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R
EVIEWING THE
V
IRTUAL
C
AMPUS
P
HENOMENON
 
T 
HE 
R 
ISE OF 
L
ARGE 
- 
SCALE E 
-L
EARNING 
I 
NITIATIVES 
W 
ORLDWIDE 
 
Editor: Bieke SchreursAuthors: Paul Bacsich, Theo Bastiaens, Sara Frank BristowIlse Op de Beeck, Sally Reynolds and Bieke Schreurs
 
 
 
T
ABLE OF
C
ONTENTS
 
T
O THE
R
EADER
................................................................................................................ 7
 
M
ISSION OF THE
B
OOK
....................................................................................................... 8
 
O
UTLINE OF THE
B
OOK
....................................................................................................... 8
 
T
HE
R
E
.V
I
C
A
W
IKI ON
V
IRTUAL
C
AMPUSES
............................................................................ 8
 
E
DITORIAL
I
NFORMATION
.................................................................................................... 9
 E
DITOR
.................................................................................................................................. 9C
OPY
E
DITOR
.......................................................................................................................... 9A
UTHORS
............................................................................................................................... 9C
O
-A
UTHORS
.......................................................................................................................... 9C
OVER
D
ESIGN
........................................................................................................................ 9
A
CKNOWLEDGEMENT
......................................................................................................... 9
 
C
ONCLUSION
.................................................................................................................. 14
 
D
EFINITIONS OF
V
IRTUAL
C
AMPUSES
................................................................................... 16
 D
EFINITIONS IN THE
C
ONTEXT OF THE
E
UROPEAN
C
OMMISSION
...................................................... 16D
EFINITIONS IN THE
C
ONTEXT OF THE
D
IFFERENT
C
OUNTRIES
W
ITHIN THE
E
UROPEAN
C
OMMUNITY
...... 17
T
HE
B
OUNDARY
A
PPROACH FOR THE
C
ONCEPT OF
V
IRTUAL
C
AMPUS
.......................................... 20
 
C
ONCLUSION
.................................................................................................................. 22
 
R
E
.V
I
C
A
’
S
A
PPROACH TO
V
IRTUAL
C
AMPUS
C
ATEGORISATION
.................................................. 25
 A. UNESCO
 
C
ATEGORISATION OF
I
NITIATIVES
...................................................................... 25B. P
OLITICAL
S
COPE OF
I
NITIATIVES
..................................................................................... 27C. C
URRENT
S
TATUS OF
I
NITIATIVES
.................................................................................... 28D. I
NTERNAL
S
CALE OF
I
NITIATIVES
...................................................................................... 29E. A
CADEMIC
L
EVEL OF
I
NITIATIVES
..................................................................................... 30
M
ISCELLANEOUS
C
ATEGORIES
............................................................................................ 31
 
C
ONCLUSION
.................................................................................................................. 31
 
P
REFACE
..................................................................................................... 7
 
C
HAPTER
1:
 
H
ISTORY OF
V
IRTUAL
C
AMPUSES
..................................................... 10
 
C
HAPTER
2:
 
W
HAT IS A
V
IRTUAL
C
AMPUS
?
 
A
 
D
EFINITION
..................................... 16
 
C
HAPTER
3:
 
T
YPES OF
V
IRTUAL
C
AMPUSES
........................................................ 24
 
C
HAPTER
4:
 
A
 
W
ORLD
T
OUR OF
V
IRTUAL
C
AMPUSES
:
 
A
 
S
UMMARY OF
K
EY
I
NITIATIVES
,
 
M
ARKET
L
EADERS AND
L
ARGE
-S
CALE
P
ROVIDERS
........................................... 33
 
 
 
R
EGIONAL
 
D
ESCRIPTIONS
 
..................................................................................................
 
33
 
E
UROPEAN
 
E
CONOMIC
 
Z
ONE
 
(EEZ)
 
...........................................................................................
 
34
 
R
USSIA
 
................................................................................................................................
 
38
 
N
ORTH
 
A
MERICA
 
(USA,
 
C
ANADA
,
 
M
EXICO
 
AND
 
THE
 
C
ARIBBEAN
)
 
...................................................
 
38
 
S
OUTH
 
A
MERICA
 
...................................................................................................................
 
42
 
A
USTRALIA
 
AND
 
N
EW
 
Z
EALAND
 
................................................................................................
 
43
 
A
SIA
 
................................................................................................................................
 
