Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• MPLS Basics
• LDP Fundamentals
• MPLS VPN Overview
• MPLS Traffic Engineering and Fast
Reroute (FRR)
• L2VPN (Pseudowires)
• Introduction
• MPLS Concepts
• MPLS Applications
• MPLS Components
• MPLS Forwarding
• Basic MPLS Applications
Hierarchical Routing
IP+ATM Integration
• Summary and Benefits of MPLS
MPLS
Network Infrastructure
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
Label = 20 Bits
COS/EXP = Class of Service, 3 Bits
S = Bottom of Stack, 1 Bit
TTL = Time to Live, 8 Bits
extranets
VPN B
VPN A
Determines VPN on Determines PE VPN A
PE Router Router
VPN B
VPN IGP
IP Packet Label Label
VPN C
VPN B
VPN C
VPN A
MPLS VPN
Network
• Additional Capabilities:
Virtual leased line service
L2 Pseudowire/Emulated VC
Offer “PVC-like” Layer 2-based
service
L2 Frames
• Reduced cost—consolidate
multiple core technologies Attachment
Circuit
into a single packet-based
network infrastructure Attachment
Circuit
• Simpler provisioning of L2
services
• Attractive to Enterprise that
wish keep routing private
Determines VC inside Determines PE
the tunnel Router end point
VC Tunnel
L2 Frame Label Label
VPN IGP TE
IP Packet Label Label Label
CE PE P PE CE
LSR LSR
ELSR ELSR
ELSR ELSR
LSR LSR
• Forwarding component
Uses label information carried in a packet and label binding
information maintained by a Label Switching Router to
forward the packet
• Control component
Responsible for maintaining correct label binding
information among Label Switching Routers
* Pentulimate hop popping actually occurs. There may not necessarily be a label in the
packet at the ultimate or egress LSR.
171.69 1 171.69 1
… … … … … …
1 0
128.89
0
1
171.69 1 171.69 1
… … … … … …
1 0
128.89
0
1
171.69 1 171.69 1
… … … … … …
1 0
128.89
0
1
171.69
128.89
0
1 0
171.69
Label Distribution
Use label 70 for 171.69
Protocol (LDP)
(Unsolicited Downstream
Allocation)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 37
MPLS Example: Forwarding Packets
0 128.89
0
128.89.25.4 Data
1
90 128.89.25.4 Data
128.89.25.4 Data 40 128.89.25.4 Data 1
- 171.69 1 50 50 171.69 1 70
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
192.168.1.1/32
1 0 128.89
0
In Address Out Out In Address Out Out In Address Out Out In Address Out Out
label Prefix I’face label label Prefix I’face label label Prefix I’facelabel label Prefix I’face label
- 171.68.0.0 s1 55 55 171.68.0.0 s0 POP - 171.68.10.0 s1 20 20 171.68.10.0 e0 -
- - 171.68.20.0 s1 30 30 171.68.20.0 s1
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Imp 171.68.0.0 Null ... ... ... ... ...
192.168.1.1/32
1 0 1 1 0
171.68.10/24
0
Use label 55 for 171.68.0.0/16 Use label Implicit-Null Use label 20 for 171.68.10.0
for 171.68.0.0/16 Use label 30 for 171.68.20.0
171.68.20/24
• The LSR which does summarisation will be the end node LSR of all LSPs related to
the summary address
– Aggregation point
• The LSR will have to examine the second level label of each packet
– If no second label, the LSR has to examine the IP header and can lead to blackholing of
traffic
– No summarisation
MPLS Overview in ATM-LSRs
© 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 40
Aggregation and layer 3 summarisation
(Packet Forwarding)
In Address Out Out In Address Out Out In Address Out Out In Address Out Out
label Prefix I’face label label Prefix I’face label label Prefix I’facelabel label Prefix I’face label
- 171.68.0.0 s1 55 55 171.68.0.0 s0 POP
POP - 171.68.10.0 s1 20
20 20 171.68.10.0 e0 -
- - 171.68.20.0 s1 30
30 30 171.68.20.0 s2
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... - 171.68.0.0 Null ... ... ... ... ...
