Professional Documents
Culture Documents
gov
cm 1
Reference Tables for
Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE
2
3
Radioactive Decay Data Specific Heats of Common Materials
4
RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT
ISOTOPE (years) (Joules/gram • °C)
5
14 14 3 Liquid water 4.18
Carbon-14 C N 5.7 × 10
Solid water (ice) 2.11
40
Ar
6
40 9 Water vapor 2.00
Potassium-40 K 40 1.3 × 10
Ca
Dry air 1.01
238 206 9
4.5 × 10
7
Uranium-238 U Pb Basalt 0.84
10
Granite 0.79
87 87
Rubidium-87 4.9 × 10
8
Rb Sr Iron 0.45
Copper 0.38
9
Equations Lead 0.13
10
distance between foci
Eccentricity = Properties of Water
length of major axis
11
change in field value Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Gradient =
distance
Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
12
change in value Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g
Rate of change =
time
Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g
13
mass
Density = Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL
volume
14
Average Chemical Composition
15
of Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere
16
ELEMENT CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE
(symbol) Percent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume
17
Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0
Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88
Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48 18
Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49
19
This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the
classroom beginning in the 2009–2010 school year. The first examination for
which these tables will be used is the January 2010 Regents Examination in
25
Interior Lowlands
Adirondack
Mountains Champlain Lowlands
Lake Ontario
Tug Hill
Plateau
ce
vin
Erie-Ontario Lowlands
P
(Plains)
s)
a nd ro
ins
l
Lake Erie
i gh nd
wlands
En
ounta
(H gla
Allegheny Plateau
M
ew
k Lo
i c
N
w
n
o h a
The Catskills
M
Taco
o n-
) nds
nds H ighla
o n
Huds
pla H uds
U rong
( h a t tan P
u Man
ea
at Key
Pl
n
Major geographic province boundary lain
ia
t a l P
h
ds
c
oas
l an rk
ala
w
N
p
Atl
Lo ewa
International boundary
Ap
Miles N
0 10 20 30 40 50
W E
0 20 40 60 80
Kilometers S
3
Surface Ocean Currents
4
20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20°
80°
Greenland
C.
W
Arctic Ocean
es
nC
an
l
tG
g ia
en
re
re Arctic Circle
we
tG r
en
(66.5° N)
l
C. as No
a
tka E
60° a
nd
La
h
c
a s ka C
br
Al
.
C.
a
North
do
Asia
Kam
C. Atlantic C.
rC
.
io
North Pacific C. C Europe
a
North C.
lifo
Oyash
40° America am
rn
North S tre
lf North
ia C
.
G
. Pacific
C
Florida C. Atlantic
Canary C.
roshio
20° India
Ku
Equatorial C. Nor C.
Africa
North th Equatorial
Africa North Equatorial Equatorial Countercurrent Equatorial Guin
C. Countercurrent ea C
.
0° Equatorial Countercurrent Equator
S o ut
Equatorial C. h Equatorial
S outh South C
.
th Equatoria
Sou l C.
C.
America
20° a
C.
Indian
.
Tropic of Capricorn
.
as
Ocean (23.5° S)
il C
lia C
C.
ulh
ra
ela C.
Ag
st Pacific Atlantic
Br a z
East Australi
West Au
Per u
ngu
Ocean Ocean
e
40°
B
C.
nd
Antarctic Circumpo
lar Current
Falkla
urrent
60° umpolar C
r c ti c Circ
Anta
Antarctic Circle
Southern Ocean (66.5° S)
Antarctica Antarctica
80°
20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20°
Warm currents
Cool currents
Iceland
Hot Spot
Canary
d-
Islands
P
ab
Mi
Ar late
Fault
ian
Philippine an
African
Plate Hawaii ibbe
e n ch
Plate
a
Mi
d Hot Spot Cocos Car late
f
t P
-In
Plate
Pacific Galapagos South
rican Ri
Fiji Plate
f
Plate Hot Spot
Pe American
st A
r
dian Ridge
Ea
Plate
Tr e n c h
To n g a
u-C
Plate Plate
hile Tren
idge
ian
ch
S
nd ou Tasman
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
cR
s tI
e
the Hot Spot
cifi
we g as
t Scotia
Pa
u th Rid Ind
So ia n st Plate
Ridg
e Ea
Bouvet
Hot Spot
Antarctic Antarctic
Plate Plate Sandwich
Plate
overriding
Key plate
5
boundaries are shown.
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust Relationship of Transported
r Depo
Particle Size to Water Velocity
nd/o s
and B ition
na 100.0
ctio ation uria Boulders
pa ent l
om em 25.6
C C Cobbles
SEDIMENTS 10.0
6.4
n
E r o s i on
1.0 Pebbles
ring
e
M e lt i n g
sio 0.1
t
n
a
M e ta m or p h
nd/or Pre m
( U p l if t )
r Pressure
t and/o Sand
Hea tamorphism
M e
0.01
n 0.006
lift) rosio
ss ur
is
(U p IGNEOUS
&E Silt
e
e r in g ROCK 0.001
th
Wea lting 0.0004
METAMORPHIC Me
Clay
n
ROCK
io
0.0001
atic
di f
100
1000
li
10
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.5
500
5
50
Me
l ti n MAGMA So
g
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocity
needed to maintain, but not start, movement. Variations
occur due to differences in particle density and shape.
