This document provides a summary and guide for designing steel embedments in concrete structures. It discusses general requirements including loading combinations, material properties, and design limits for strength in tension, shear, and bearing. Design is based on the strength design method from ACI 318-77. Tension strength is based on the effective stress area of concrete around the embedment. Shear and bearing strength must satisfy requirements regarding geometry, reinforcement, and being located in a compression zone.
Original Description:
Original Title
Guide to Design of Anchors Bolts and Other Steel Embedments[1]
This document provides a summary and guide for designing steel embedments in concrete structures. It discusses general requirements including loading combinations, material properties, and design limits for strength in tension, shear, and bearing. Design is based on the strength design method from ACI 318-77. Tension strength is based on the effective stress area of concrete around the embedment. Shear and bearing strength must satisfy requirements regarding geometry, reinforcement, and being located in a compression zone.
This document provides a summary and guide for designing steel embedments in concrete structures. It discusses general requirements including loading combinations, material properties, and design limits for strength in tension, shear, and bearing. Design is based on the strength design method from ACI 318-77. Tension strength is based on the effective stress area of concrete around the embedment. Shear and bearing strength must satisfy requirements regarding geometry, reinforcement, and being located in a compression zone.
Guide to the Design of Anchor Bolts
and Other Steel Embedments
by R. W. Cannon, D. A. Godfrey, and F. L. Moreadith
Preface
There has been little published on the design of steel
fembedments. Many designers looking for guidanee have
found the work of ACI Committee 849, Conerete Nuclear
Structures, extremely helpful. Because there may be de-
signers who are not aware of this information, which is an
appendix to the Code prepared by Committee 849, a mod:
ified version is offered here which can be applied outside
the design of nuclear structures.
Appendix B, “Steel Embedments” of “Code Require-
‘ments for Nuclear Safety Related Conerete Structures (ACT
949.76)" was adopted by the Ameriean Concrete Institute
lin August 1979. The authors of this article were principal
authors of Appendix B. The appendix was ballotted and
‘revised extensively several times before being accepted by
ACT Committee 349. Additionally, the document was ex.
tensively reviewed by the ACI Technical Activities Com-
mittee (TAC. Following revision and ballotting by ACI 349
and further review by TAC, the document was accepted for
ballotting by the general membership of the Institute and
published in the August 1978 ACI JOURNAL Proceedings of
the American Concrete Institute. It was adopted as part of
the Code in June 1970,
‘Appendix B is, for the most part, directly applicable to
conerete structures in general, not only to nuclear safety
related structures. The parts of this article presented in
italicstype represents modifications which the authors feel
transform Appendix B into a general guide for designing
steel embedments. For the mast part, the changes fall into
‘one of three categories:
1. 1980 proposed revisions to Appendix B.
2. Deleting references to ACT 349-76 and inserting ref-
erences to ACI 318-77.
3. Technical changes which the authors feel constitute an
improvement in the content of Appendix B.
it is important to emphasize that the regular-type por-
tons of this artile have been subjected to a rigorous eval
uation by ACI Committee 849, TAC, and the general mem-
bership of the Institute.
This guide defines minimum requirements for design of
steel embedments used to transmit loads from attachments
into reinforced conerete structures. Loads may be trans
‘mitted into structures by means of tension, bearing, shear,
{rietio, or any combination thereot. The design limits have
been established using both analytical and test methods.
The commentary provides background information on the
provisions.
Keywords: anchorage (structural); anchor bolts, anchors (fas-
‘twneral: building codes; composite construction concrete and steeD:
fembedment; grouting inert; loads (oreesls reinforced concrete:
‘Shear properties; structural design: studs.
1.0 — Notatio
imension out to out of bearing edges (see Fig.
52), in
A, = reduction in projected area, sq in.
A, = loaded area, sq in.
‘A, = maximum area of the portion of the supporting
surface that is geometrically similar to and
concentric with loaded area, s9 in.
b= dimension, out to out of bearing edges (see
Fig. 52), in.
D_ = major thread diameter of threaded anchor or
nominal diameter of anchor, in.
specified compressive strength of conerete, psi
minimum specified tensile strength of ancho
steel, psi
f, = minimum specified yield strength of embed-
ment steel, psi
h_ = overall thickness of member, in.
embedment depth for tensile anchorage mea-
sured from anchorage bearing surface to con
crete surface, in.
m = minimum side cover distance from the center
of an anchor to the edge of the concrete (see
Fig. 541), in.
number of threads per in.
design pullout strength of concrete in tension,
tb
U_ = required strength to resist factored loads or
related internal moments and forces
4 = strength reduction factor, dimensionless
2.0 Seope
21 — This guide provides minimum requirements
for design and anchorage of steel embedments used
to transmit loads from attachments into reinforced
concrete structures by means of tension, bearing,
shear, friction, or any combination permitted by this
guide.