192.168.1.1/32
20 171.68.10.1 Data
1 0 1 1 0
171.68.10/24
2
171.68.10.1 Data 55 171.68.10.1 Data 55 171.68.10.1 Data 20 171.68.10.1 Data 30 171.68.20.1 Data
171.68.20.1 Data 55 171.68.20.1 Data 55 171.68.20.1 Data 30 171.68.20.1 Data
171.68.20/24
1 0 1 1
Egress-LSR Egress-LSR
LSP follows IGP shortest path LSP diverges from IGP shortest path
150.10.1.2 1 17 17 150.10.1.2 2 22
… … … … … …
1
0 128.89
0
1 136.50
156.50
Loopback 150.10.1.1 EBGP 119.10
I can reach… 2
128.89,136.50 EBGP
156.50,119.10 171.69
via the BGP next hop 127.18
150.10.1.1 using only 204.162
label 18! Loopback 150.10.1.2
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 45
Basic Application
Cell Based MPLS (IP+ATM)
• Key differences:
Label set up: LDP vs ATM Forum Signaling
Label granularity: Per-prefix
… … 50 171.69 1 70 … …
1 0
128.89
2 0
1
Downstream 171.69
On demand Need a Label for 128.89
Label Allocation
Need a Label for 171.69
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 49
ATM Cell Based MPLS Example:
Packet Forwarding
1 0 128.89
0
2
128.89.25.4 Data
1
90 128.89.25.4 Data
128.89.25.4 Data 1
40 128.89.25.4 Data
• VPN Concepts
• Terminology
• VPN Connection model
• Forwarding Example
Corp B
Site 3
Traffic Separation at Layer 3 Corp B
Site 1
• Based on RFC 2547
• Provide Any-to-Any connectivity at layer3 in a scalable manner.
• Only PE routers hold routes for attached VPNs
• Allows overlapping IP addresses between different VPNs
• MPLS for forwarding through service provider core.
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 63
MPLS VPN Connection Model
CE2 CE4
MP-iBGP session
PE Routers P Routers
• Maintain separate Routing tables • P routers are in the core of the MPLS
cloud
per VPN customer and one for
Global routing • P routers do not need to run BGP and
doesn’t need to have any VPN
• Use MPLS with P routers knowledge
• Uses IP with CE routers • Forward packets by looking
at labels
• Connects to both CE and P routers
• P and PE routers share a common IGP
• Distribute VPN information through
MP-BGP to other PE router with
VPN-IPv4 addresses, extended
community, label
CE PE P PE CE
LSR LSR
ELSR ELSR
ELSR ELSR
LSR LSR
• PE-CE Routing
• VRF Tables
Hold customer routes at PE
• MP-BGP
• Route-Distinguisher
Allows MP-BGP to distinguish between identical customer routes that are
in different VPNs
• Route-Targets
Used to import and export routes between different VRF tables (creates
Intranets and Extranets)
• Route-maps
Allows finer granularity and control of importing exporting routes between
VRFs instead of just using route-target
PE
PE-CE routing
CE2
VRF Forwarding
VRF VRF VRF
tables Site A Site B Site C
VRF Forwarding
VRF VRF VRF
tables Site A Site B Site C
Routing
contexts
VRF Routing
tables
VRF Forwarding
VRF VRF VRF
tables Site A Site B Site C
PE
PE-CE routing
CE2 VPN Backbone IGP (OSPF, ISIS)
CE2 CE4
LFIB for PE-1 LFIB for P1 LFIB for P2 LFIB for PE2
Des Next Hop IN OUT Des Next Hop IN OUT Des Next Hop IN OUT Des Next Hop IN OUT
t t t t
PE2 P1 1 50 PE2 P2 5 34 PE2 P1 3 POP P1 P2 4 38
7 0 4 4
P2 P1 1 65 P2 E0/2 6 POP P1 E0/1 3 POP P2 P2 3 65
8 5 8 6
P1 S0/0 1 POP PE1 S3/0 6 POP PE1 P1 3 67 PE1 P2 1 39
9 7 9 8
CE2 CE4
MP-iBGP session
CE2 CE4
MP-iBGP session
CE2 CE4
MP-iBGP session
CE2 CE4
MP-iBGP session
CE2 CE4
10.1.1.0/24
MP-iBGP session
update update
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.0/24
VPN-IPv4 update:
VPN-IPv4 update:
RD2:10.1.1.0/24
RD1:10.1.1.0/24
Net-hop=PE1 VPN-IPv4 updates are
Next-hop=PE1
RT=ORANGE, translated into IPv4 address
RT=RED, Label=100
Label=120 and inserted into the VRF
corresponding to the RT
value
• OSPF/IS-IS
Used as IGP provides reachability between all Label Switch
Routers (PE <-> P <-> PE)
• TDP/LDP
Distributes label information for IP destinations in core
• MP-BGP4
Used to distribute VPN routing information between PE’s
• RIPv2/BGP/OSPF/eiGRP/ISIS/Static
Can be used to route between PE and CE
100 10.1.1.1
P P
50 100 10.1.1.1
25 100 10.1.1.1
• Introduction
• Traffic Engineering by tweaking IGPs
• Limitations of the Overlay Model
Node Next-Hop Cost • Assume “A” has 40Mb of traffic for “F” and
40Mb of traffic for “G”
B B 10
• Some links are 45 Mbps, some are 155
C C 10
Mbps
D C 20
• Massive (44%) packet loss between “B”
E B 20 and “E”
F B 30 • Changing path to A->C->D->E won’t help
G B 30
B
35M F
bD
155 Mbps r
45 Mbpsops
A ! E 155 Mbps
80 Mbps 45 Mbps G
45 Mbps
155 Mbps
155 Mbps
45 Mbps
C D
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 92
MPLS-TE Example
D C 20
• “A” computes paths on
E B 20
properties other than just
F Tunnel0 30
shortest cost (available
bandwidth)
G Tunnel1 30
• No congestion!