crystalline
Obsidian Non-
Basaltic glass
non-
ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION
(gas
Vesicular rhyolite Vesicular Vesicular basalt pockets)
andesite less than
1 mm Fine
Andesite Basalt
Rhyolite
Diabase
larger 10 mm
Dunite
10 mm 1 mm
Peri- Non-
INTRUSIVE
Diorite Coarse
to
Granite
(Plutonic)
Very
Pegmatite
or
coarse
CHARACTERISTICS
75% 75%
Quartz
(relative by volume)
(clear to
white) Plagioclase feldspar
(white to gray)
50% 50%
Pyroxene
(green)
Biotite
(black)
25% Olivine 25%
(green)
Amphibole
(black)
0% 0%
ALIGNMENT
Regional
MINERAL
medium
FELDSPAR
GARNET
Carbon Metamorphism of
Fine Regional bituminous coal Anthracite coal
magma/lava
Metamorphism of
Quartz quartz sandstone Quartzite
Fine
to Regional
coarse Calcite and/or Metamorphism of
or Marble
dolomite limestone or dolostone
contact
QUATERNARY 0.01
PLEISTOCENE 1.8 Humans, mastodonts, mammoths
PLIOCENE
ZOIC
318
E combines with LATE Abundant amphibians
iron, forming
M MISSISSIPPIAN Large and numerous scale trees and seed ferns
3000 I iron oxide layers MIDDLE
on ocean floor (vascular plants); earliest reptiles
D EARLY
D 359
ARCHEAN
Abundant stromatolites
(Index fossils not drawn to scale) 1300
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
Sands and clays underlying Long Island and 59 million years ago
NAUTILOIDS
MAMMALS
BIRDS
Ocean
BRACHIOPODS
GASTROPODS
AMMONOIDS
forming Pangaea
GRAPTOLITES
R
Q Catskill delta forms
PLACODERM FISH
C F G N X Z
Erosion of Acadian Mountains
Acadian orogeny caused by collision of
359 million years ago
I V North America and Avalon and closing
of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean
H M P
E U Y Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins
O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
RE )
HE T LE
A
AN
IC
SP M
ER
O IC 3.4–5.6
TH
AM
ST
LA
LI
H
(P
}
RT E
LE
LE
NO
R
NT
NT
HE
MA
MA
SP
RIG UST
NO
ID
CR
E
TH
9.9–12.2
ER
AS REL)
FF
COICKE
STI
R
N
TE
&
N
RO
CASCADES
OU
(I
RE )
PACIFIC
OCEAN
TRENCH COICKEL
12.8–13.1
(IRO ER
N
N&
IN N
EARTH’S CENTER
4
(million atmospheres)
3
PRESSURE
7000
E
6000 UR
R AT
E T
MP IN
TE
TEMPERATURE (°C)
PO
R
T
5000 IO NG
POIN
T ER TI
IN EL
M
TING
4000
MEL
3000
2000
PARTIAL MELTING
1000
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
DEPTH (km)
15
14
13
12
11
10
P
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EPICENTER DISTANCE (× 103 km)
976.0 28.80
28 196
1 972.0 28.70
2 +19/
28.60
27 .25 968.0
28.50
*Hg = mercury
Selected
Properties of
Thermosphere
Earth’s (extends to 600 km)
Atmosphere 120 75
Altitude
80 50 Mesopause
Mesosphere
Stratopause
40 25
Stratosphere Water
Vapor
Tropopause
Troposphere
Sea Level 0 0
–100° 0° 100°
0 1.0 0 20 40
–90° –55° 15°
Temperature Pressure Concentration
(°C) (atm) (g/m3)
Tropopause
Planetary Wind and Moisture Polar front jet stream
Belts in the Troposphere DRY
N.E. Polar front
The drawing on the right shows the WET 60° N
locations of the belts near the time of an S.W.
equinox. The locations shift somewhat Winds
DRY 30° N
with the changing latitude of the Sun’s
vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere, N.E.
Winds
the belts shift northward in the summer Subtropical
and southward in the winter. WET 0° jet streams
(Not drawn to scale)
S.E.
Winds
DRY 30° S
N.W.
Winds
WET 60° S
S.E.
DRY
Polar front jet stream
Electromagnetic Spectrum
X rays Microwaves
Polaris GIANTS
1,000 (Intermediate stage)
Aldebaran
100
Luminosity
MA Pollux
IN Sirius
10 (E a
SE
rly QU
s ta E N
ge C Alpha Centauri
) E
1 Sun
0.1
40 Eridani B
0.01
Barnard’s
WHITE DWARFS Star
0.001 (Late stage)
Procyon B Small
Proxima
Centauri Stars
0.0001
30,000 20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000 2,000
Surface Temperature (K)
Blue Blue White White Yellow Orange Red
Color
FRACTURE
CLEAVAGE
HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHING
LUSTER NESS COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME
1–2 silver to black streak, pencil lead,
gray greasy feel lubricants
C Graphite
Metallic luster
white to ceramics,
1 green
greasy feel
paper
Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Talc
yellow to
2 amber
white-yellow streak sulfuric acid S Sulfur
colorless to flexible in
2–2.5 yellow thin sheets
paint, roofing KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 Muscovite mica
dark red often seen as red glassy grains jewelry (NYS gem),
6.5–7.5 to green in NYS metamorphic rocks abrasives
Fe3Al2Si3O12 Garnet