‘Typical embedment details and concepts as refer-
‘eneed in this guide are shown in Fig. 21 and 22.
In addition to meeting these requirements consid-
‘eration shall be given to the effect of the forces ap-
plied to the embedment on the behavior of the overall,
structure.
22 — The requirements for the attachment to the
embedment shall be in accordance with applicable
codes and are beyond the scope of this guide.
23 — Design limits less conservative than those
specified in this guide may be used by the engineer
if substantiated by experimental or detailed analyt
cal investigation.
(CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/JULY 1981i
TERS S| rire
ane BRB
oie es
Fig. 21 — Bearing embedments — Typical embed-
‘ment details.
3.0— Definitions
Anchor head — A nut, washer, plate, stud, or bolt
head or other steel component used to transmit an-
chor loads to the conerete by bearing.
Attachment — The attachment is that structure
external to the surfaces of the embedment which
transmits loads to the embedment,
Embedment — The embedment is that steel com-
ponent in contact with the conerete or grout used to
transmit applied loads to the concrete structures. The
embedment may be fabricated of plates, shapes,
bolts, reinforcing bars, shear connectors, expansion
anchors, inserts, or any combination thereof.
Expansion anchor — A component installed in
hardened conerete for the transfer of loads into strue-
tural components by direct bearing and/or friction.
Grouted embedment — An embedment located in
4 formed or drilled hole in hardened conerete utilizing
4 grout to provide load transfer from the embedment
to the concrete.
Inserts — Commercially available, predesigned,
and prefabricated embedments installed prior to con:
rete placement which are specifically designed for
attachment of bolted connections.
4.0 General requirements and
‘combinations
4.1 — The embedment and surrounding concrete
or grout shall be designed for transmitting to the con-
crete structure all loads used in the design of the at-
tachment.
(CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/JULY 1961
LL Seon
Fig. 22 — Tension embedments — Typical embed-
ment details.
4.2 — Reactions on the embedment due to individ:
ual loads such as dead, live (including vibratory
loads), thermal and seismic, loads shall be considered,
‘The loading combinations for embedment design shall
be in accordance with Section 9.2 of ACI 318-77,
4.3 — Material and testing requirements for
‘embedment steel shall be specified by the engineer
to ensure that the intended function of the embed-
‘ment and the attachment is compatible
4.4 — The strength of embedments as affected by
the size and grade of steel, spacing, and depth of
embedment and any concrete dimensions which limit
or restrict the transfer of loads from steel to concrete
shall be considered as defined in Sections 6.0, 6.0, and
7.0.
4.5 — Shear lugs that meet the requirements of
Sections 5.5 and 6.1.2(b) shall be considered effective
only when located in a concrete compression zone
developed between the embedment and the concrete
and transverse to the direction of the shear force for
a given load combination unless adequate reinforce-
‘ment is provided.
4.6 — A combination of bearing and shear friction
mechanisms shall not be used to develop the requiredNovus. sis com
Fig. 5-1 — Etfective stress area for anchorage pull-
out.
Fig. 52 — Stress area reduetion for limited depth A,.
shear strength defined in accordance with Section 9.2
of ACT 318-77.
5.0 — Design requirements for concrete
5.1 — The design provisions of this guide are based
fon the strength design method. ‘The assumptions,
principles, and requirements of ACI 318-77 are ap-
plicable for all load combinations exeept as modified
herein.
52 — Tension — The design pullout strength of
conerete P, for any anchorage shall be based on a
uniform tensile stress of 44 V & acting on an effective
stress area which is defined by the projected area of
stress cones radiating toward the attachment from
the bearing edge of the anchors. The effective area
is limited by overlapping stress cones, by the inter-
section of the cones with concrete surfaces, by the
bearing area of anchor heads, and by the overall
thickness of the eonerete (see Fig. 51 and 52), The
inclination angle for calculating projected areas shall
be 45 deg. The $ factor shall be taken as 0.65 for an
embedded anchor head unless the anchor head is be-
yond the far face reinforcement. In such eases a ¢
factor of 0.85 may be used.
53 — Shear — The design shear strength of an-
chors subject to shear shall satisfy the requirements
of Sections 6.1.2 and 7.
54 — Reinforcement — Ifthe requirements of Sec-
tion 6.1 are not satisfied, reinforcement shall be pro-
vided to develop the required strength. Reinforce
ment requirements shall be in accordance with
applicable sections of ACI 818-77 and placed to pre-
vent failure of the concrete in tension
5.5 — Bearing
55.1 — The bearing requirements of Sections 10.16
or 18.18 of ACI 318-77 shall apply to the maximum
bearing stress at a shear lug or anchor head except
as permitted by Section 5.5.2.