B
F
155 Mbps
45 Mbps
A E 155 Mbps
40 Mbps G
155 Mbps
155 Mbps 40 Mbps 45 Mbps
45 Mbps
C D
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 93
The “Overlay” Solution
L3 L3
L3 L3
L2 L2
L3 L2 L2 L3 L3 L3
L2 L2 L3 L3
L3 L3
Physical Logical
CLI
CLI
Traffic Configure
Engineering Configure
Tunnel
Tunnel
Control
2
RSVP Signal
Path setup
Calc
Topology
4 Database
IS-IS/OSPF
Routing
TE Tunnel
R1 R2 R3
Network X
Upstream Downstream
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 101
Trunk Attributes
• Tunnel attributes are characteristics the tunnel requires to have on the links along
the LSP.
• Configured at the head-end of the trunk
• These are:
– Bandwidth
– Priority
– Metric selection ( TE vs. IGP metric)
– Affinity
interface Tunnel0
tunnel mpls traffic-eng bandwidth Kbps
tunnel mpls traffic-eng priority pri [hold-pri]
tunnel mpls traffic-eng path-selection metric {te|igp}
tunnel mpls traffic-eng affinity properties [mask]
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 102
Tunnel Bandwidth
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 103
Priority
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 104
Priority
• Setup priority of new tunnel on a link is compared to the hold priority of
an existing tunnel
• New tunnel with better setup priority will force preemption of already
established tunnel with lower holding priority
• Preempted tunnel will be torn down and will experience traffic black
holing. It will have to be re-signaled
• Recommended that S=H; if a tunnel can setup at priority “X”, then it
should be able to hold at priority “X” too!
• Configuring S > H is illegal; tunnel will most likely be preempted
• Default is S = 7, H = 7
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 105
Metric Selection (TE vs. IGP metric)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 106
Tunnel Affinity
• Tunnel is characterized by a
• Tunnel Affinity: 32-bit resource-class affinity
• Tunnel Mask: 32-bit resource-class mask (0= don’t care, 1= care)
Link is characterized by a 32-bit resource-class attribute string
called Link Affinity
Default-value of tunnel/link bits is 0
Default value of the tunnel mask = 0x0000FFFF
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 107
Tunnel Affinity (Cont.)
• Affinity helps select which tunnels will go over which links
• A network with OC-12 and Satellite links will use affinities
to prevent tunnels with VoIP traffic from taking the
satellite links
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 108
Example0: 4-bit string, default
A 0000 0000 B
0000 0000
0000
D E
• Trunk A to B:
tunnel = 0000, t-mask = 0011
• ADEB and ADCEB are possible
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 109
Example1a: 4-bit string
A 0000 0000 B
0000 0000
0010
D E
• Setting a link bit in the lower half drives all tunnels off the link,
except those specially configured
• Trunk A to B:
tunnel = 0000, t-mask = 0011
• Only ADCEB is possible
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 110
Example1b: 4-bit string
A 0000 0000 B
0000 0000
0010
D E
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 111
Example1c: 4-bit string
A 0000 0000 B
0000 0000
0010
D E
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 112
Example2a: 4-bit string
A 0000 0000 B
0000 0000
0100
D E
• Setting a link bit in the upper half drives has no immediate effect
• Trunk A to B:
tunnel = 0000, t-mask = 0011
• ADEB and ADCEB are both possible
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 113
Example2b: 4-bit string
A 0000 0000 B
0000 0000
0100
D E
• A specific tunnel can be driven off the link by setting the bit in its
mask
• Trunk A to B:
tunnel = 0000, t-mask = 0111
• Only ADCEB is possible
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 114
Example2c: 4-bit string
A 0000 0000 B
0000 0000
0100
D E
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 115
Tunnel Path Selection
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 116
Dynamic Path Option
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 117
Explicit Path Option
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 118
Explicit Path Option (Cont.)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 119
How does ERO come into play?
