc~kvr‗} fg}vrgb~vcr}nn thon 8>'+Ga c~ vhin h ecci hv Vrcee 2?1%w`gm` g} ckn ca v`n knw aneecw}v`g} nhr% c~ wgee }nn v`hv gv‗} kcvcke v`n `~lhk} w`c hrn }mntvgmca w`hv v`n knw lgeenkkg~l wgeebrgko+ H} `~lhk} wn hrn lc}v ca hee hkpgc~} vc ikcw ga c~r mclt~,vnr nx~gtlnkv hkf cv`nr nx~gt,lnkv mckvhgkgko fhvh m`gt} wgeea~kmvgck kcrlhee havnr lgfkgo`v Knw Wnhr‗} Nqn+Nenmvrgmgv wgee mnrvhgke bn }cln,v`gko vc lg}} ga gv }`c~ef fg}httnhr+Vnltnrhv~rn mhk bn fcwk vc, 64´M hv v`g} vgln ca nhr `nrn gk Kcrwh+ ]clnvgln} ckn wckfnr}`cw tncten `hqn bnnk hben vclhkhon wgv`c~v nenmvrgmgv f~rgkonhre hon}+ H} ahr h} G ikcw vrcee}hrn }vgee wgv`c~v gv% }c v`ntrcbhbe }`c~ef kcv `hqn vcclhk wcrrgn} acr nhr 2444+Lhbn v`n‗rn v`gkigko hbc~v ~}+++
_nemcln vc v`g}lgeenkkg~l‗} eh}v lhohzgkn(_nemcln vc v`g}lgeenkkg~l‗} eh}v lhohzgkn(
_`hv wgee `httnk vc ~} hkf v`n vrcee} v`n knpv v`c~}hkf nhr}3
8=%> ml >
8#2
“
2?1
• •
Nfgvcr
Gkk`cef}acrvnokne}n:
Aðr}vn }gfn 8Rnfhivðr 2Trcage hq nk vrceelhinr =_cref ca vrcee} 6,>Trgqhvn vrcee~v}vgeegkonr 1,?Acrv}nvv î }nkf c}} bgefnr ?Vrceefhohk tî Vk}nv 0,7Gvhegnk}i vrceeie~bb 84 K`nvnr îr 2444 88Vrcee gkkvhr Knw Znhehkf 82,8=Gkacrlh}jck vge lnfenllnr 86Fg}vrgb~vðrnr 8>]g}vn }gfn 81
Trcage hq nk vrceelhinr
Gkonr Lhrgn nr >1 îr ohllne co `hr jcbbnv tî K acrl g > îr+ @~k nr nr aðfv co bcr gbofh Veefhenk% }cl nr nk egvnk ajneebof g Vk}nv icll~kn+Gkonr Lhrgn jcbbnr ln}v tî ickvcrnv g bnfrgavnk% lnk `~k lî hq co vge vrî vge g trcf~i,}jcknk+ @~k ehonr egq g vrceenkn qnf î }nvvn tî `îr co ðkn% }hlv hv fnv begr egvv thiigkohq vrceenkn+Gkonr Lhrgn nr nk }trni fhln lnf lhkon `cbbnr co gkvnrn}}nr9 }tn}gnev eginr `~k îfrgqn lnf qnqgko+ Kîr `~k `hr hkenfkgko% vhr `~k }no ojnrkn kcnk ehkon v~rnr vge }ico}neenr tî ajneenv nkvnk tî }ig neenr vge acv}+ Ahqcrgvv Vrceenkn vge Gkonr Lhrgn nr Kg}}nkn:284 co 648+ Fg}}n vhr `~k arnl g }gvv nonv `jnl `qnr j~e+ Fnvvn }ihtnr nk ocf }vnlkgko}hlvgfgo }cl fnv `hr begvv nk vrhfg}jck% }gnr `~k+
Gkfgmn:
Trglh thogkh 8Nfgvcrghen 2Trcagec fg ~k vrceehgc =Ge lckfc fng vrcee 6,>N}tc}gzgckg trgqhvn fg vrcee 1,?Mckvgk~h h lhkfhrmg fneen acvc ?Ogcrkhvn fng vrcee h Vk}nv 0,7Me~b Vrcee gvheghkc 84 Kcqgvä fnee/hkkc f~nlgeh 88Vrcee mckx~g}vh K~cqh Znehkfh 82,8=Gkacrlhzgckg hg }cmg 86Fg}vrgb~vcrg 8>^evglh thogkh 81
Trcagec fg ~k vrceehgc
Gkonr Lhrg `h mgkx~hkvh}ng hkkg% ehqcrh heeh K Acrl fh mgkx~n hkkg+ À khvh n hbgvh he thn}nVeefhenk% tgmmcec thn}n fg lckvhokh fne mcl~kn fg Vk}nv+Eh lhoogcr thrvn fne vnltc Gkonr Lhrgn ehqcrh knee/~aagmgc fneeh fgvvh% lh cokg vhkvc fnqn thrvnmgthrnheeh trcf~zgckn hkm`n eng+ Httegmhkfc oeg cmm`g n g mhtneeg hg vrcee fä hkglh hg vrcee% n gkvhkvc h}}g}vnhee/glthmmhv~rh fng vrcee+Gkonr Lhrgn à ~kh fckkh gk ohlbh mck lcevg `cbb n gkvnrn}}g9 en tghmn }ctrhvv~vvc eh vn}}gv~rh+X~hkfc `h cmmh}gckn% ah fneen e~ko`n th}}nooghvn kne bc}mc ctt~rn gk lckvhokh }gh mck oeg }mg }gh htgnfg+ G vrcee trnanrgvg fg Gkonr Lhrgn }ckc g okclg Kg}}nkn': ge kc 284 n ge kc 648+ H mh}h }~h vgrha~crg x~n}vg vrcee cokg Khvhen% mrnhkfc mc}å ~kh b~ckh hvlc}anrh n gkvhkvc% fgmn% à fgqnkvhvc ~kh vrh,fgzgckn+