55.2 — The bearing requirements of Section 5.5.1
do not have to be met if the anchor head at the base
of the tensile stress component satisfies the following
conditions:
(a) The bearing area of the anchor head (excluding the
area of the tensile stress component) is at least 1.5
times the area of the tensile stress component.
(b) The thickness of the anchor head is at least 1.0
times the greatest dimension from the outer most
bearing edge of the anchor head to the face of the
tensile stress component.
(c) The bearing area of the anchor head is approxi
mately evenly distributed around the perimeter of
the tensile stress component.
6.0 — Anchorage requirements
6.1 — Anchorage design shall be controlled by the
strength of embedment steel unless otherwise spec
ified in this guide.
6.1.1 — Tension. Steel strength controls when the
design pullout strength of the concrete P, as deter
mined in Section 52 exceeds the minimum specified
tensile strength of the tensile stress component of the
embedment steel and full load transfer is accom-
plished from steel to conerete within the depth of the
anchorage by one of the following methods:
(a) A mechanical anchor at the base of the tensile
stress components which satisfies the requirements
of Section 5.5.2. To prevent failure due to lateral
bursting forces at an anchor head, the side cover dis-
CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/JULY 1981tance m shall be determined such that the lateral con-
crete design strength (based on a uniform tensile
stress of 46 VT, acting on an effective area defined
by projecting 45 deg rlanes from the anchor head to
the free surface) exceeds the lateral bursting force
unless the requirements of Section 5.4 are met. The
¢ factor shall be taken as 0.85.
(b) Reinforcing bars with development lengths in
accordance with the requirements of Chapter 12 of
ACT 318-77, for anchor steel composed of reinforce-
ment,
61,2 — Shear. For steel strength to control the
design shear strength: (a) For anchor bolts, studs, or
bars the side cover distance m for shear loading to-
ward a free edge shall be such that the concrete de-
sign strength (based on a uniform tensile stress of
4 VT. acting on an effective area defined by project-
jing 45 deg planes to the free surface from the cen-
terline of the anchor at the shearing plane) exceeds
the ultimate shear strength of the bolts, studs, or
bars (based on f,) unless the requirements of Section
5.4 are met. The ¢ factor shall be taken as 0.86.
{b) For shear lugs bearing in the direction of a free
edge, the conerete design shear strength shall be de-
termined based on a uniform tensile stress of 44 VE
acting on an effective stress area defined by pro-
jecting 45 deg planes from the bearing edges of the
‘shear lug to the free surface and shall exceed the
ultimate shear strength of the steel (based on f,) un:
Jess the requirements of Section 5.4 are met. Bearing
area of the shear lug shall be excluded from the pro-
jected area. The ¢ factor shall be taken as 0.85.
6.1.3 — For combined tension and shear, the depth
‘of embedment shall be in accordance with Section
6.1.1 and the minimum edge distance in accordance
with Section 6.1.2).
61.4 — Where reinforcement is provided in ac-
cordance with Section 5.4, the side cover distance
shall not be less than ‘4 that required by Section
6.1.2, Under no conditions should the edge distance
be less than the concrete cover requirements for re-
inforcement in Section 7.7 of ACI 318-77.
7.0 — Design requirements
7.1 — Embedment material shall be defined by the
Engineer in contract documents.
7.2 — The design strength for embedments shall
be based on a maximum steel stress of ¢ f, or $ (0.8
£,), whichever is less. The design yield strength f,
shall not exceed 120,000 psi. The following values for
4 shall be used:
7.2.1 — Tension, compression, and bending. $ = 0.9.
72.2 — Shear
72.21 — Structural shapes and fabricated steel
sections and shear lugs. ¢ = 0.58.
72.2.2 — The shear-friction provisions of Section
11.7 of ACI 318-77 (as herein modified) shall be ap-
plied to bolts, studs, and bars using a ¢ of 0.85. The
coefficient of friction w shall be:
‘embedment steel
CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/JULY 1961
(a} 0.9 for concrete or grout against as-rolled steel
with the contact plane a full plate thickness below the
conerete surface.
(b) 0.7 for conerete or grout against as-rolled steel
with contact plane coincidental with the conerete sur-
face.
(c} 0.55 for grouted conditions with the contact
plane between grout and as-rolled steel exterior to
the conerete surface.
73 — Combined tension and shear
73.1 — For structural shapes and fabricated steel
sections, the web shall be designed for the shear and
the flanges designed for the tension, compression,
and bending.
7.3.2 — For bolts, studs, and bars the area of steel
required for tension by Section 7.2.1 and for shear by
Section 7.2.2.2 shall be additive.
74 — The tensile stress area of a threaded anchor
cnet [o-224]
where D is the major thread diameter and n is the
number of threads per in.
7.5 — The tensile stress area of Section 7.4 shall
be applied to all threaded anchors subject to direct
tensile and shear stress.