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 120
MPLS-TE: Link attributes, IGP enhancements,
CSPF
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 121
Agenda
• Link Attributes
• Information flooding
• IGP Enhancements for MPLS-TE
• Path Computation (C-SPF)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 122
Link Attributes
• Link attributes
• Bandwidth per priority (0-7)
• Link Affinity
• TE-specific link metric
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 123
Bandwidth
• Per-physical-interface command
• X = amount of reservable BW, in K
• Y = not used by MPLS-TE
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 124
Link Affinity
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 125
Administrative Weight
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 126
Information Distribution
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 127
Information Distribution
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 128
Need for a Link-State Protocol
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 129
Need for a Link-State Protocol
Consider the following network:
- All links have a cost of 10
- Path from “A” to “E” is A->B->E, cost 20
- All traffic from “A” to {E,F,G} goes A->B->E
B
F
A E
C D
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 130
What a Distance Vector Protocol Sees
B B 10
• “A” doesn’t see all the links
C C 10 • “A” knows about the shortest path
D C 20
• Protocol limitation by design
E B 20
F B 30
G B 30
B
F
A E
C D
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 131
What a Link-State Protocol Sees
B B 10
• “A” sees all links
C C 10 • “A” computes the shortest path
D C 20
E B 20
• Routing table doesn’t change
F B 30
G B 30
B
F
A E
C D
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 132
Link-State Protocol Extensions/ IGP
Flooding
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 133
OSPF Extensions
• OSPF
Uses Type 10 (Opaque Area-Local) LSAs
See draft-katz-yeung-ospf-traffic
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 134
IS-IS Extensions
• IS-IS
Uses Type 22 TLVs
See draft-ietf-isis-traffic
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 135
ISIS Extensions (contd)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 136
Information Distribution
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 137
Significant Change
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 138
Per-Priority Available BW
D
Link L, BW=100 D advertises: AB(0)=100=…= AB(7)=100
T=0
AB(i) = ‘Available Bandwidth at priority I”
D
Link L, BW=100 D advertises: AB(0)=AB(1)=AB(2)=100
T=2
AB(3)=AB(4)=…=AB(7)=70
D D advertises: AB(0)=AB(1)=AB(2)=100
T=4 Link L, BW=100 AB(3)=AB(4)=70
AB(5)=AB(6)=AB(7)=40
This means that another tunnel having the piority < 3 and Bw > 70M
would preempt the previous installed tunnel
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 139
Constrained-based Path
Computation (C-SPF)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 141
Path Calculation (C-SPF)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 142
Path Computation
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 143
Path Computation
Input:
configured attributes of traffic trunks originated at this
router
attributes associated with resources
available from IS-IS or OSPF
topology state information
available from IS-IS or OSPF
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 144
Path Computation
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 145
Path Computation
Output:
explicit route - expressed as a sequence of router IP addresses
interface addresses for numbered links
loopback address for unnumbered links
used as an input to the path setup component
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 146
BW/Policy Example
BW(3)=80
A 1000 0100 B
BW(3)=60
0000 0000
0000 D BW(3)=80
BW(3)=50 BW(3)=20 E
0010
1000
BW(3)=50 BW(3)=70
• Tunnel’s request: G
Priority 3, BW = 30 units,
Policy string: 0000, mask: 0011
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 147
Maximizing the Tightest Constraint
C
Tightest Constraint: 60
BW(3)=80
A BW(3)=60 B
D BW(3)=80
BW(3)=80 E
Tightest Constraint: 40
BW(3)=50 BW(3)=40
• Tunnel’s request: G
Priority 3, BW = 30 units,
Policy string: 0000, mask: 0011
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 148
Load-Balancing tunnels
BW(3)=100
A BW(3)=100 B
D BW(3)=200
BW(3)=200 E
BW(3)=100 BW(3)=100
• all tunnels require 10
G
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 149
Load-Balancing tunnels
BW(3)=90
A BW(3)=90 B
D BW(3)=190
BW(3)=190 E
BW(3)=100 BW(3)=100
• all tunnels require 10
G
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 150
Load-Balancing tunnels
BW(3)=90
A BW(3)=90 B
D BW(3)=180
BW(3)=180 E
BW(3)=90
• all tunnels requireBW(3)=90
10
G
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 151
Load-Balancing tunnels
BW(3)=80
A BW(3)=80 B
D BW(3)=170
BW(3)=170 E
BW(3)=90
• all tunnels requireBW(3)=90
10
G
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 152
Load-Balancing tunnels
BW(3)=80
A BW(3)=80 B
D BW(3)=160
BW(3)=160 E
BW(3)=80
• all tunnels requireBW(3)=80
10
G
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 153
MPLS-TE: RSVP extensions, tunnel
signaling and tunnel maintenance
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 154
Agenda
• Path Setup (RSVP Extensions)
• Path maintenance
• Reoptimization
• Mapping Traffic to Tunnels
• Using metrics with tunnels
• Load balancing with TE tunnels
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 155
Path Setup (RSVP Extensions)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 157
RSVP Extensions to RFC2205
for LSP Tunnels
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 158
RSVP Extensions for TE
PATH RESV
LABEL_REQUEST
LABEL
EXPLICIT_ROUTE
RECORD_ROUTE
SESSION_ATTRIBUTE
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 159
RSVP Label Allocation
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 160
RSVP - ERO
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 161
RSVP - Record Route
• Every Router along the path records its IP address in the RRO.