Gk`hev}qnrzngm`kg}
Nr}vn ]ngvn 8Fnr Rnfhivn~r `hv fh} _crv 2Tcrvræv ngknr Vrcee`nr}vneenrgk =Fgn _nev fnr Vrceen 6,>Trgqhvn Vrceeh~}}vnee~konk 1,?]nkfnk ]gn ~k} wngvnr`gk Bgefnr ?Vrceevhon gk Vk}nv 0,7Gvhegnkg}m`nr Vrceeme~b 84 Kn~`ngvnk gl Jh`r 2444 88Vrceen nrcbnrk Kn~}nnehkf 8=Gkacrlhvgck aõr Lgvoegnfnr 86@ækfenr 8>Envzvn ]ngvn 81
Tcrvræv ngknr Vrcee`nr}vneenrgk
Gkonr Lhrgn Knoîrf g}v >1 Jh`rn hev ~kf `hv fgn envzvnk aõka Jh`rn bng K Acrl onhr,bngvnv+ ]gn w~rfn gk fnl iengknk Bnrofcra Veefhenk gk fnr Onlngkfn Vk}nv onbcrnk%wc }gn h~m` `n~vn wc`kv+Gkonr Lhrgn hrbngvnv lng}vnk} gl Bõrc fn} Bnvrgnb}% hbnr hb ~kf z~ l~‚ }gn h~m` bngfnr Trcf~ivgck `neank+ ]gn ogbv ~k}nrnk Vrceenk ngk enbnkfgon} H~}}n`nk% wnge }gng`knk fgn H~onk ngk}nvzv ~kf fgn @hhrn bnan}vgov+ H~‚nrfnl qnrthmiv }gn onenonkvegm`fgn anrvgonk Vrceen aõr fnk Qnr}hkf+Gkonr Lhrgn g}v rnm`v }tcrvegm` ~kf `hv qgnen @cbb} ~kf Gkvnrn}}nk9 g`rn bn}ckfnrnEgnbn ogev jnfcm` fnl _nbnk+ _nkk fgn Onenonk`ngv }gm` bgnvnv% fhkk ~kvnrkgllv}gn z~ A~‚ cfnr h~a ]ig ehkon Vc~rnk f~rm` fgn _æefnr cfnr gk fgn Bnron+ Gkonr Lhrgn}Egnbegko}vrceen }gkf fgn Zwnron% Kr+ 284 ~kf Kr+ 648+ _nge }gn }c ngkn o~vn ]vgll~koqnrbrngvnk% wnrfnk fgn bngfnk z~ jnfnl _ng`khm`v}an}v z~ @h~}n h~aon}vneev+ ^kf wngen} ngkn Vrhfgvgck onwcrfnk g}v% }hov Gkonr Lhrgn+
Gkonr Lhrgn Knoîrf
>1 nhr cef Gkonr Lhrgn `h}bnnk hv K Acrl acr agqn nhr}+]`n g} bcrk hkf egqn} gkVeefhenk% h }lhee thrg}` gk v`necmhe mc~kmge Vk}nv+Gkonr Lhrgn lc}ve wcri} hv v`ncaagmn% b~v l~}v }clnvgln} vhinthrv gk v`n trcf~mvgck h} wnee+]`n t~v} egan vc v`n vrcee} b trc,qgfgko v`nl wgv` `hgr hkf nn}%hkf }clnvgln} }`n fcn} }clnthmigko vcc+Gkonr Lhrgn g} hkhmvgqn ehfwgv` ecv}ca `cb,bgn}hkf gkvnrn}v}+ ]`n thrvgm~ehre egin}wnhqgko hkf ocn} `gigko gk v`nwccf} cr v`n lc~kvhgk} w`nk }`nagkf} hk cttcrv~kgv% ngv`nr ck }ig} crb accv+ @nr ahqc~rgvn vrcee g} v`nacon}: 284 hkf 648% w`gm` }`n brgko}gkvc `nr `c~}n nqnr M`rg}vlh} vgln+V`g} brgko} v`n rgo`v hvlc}t`nrn% }`n}h}% hv v`n }hln vgln h} gv `h}bnmcln h vrhfgvgck+
Vhben ca mckvnkv}: Vhben ca mckvnkv}:
V`n vrcee lhinr trcagen
Arckv thon 8Enhfnr 2V`n vrcee lhinr trcagen =_cref ca vrcee} 6,>Trgqhvn vrcee np`gbgvgck} 1,?Innt ck }nkfgko ~} tgmv~rn} ?V`n Vrcee Fh} hv Vk}nv 0,7Gvheghk vrcee me~b 84Wnhr 2444 knw} 88Vrcee} vhin Knw Znhehkf 82,8=Lnlbnr}`gt gkacrlhvgck 86Fg}vrgb~vcr} 8>Eh}v thon 81
=2 ml82 8#2“
648
• •
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