TITLE: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW

Objective:

 Determine Velocity coefficient for small orifice

 To determine Discharge coefficient of small orifice for constant head flow and variable head flow
 Comparing the measured jet trajectory with the theoretically predicted jet trajectory

Apparatus:

 Orifice and free jet flow (model :FM 25)

 Stop watch
 Veneer Caliper

Specification:
i) Quadrant-edged Orifice (No.1)
Diameter: 4mm and 8mm
ii) Square-edged Orifice (No.2)
Diameter: 4mm and 8mm
iii) Jet Trajectory Probes
No. of Tracing Probes: 8
iv) Constant Head tank
Max. Constant Head: 450mm
Tank Diameter: 200mm

Theory

An orifice is an opening, usually circular, in the side or base of a tank or reservoir through which fluid is
discharged in the form of jet, usually into atmosphere. The volume rate of flow discharged through an
orifice will depend upon the head of the fluid above the level of the orifice and it can therefore be used as
a mean of flow measurement. The term small orifice is applied to an orifice which has a diameter or
vertical dimension, which is small compared with the head producing flow.
Jet Flow
Figure 2 shown an orifice with free discharge. Energy losses as fluid moves down a stream tube are very
small, so the application of Bernoulli should be appropriate. Applying the equation between sections 1&2
for the flow given.

Procedures

Firstly we insert orifice no.1 Diameter 4mm into the orifice-fitting device. After that we connect
the apparatus to the water supply from the hydraulic bench and start the pump. First we adjust the water
head to 400mm and control the water and make sure the water not in over flow position. Adjust the jet
probe trajectory and let the all probe touch the water. After that measure the vena contract area using
vernier gauge or caliper. And take time (t) that required for the water jet fill up a 2 liters container. After
that we need to repeat step when we adjust the jet trajectory probes to take time. Repeat the experiment
using orifice no. 2,3,4.
Observation and calculation

Orifice no.1 – The Quadrant-edged Orifice :

h Avc y T Cc = Cv= Qth = Q= Cd = Cd =

(mm) (m²) (mm) (s) Avc/A0 ___x___ A0 x √2gh V/t Cc x Cv Q/Qth
2√yh (m³/s) (m³/s)
400 0.004 26138.75 73 317.46 0.117 1.116x10¯³ 2.739x10¯⁵ 37.143 0.025
380 0.004 27590.63 75 317.46 0.115 1.088x10¯³ 2.667x10¯⁵ 36.508 0.025
360 0.004 29081.75 77 317.46 0.114 1.059x10¯³ 2.597x10¯⁵ 36.190 0.025
340 0.004 30612.11 79 317.46 0.113 1.029x10¯³ 2.532x10¯⁵ 35.873 0.025
320 0.004 34609.68 84 317.46 0.109 9.984x10¯³ 2.381x10¯⁵ 34.603 0.024
300 0.004 35438.63 85 317.46 0.108 9.667x10¯⁴ 2.353x10¯⁵ 34.281 0.024

Orifice no.2 – The Square-edged orifice:

h Avc y T Cc = Cv= Qth = Q= Cd = Cd =

(mm) (m²) (mm) (s) Avc/A0 ___x___ A0 x √2gh V/t Cc x Cv Q/Qth
2√yh (m³/s) (m³/s)
400 0.008 825.95 13 634.921 0.277 1.116x10¯³ 1.538x10¯⁴ 175.873 0.138
380 0.008 961.38 14 634.921 0.267 1.088x10¯³ 1.429x10¯⁴ 169.524 0.131
360 0.008 1417.55 17 634.921 0.243 1.059x10¯³ 1.176x10¯⁴⁴ 154.286 0.111
340 0.008 1589.22 18 634.921 0.236 1.029x10¯³ 1.111x10¯⁴ 149.841 0.108
320 0.008 1770.71 19 634.921 0.229 9.984x10¯³ 1.052x10¯⁴ 145.397 0.105
300 0.008 1962 20 634.921 0.224 9.667x10¯⁴ 1x10¯⁴ 142.222 0.103
Calculation:

Diameter of orifice no.1,Avc = 4mm = 0.004 m2 #

1000

y = 1 gt2
2
= 1 (9.81) (73)2
2
= 26138.75 #

Cc = Avc
Ao
= ___0.004_m2
0.0000126 m2
= 317.46 #

Cv = __x__ x = √2ght
2√yh = √2 (9.81) (73)
= ____756.90______ = 756.90 #
2√ (26138.75) (400)
= 0.117 #

Qth = Ao x √2gh
= 0.0000126 x √2 (9.81) (400)
= 1.116 x 10-3 #

Q = V/t 2ℓ = m3
2 x 10-3 = 2 x 10-3
73
= 2.739 x 10-5 #

Cd = C c x Cv Cd = Q/Qth
= 317.46 x 0.117 = 2.739 x 10-3
= 37.143 # 1.116 x 10-3
= 0.025 #

Discussion
-In this experiment we can find error went we take the measurement of actual area of the vena contracta
that very difficult to take the accurate reading
- we can compare between theory and experiment and we can simplify the equation follow the result in
experiment.

-Not mesh difference between the theory value and actual result.

-Fault in time taken.

Conclusion

In my conclusion we know how to determine velocity for small orifice and to followed procedure. And
determine discharge of small orifice for constant head flow and variable head flow. Beside that we know
how to comparing jet trajectory with the theoretically predicted jet trajectory.