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 162
RSVP - Session Attribute
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 163
Path Setup
RtrA RtrE
RtrG
RtrC RtrD
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 164
Path Setup - more details
R1 R2 R3
2 1 2 1
Path:
Common_Header
Session(R3-lo0, 0, R1-lo0)
PHOP(R1-2)
Label_Request(IP)
ERO (R2-1, R3-1)
Session_Attribute (S(3), H(3), 0x04)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 00)
Sender_Tspec(2Mbps)
Record_Route(R1-2)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 165
Path Setup - more details
R1 R2 R3
2 1 2 1
Path State:
Session(R3-lo0, 0, R1-lo0)
PHOP(R1-2)
Label_Request(IP)
ERO (R2-1, R3-1)
Session_Attribute (S(3), H(3), 0x04)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 00)
Sender_Tspec(2Mbps)
Record_Route (R1-2)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 166
Path Setup - more details
R1 R2 R3
2 1 2 1
Path:
Common_Header
Session(R3-lo0, 0, R1-lo0)
PHOP(R2-2)
Label_Request(IP)
ERO (R3-1)
Session_Attribute (S(3), H(3), 0x04)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 00)
Sender_Tspec(2Mbps)
Record_Route (R1-2, R2-2)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 167
Path Setup - more details
R1 R2 R3
2 1 2 1
Path State:
Session(R3-lo0, 0, R1-lo0)
PHOP(R2-2)
Label_Request(IP)
ERO ()
Session_Attribute (S(3), H(3), 0x04)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 00)
Sender_Tspec(2Mbps)
Record_Route (R1-2, R2-2, R3-1)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 168
Path Setup - more details
R1 R2 R3
2 1 2 1
Resv:
Common_Header
Session(R3-lo0, 0, R1-lo0)
PHOP(R3-1)
Style=SE
FlowSpec(2Mbps)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 00)
Label=POP
Record_Route(R3-1)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 169
Path Setup - more details
R1 R2 R3
2 1 2 1
Resv State
Session(R3-lo0, 0, R1-lo0)
PHOP(R3-1)
Style=SE
FlowSpec (2Mbps)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 00)
OutLabel=POP
IntLabel=5
Record_Route(R3-1)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 170
Path Setup - more details
R1 R2 R3
2 1 2 1
Resv:
Common_Header
Session(R3-lo0, 0, R1-lo0)
PHOP(R2-1)
Style=SE
FlowSpec (2Mbps)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 00)
Label=5
Record_Route(R2-1, R3-1)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 171
Path Setup - more details
R1 R2 R3
2 1 2 1
Resv state:
Session(R3-lo0, 0, R1-lo0)
PHOP(R2-1)
Style=SE
FlowSpec (2Mbps)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 00)
Label=5
Record_Route(R1-2, R2-1, R3-1)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 172
Trunk Admission Control
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 173
Path maintenance
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 174
Identifying TE-tunnels
SESSION Object
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
IPv4 tunnel tailend address
(32 bits)
SENDER_TEMPLATE / FILTER_SPEC
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
IPv4 tunnel headend address
(32 bits)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 175
Path Maintenance
• Once the TE tunnel is setup, PATH and RESV messages are used to
maintain the tunnel state
• RSVP is a soft-state protocol, relying on PATH & RESV messages for
state refresh
• PATH & RESV messages are sent out on average, every 30 seconds
• If we miss 4 consecutive PATH or RESV messages, we consider the
RSVP reservation dead
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 176
Path Maintenance in action
R1 R2 R3 R5
Tunnel 100
0:15 RESV
RESV
0:30 PATH PATH
RESV
0:45
PATH RESV
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 177
Re-optimization
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 178
Make-Before-Break objectives
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 179
Make before break in action
3 3 01
01
01
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 180
Make before break in action
R1 R2 R3
2 1 2 1
3 3
Path:
Common_Header
Session(R3-lo0, 0, R1-lo0)
PHOP(R1-2)
Label_Request(IP)
ERO (R2-1, …,R3-3)
Session_Attribute (S(3), H(3), 0x04)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 01)
Sender_Tspec(3Mbps)
Record_Route(R1-2)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 181
Make before break in action
R1 R2 R3
2 1 3 3
Path State:
Session(R3-lo0, 0, R1-lo0)
PHOP(R1-2)
Label_Request(IP)
ERO (R2-1, …,R3-3)
Session_Attribute (S(3), H(3), 0x04)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 01)
Sender_Tspec(3Mbps)
Record_Route (R1-2)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 182
Make before break in action
R1 R2 R3
2 1 3 3
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 183
Make before break in action
R1 R2 R3
2 1 3 3
RSVP:
Common_Header
Session(R3-lo0, 0, R1-lo0)
PHOP(R3-3)
Style=SE
FlowSpec(3Mbps)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 01)
Label=POP
Record_Route(R3-3)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 184
Make before break in action
R1 R2 R3
2 1 3 3
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 185
Make before break in action
R1 R2 R3
2 1 3 3
RSVP:
Common_Header
Session(R3-lo0, 0, R1-lo0)
PHOP(R2-1)
Style=SE
FlowSpec (3Mbps)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 01)
Label=6
Record_Route(R2-1, …, R3-3)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 00)
Label=5
Record_Route(R2-1, R3-1)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 186