8.0 — Expansion
This section provides minimum requirements for
the design of typical expansion anchors used in con-
crete structures and does not restriet the use of other
expansion anchors provided the expansion anchors
are designed and tested in accordance with the re-
quirements of this section.
81 — Design requirements — Expansion anchors
shall be designed to assure that the design strength
of conerete for a given expansion anchor or group of
expansion anchors is greater than the strength of the
anchor steel except as permitted in Section 82. This
requirement shall be met by satisfying the require-
ments of Sections 8.1.1 of 81.2.
81.1 — Design by analysis
(a) Tension: The design pullout strength of concrete
P, shall be as defined in Section 52 except that the
effective stress area shall he defined by the projected
area of the stress cones radiating toward the concrete
surface from the innermost expansion contact surface
between the expansion anchor and the drilled hole.
Refer to Fig. &1 for typical details. The design pull-
out strength of concrete shall be equal to or greater
than the minimum specified tensile strength or av-
erage tensile strength if a minimum is not defined for
the expansion anchor. The minimum edge distance
requirement of Section 6.1.1(a) shall be satisfied.
(b) Shear: Expansion anchors subject to shear shall
meet the requirements of Section 6.1.2a).
anFig. 8:1 — Typical details of expansion anchors.
(c) For combined tension and shear, the depth of
embedment shall be in accordance with Section
8.1.1(a) and the minimum edge distance in accordance
with Section 8.1.1(b).
(d) The design requirements for embedment steel
shall be in accordance with Section 7.0.
8.1.2 Design by testing. Tests shall be conducted
to verify that the conerete will develop the steel
strength of the expansion anchors. Design by test.
results shall be restricted to tests that are represen-
tative of the anchor spacing and load application.
81.8 Strength reduction factors. The requirements
of Section 7.1 shall apply except that the } factors for
expansion anchors shall be 0.9 times the values spec-
ified in Seetion 72.
82 — Alternative design requirements — For ex-
pansion anchors that do not meet the requirement of
Section 8.1, the design strength shall be 0.35 times
the average test failure load. This factor applies to
tension and shear test failure loads. The average test
failure load shall be equal to the average of the test
loads carried by test anchors at failure (maximum
Joad) or at a magnitude of displacement of test an-
cchors as specified by the engineer. A linear interac:
tion shall be used for combined tension and shear.
83 — A single expansion anchor used to anchor an
attachment shall be designed for ‘2 of the design
strength defined herein.
84 — Testing
84.1 — Expansion anchors designed in accordance
with the guide shall be tested to verify anchorage or
to determine the average test failure load. Tests shall
bbe conducted by a testing agency other than the an-
chor manufacturer and shall be certified by a profes
sional engineer with full description and details of the
testing program, procedures, results, and conclu
84.2 — The expansion mechanism of the anchor
shall be tested for the installed condition by one of
the following methods:
(a) The mechanism shall be actuated and tested
during installation by preloading the expansion an-
chor to a minimum value as specified by the engineer.
(b) A random selection of the installed anchors shall
be load tested to a minimum of 100 percent of the
required strength. The testing program shall be es-
tablished by the engineer.
85 — Expansion anchor selection — The engineer
shall review the expansion anchor design features,
failure modes, test results, and installation proce-
dures prior to selecting a specific expansion anchor
for an application. Expansion anchors shall not be
used to resist vibratory loads in tension zones of con-
crete members unless tests are conducted to verify
the adequacy of the specifie anchor and application.
9.0 — Inserts
Concrete inserts shall be specified in accordance
with Section 7.1 and tested in accordance with Sec-
tion 8.4.1
9.1 — Design requirements — When inserts cannot
be designed to meet the requirements of Seetions 5.0,
6.0 and, 7.0, the design strength shall be based on
actual test data of tests performed on inserts embed-
ded in concrete. The tests shall cover the full range
of possible loading conditions.
92 — Strength reduction factor — When inserts
cannot be designed to meet the requirements of Sec-
tions 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0, a $ factor of 0.5 shall be applied
to the average test failure loads in determining the
design strength.
10.0 — Grouted embedments
10.1 ~ Grouted embedments shall meet the appli-
cable requirements of Sections 5.0, 6.0, and 7.
10.2 — For general grouting purposes the material
requirements for cement grout shall be in accordance
with Chapter 3 of ACI 318-77. Special grouts used to
achieve certain properties such as high strength, low
shrinkage, or expansion shall be the responsibility of
the engineer and specified in contract documents.
10.3 — Grouted embedments shall be tested to ver-
ity anchorage strength. Grouted embedments.in-
stalled in tension zones of concrete members shall be
capable of sustaining design strength in cracked con-
rete. Tests shall be conducted by an independent
testing agency and shall be certified by a professional
engineer with full description and details of the test-
ing programs, procedures, results, and conclusions.
(CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/JULY 1961