44
 
A
FRICA
 
................................................................................................................................
 
50
 
G
LOBAL
 
I
NITIATIVES
 
...............................................................................................................
 
52
 
F
ACTORS
 
AND
 
I
SSUES
 
I
NFLUENCING
 
V
IRTUAL
 
C
AMPUSES
 
IN
 
D
IFFERENT
 
R
EGIONS
 
...........................
 
53
 
T
HE
 
I
MPACT
 
OF
 
B
OLOGNA
 
.......................................................................................................
 
53
 
T
HE
 
R
OLE
 
OF
 
THE
 
E
UROPEAN
 
U
NION
 
AND
 
THE
 
P
ROGRAMMES
 
OF
 
THE
 
E
UROPEAN
 
C
OMMISSION
 
............
 
54
 
T
HE
 
I
MPACT
 
OF
 
N
ATIONAL
 
I
NITIATIVES
 
W
ITHIN
 
THE
 
EEZ
 
...............................................................
 
55
 
T
HE
 
R
OLE
 
OF
 
O
PEN
 
U
NIVERSITIES
 
IN
 
THE
 
EEZ..............................................................................
 
55
 
T
HE
 
E
XTENT
 
TO
 
W
HICH
 
H
IGHER
 
E
DUCATION
 
IN
 
E
UROPE
 
IS
 
B
ASED
 
ON
 
A
 
P
UBLIC
 
M
ODEL
 
.......................
 
56
 
C
ONCLUSION
 
..................................................................................................................
 
57
 
E
ARLY
 
W
ORK
 
ON
 
C
RITICAL
 
S
UCCESS
 
F
ACTORS
 
........................................................................
 
59
 
A
 
T
OP
‐
LEVEL
 
A
NALYSIS
 
BY
 
B
ACSICH
 
...........................................................................................
 
59
 
C
RITERIA
 
FROM
 
K
UGEMANN
 
AT
 
THE
 
B
AVARIAN
 
V
IRTUAL
 
U
NIVERSITY
 
...............................................
 
60
 
C
RITERIA
 
FROM
 
H
ARASIM
 
........................................................................................................
 
61
 
A
N
 
A
NALYSIS
 
A
FTER
 
UK
E
U
 
F
AILED
 
.....................................................................................
 
61
 
R
ECENT
 
W
ORK
 
ON
 
C
RITICAL
 
S
UCCESS
 
F
ACTORS
 
......................................................................
 
62
 
T
HE
 
R
E
.V
I
C
A
 
C
RITICAL
 
S
UCCESS
 
F
ACTORS
 
............................................................................
 
63
 
T
HE
 
R
E
.V
I
C
A
 
C
RITICAL
 
S
UCCESS
 
F
ACTORS
 
T
ABLES
 
..................................................................
 
65
 
H
OW
 
AN
 
I
NSTITUTION
 
C
AN
 
C
HECK
 
ITS
 
S
TATUS
 
A
GAINST
 
THE
 
C
RITICAL
 
S
UCCESS
 
F
ACTORS
 
................
 
68
 
C
RITICAL
 
S
UCCESS
 
F
ACTORS
 
.....................................................................................................
 
68
 
K
EY
 
S
UCCESS
 
F
ACTORS
 
............................................................................................................
 
74
 
C
RITICAL
 
S
UCCESS
 
F
ACTORS
 
 –
 
THE
 
B
ENCHMARKING
 
A
PPROACH
 
.................................................
 
74
 
I
NTRODUCTORY
 
M
EETING
 
........................................................................................................
 
78
 
M
ID
‐
PROCESS
 
M
EETING
 
..........................................................................................................
 
79
 
S
CORING
 
R
EHEARSAL
 
..............................................................................................................
 
79
 
S
CORING
 
M
EETING
 
................................................................................................................
 
79
 
R
EFLECTION
 
M
EETING
 
............................................................................................................
 
79
 
C
ARPETS
 
..............................................................................................................................
 
81
 
M
OVING
 
TO
 
C
HANGE
 
.......................................................................................................
 
82
 
B
USINESS
 
P
ROCESS
 
R
E
‐
ENGINEERING
 
.........................................................................................
 
82
 
MIT90
S
 
...............................................................................................................................
 
82
 
C
HAPTER
 
5:
 
C
RITICAL
 
S
UCCESS
 
F
ACTORS
 
...........................................................
 
59
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