Make before break in action
R1 R2 R3
2 1 3 3
RSVP state:
Session(R3-lo0, 0, R1-lo0)
PHOP(R2-1)
Style=SE
FlowSpec (3Mbps)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 01)
Label=6
Record_Route(R2-1, …, R3-3)
Sender_Template(R1-lo0, 00)
Label=5
Record_Route(R2-1, R3-1)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 187
Re-optimization
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 188
Re-optimization Triggers
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 189
Disabling Re-optimization
interface tunnel0
tunnel mpls traffic-eng path-option 1 dynamic lockdown (disable
tunnel0)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 190
MPLS-TE: traffic aspects of TE tunnels
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 191
Agenda
• Mapping Traffic to Paths
• Using metrics with tunnels
• Load balancing with TE tunnels
• Monitoring traffic with TE tunnels
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 192
Mapping Traffic to Path
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 193
Routing Traffic Down a Tunnel
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 194
Autoroute
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 195
Autoroute
Router B Router F
Router H
Router A Router E
Router G
Router I
Router C Router D
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 196
Autoroute
Router B Router F
Router H
Router A Router E
Tunnel 1 Router G
Router I
Router C Router D
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 197
Autoroute
Router B Router F
Router H
Router A Router E
Tunnel 1 Router G
Router I
Router C Router D
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 198
Autoroute
Router B Router F
Router H
Router A Router E
Tunnel 1 Router G
Router I
Router C Router D
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 199
Autoroute
Router B Router F
Router H
Router A Router E
Tunnel 1 Router G
Router I
Router C Router D
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 200
Forwarding Adjacency
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 201
ATM Model
F G
E H
A I
C
B D
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 202
Before FA
F G
E H
A I
B C D
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 203
FA Advertises TE Tunnels in the IGP
F G
E H
A I
B C D
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 204
FA Advertises TE Tunnels in the IGP
F G
E H
A I
B C D
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 205
Static Routing
Router B
Router F
Router H
Router A Router E
Router G
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 206
Static Routing
Router B
Router F
Router H
Router A Router E
Router G
Tunnel1
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 207
Policy Routing
Router B
Router F
Router H
Router A Router E
Router G
Tunnel1
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 208
Policy Routing
Router B
Router F
Router H
Router A Router E
Router G
Tunnel1
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 209
Enhancement to SPF - metric check
Tunnel metric:
A. Relative +/- X
B. Absolute Y (only for ISIS)
C. Fixed Z
Example:
Metric of native IP path to the found node = 50
1. Tunnel with relative metric of -10 => 40
2. Tunnel with relative metric of +10 => 60
3. Tunnel with absolute metric of 10 => 10
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 210
Absolute/Relative/Fixed Metric in action
Tunnel1
R1 R3 R4
3.3.3.3 4.4.4.4
R2
Routing Table on R1 (with all link metrics=10)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 211
Relative Metric in action
Metric to the tunnel tailend is the 130.130.30.X
R1(config-if)#interface tunnel1
R1(config-if)#tunnel mpls traffic-eng autoroute metric relative -5
Routing Table on R1
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 212
Fixed Metric in action
Metric to the tunnel tailend is the 130.130.30.X
R1(config-if)#interface tunnel1
R1(config-if)#tunnel mpls traffic-eng autoroute metric 5
Routing Table on R1
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 213
Absolute Metric in action
Metric to the tunnel tailend and
downstream destinations is the
4.4.4.4
same “Absolute metric” value R1 R3 R4
3.3.3.3
R2
2.2.2.2
R1(config-if)#interface tunnel1
R1(config-if)#tunnel mpls traffic-eng autoroute metric absolute
2
Routing Table on R1
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 214
Load Sharing with TE tunnels
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 215
Unequal Cost Load Balancing
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 217
Unequal Cost Example
Router F
Router A Router E
40MB
Router G
20MB
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 218
Monitoring Traffic in TE tunnels
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 219
Monitoring Traffic in TE tunnels
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 220
Auto Bandwidth
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 221
Enabling Auto-Bandwidth
• Global command
• Enables tunnels to sample load at the configured frequency
• Should not be less than the “load interval” on the interface
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 222
Enabling Auto-Bandwidth
• Per-tunnel command
• Periodically changes tunnel BW reservation based on traffic out
tunnel
• Timers are tunable to make auto-bandwidth more or less sensitive
Tradeoff: Quicker reaction versus more churn
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 223
MPLS-TE: Advanced TE topics
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 224
Agenda
• MPLS-TE Rerouting
• Fast Reroute (Link, Node and Path)
• Inter-area/Inter-AS TE
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 225
MPLS TE rerouting
LSP rerouting
• Controlled by the head-end of a trunk via the resilience attribute of the trunk
• Fallback to either (pre)configured or dynamically computed path. Preferably
last path option should be dynamic
interface Tunnel0
ip unnumbered Loopback0
no ip directed-broadcast
tunnel destination 10.0.1.102
tunnel mode mpls traffic-eng
ip explicit-path name prim_path enable
tunnel mpls traffic-eng autoroute announce
next-address 10.0.1.123
tunnel mpls traffic-eng priority 3 3 next-address 10.0.1.100
tunnel mpls traffic-eng bandwidth 10000
tunnel mpls traffic-eng path-option 1 explicit name prim_path
tunnel mpls traffic-eng path-option 2 dynamic
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 226
MPLS TE rerouting
R1 R2 R4 R5
LSP/LSA update
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 227
MPLS TE rerouting
Path Tear
R3
• R1 clear the Path state with an RSVP Path Tear message
• R1 recalculates a new Path for the Tunnel and will signal the new tunnel. If no
Path available, R1 will continuously retry to find a new path (local process)
Convergence = O(secs)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 228
Fast ReRoute
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 229
Terminology
R3 R4
R1 R2 R6 R7 R8
Protected LSP
Merge Point
PLR
R9
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 230
Fast ReRoute
MPLS Fast Reroute Local Repair
• Link protection:
R3
the backup tunnel
tail-end (MP) is
one hop away R1 R2 R4 R5
from the PLR
R3 R4 R5 • Node protection:
the backup tunnel
tail-end (MP) is
R1 R2 R6 R7 R8
two hops away
from the PLR
R9
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 231
IP Failure Recovery
Thing Time
Link Failure Detection usec–msec
Failure Propagation+SPF • hundreds of msec with
aggressive tuning (400ms for
500 pfx)
• sec (5-10) with defaults
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 232
FRR Failure Recovery
Failure Propagation+SPF 0
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 233
Link Protection Example
Primary Path
R8 Pop R9
R2 14 R3 Tail End for
37 Primary Path
Protected Link
Fast Reroute path Pop
R1 17 R5
Primary path: R1 ! R2 ! R3 ! R9
Fast Reroute path: R2 ! R6 ! R7 ! R3
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 234 234
Normal TE Operation
Pop 14
R8 Swap 37 with 14
R9
R3
R2 R3
Push 37
R1 R5
R6 R7
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 235
Fast Reroute Link Failure
1 Swap 37 with 14
R8 2 Push 17 R9
R2 Pop 14
R3
Push 37
R1 R5
R6 R7
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 236
FRR Procedures
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 237
Node Protection
Protected Link
NHop
Fast ReRoute
Backup Tunnel
Router C
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 238
Node Protection
• SOLUTION: NODE PROTECTION (If network topology allows)
• Protect tunnel to the next hop PAST the protected link (NNhop)
Protected Node
NNHop
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 239
Node Protection
• Node protection still has the same convergence as link
protection
• Deciding where to place your backup tunnels is a much harder
problem to solve on a large-scale
• For small-scale protection, link may be better
• Configuration is identical to link protection,
except where you terminate the backup tunnel (NNHop vs.
NHop)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 241
Path Protection
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 242
Path Protection
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 243
Inter-area TE
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 244
Enabling Inter-area TE
interface Tunnel1
tunnel mpls traffic-eng path-option 1 explicit name
path-tunnel1
!
ip explicit-path name path-tunnel1
next-address loose <ABR1>
next-address loose <ABR2>
next-address loose <ABR3>
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 245
Inter-area TE
PCALC=ERO
(R3, R4, R5, R7,.., R9)
R1
R8
OSPF
Area 1
R7 OSPF
ABR Area 2
R6 R9
R3
OSPF
R2 ABR Area 0 R5
R4
PCALC=ERO
(R3,…, R7,…, R9)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 246
Configuring MPLS-TE
Backup (if time ever permits)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 247
Prerequisite Configuration (Global)
ip cef [distributed]
mpls traffic-eng tunnels
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 248
Information Distribution
• OSPF
mpls traffic-eng tunnels
mpls traffic-eng router-id loopback0
mpls traffic-eng area ospf-area
• ISIS
mpls traffic-eng tunnels
mpls traffic-eng router-id loopback0
mpls traffic-eng level-x
metric-style wide
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 249
Information Distribution
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 250
Build a Tunnel Interface (Headend)
interface Tunnel0
ip unnumbered loopback0
tunnel destination RID-of-tail
tunnel mode mpls traffic-eng
tunnel mpls traffic-eng bandwidth 10
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 251
Tunnel Attributes
interface Tunnel0
tunnel mpls traffic-eng bandwidth Kbps
tunnel mpls traffic-eng priority pri [hold-pri]
tunnel mpls traffic-eng affinity properties [mask]
tunnel mpls traffic-eng autoroute announce
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 252
Path Calculation
• Dynamic path calculation
int Tunnel0
tunnel mpls traffic-eng path-option # dynamic
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 253
Multiple Path Calculations
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 254
Static and Policy Routing Down a Tunnel
• Static routing
ip route prefix mask Tunnel0
• Policy routing (Global Table)
access-list 101 permit tcp any any eq www
interface Serial0
ip policy route-map foo
route-map foo
match ip address 101
set interface Tunnel0
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 255
Autoroute and Forwarding Adjacency
interface Tunnel0
tunnel mpls traffic-eng autoroute announce
OR
tunnel mpls traffic-eng forwarding-adjacency
isis metric x level-y (ISIS)
ip ospf cost ospf-cost (OSPF)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 256
L2VPN Concepts
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 257
Agenda
• Introduction to L2VPN
• PWE3 Signaling Concepts
• Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS) Transports
• VPWS Service Interworking
• Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 258
Introduction to L2VPN
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 259
Multiple Services over a
Converged Infrastructure
Frame IP
Relay VPN
ATM
Frame Relay
Existing Infrastructure PE
Ethernet MPLS/IP
IP/ IPsec
Broadband
Access
FR/ATM
Broadband Frame Relay
ATM
Internet
VLAN 100
Termination
MPLS/IP
VLAN 200 VLAN
200
Transport
VPWS
Layer3
PE
IP
Backbone
CE PE CE
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 264
Layer 3 and Layer 2 VPN Characteristics
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 265
L2VPN - Simple definition
L2VPN
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 266
L2VPN Models
L2-VPN Models
P2MP/
Like-to-Like -or- MP2MP Like-to-Like -or-
Any-to-Any P2P Any-to-Any P2P
Ethernet
FR ATM PPP/ FR ATM PPP/
AAL5/Cell HDLC AAL5/Cell HDLC
Ethernet Ethernet
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 267
Pseudowire—
IETF Technology Adoption
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 268
• Layer 2 Transport (VPWS)
L2TPv3
draft-ietf-l2tpext-l2tp-base-xx
draft-ietf-l2tpext-l2tpmib-base-xx
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 269
VPWS—Pseudowire Reference Model
Customer Customer
Site Site
AC1 MPLS or IP Core AC2
Pseudowires
SJC Vegas
AC3 AC4
Customer Customer
Site Site
Emulated Service
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 270
Building Blocks for L2VPNs—
Data Plan Components—MPLS Core
Customer
VF 100 MPLS VF 200 Customer
Site Site
VC Label 36
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 271
Building Blocks for L2VPNs—
Data Plan Components—FR Example
Customer
MPLS Customer
Site Site
VC Label 36
FR Control VC Tunnel L2
PDU Word Label Label Headers
MPLS Labels
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 272
PWE3 Signaling Concepts
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 273
Building Blocks for L2VPNs—Control Plane
2. Control 2. Control
Plane Plane
2. Auto-discovery (BGP) CE2
CE1
1. VPN101 1. VPN101
Config Config
MPLS
4. Data 4. Data
PE1 Plane Plane PE2
3. Control 3. Control
Plane 3. Signaling (LDP) Plane
Primary Primary
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 274
LDP Signaling Overview
Four Classes of LDP Messages:
1. Peer discovery
LDP link hello message
Targeted hello message
UDP
2. LDP session
LDP initialization and keepalive
Setup, maintain and disconnect LDP session
3. Label advertisement
Create, update and delete label mappings
TCP
4. LDP notification
Signal error or status info
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 275
L2VPN LDP Extended Discovery
Hello Adjacency Established
PE2
PE1
P1 P3
Primary
Site1 Primary
P2 P4 Site2
Targeted Hello
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 276
L2VPN LDP Session Establishment
Exchange LDP Parameters
PE2
PE1
P1 P3
Primary
Site1 Primary
P2 P4 Site2
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 277
L2VPN—Pseudowire Label Binding
2. PE1 Binds VCID 4. PE2 Repeats
to VC Label Same Steps
PE2
PE1 P1 P3
CE1 Primary CE2
Site1 Primary
Site2
P2 P4
3. PE2
1. Provision Matches its
AC and PW VCID to One
Received
Uni-Directional PW LSP Established
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 278
New VC FEC Element
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 279
Pseudowire VC Type
Some Widely Deployed VC Types
PW Type Description
0x0001 Frame Relay DLCI
0x0002 ATM AAL5 SDU VCC transport
0x0003 ATM transparent cell transport
0x0004 Ethernet Tagged Mode (VLAN)
0x0005 Ethernet
0x0006 HDLC
0x0007 PPP
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 280
L2VPNs—Label Stacking
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 281
Generic Control Word—
VC Information Fields
Control Word
bits 4 4 8 16
delivery of frames
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 282
VPWS Transport
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 283
VPWS Transports—Encapsulations
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 284
VPWS Transports
CE
Frame MPLS Frame
CE
Relay Relay
CE CE
ATM ATM
CE PPP/ PPP/ CE
HDLC HDLC
CE CE
Ethernet Ethernet
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 285
VPWS Transports Service—Reference Model
End-to-End VPWS VCs
Pair of Uni-Directional
PW LSPs
One One
Bi-Directional Bi-Directional
Ethernet Ethernet
CE-1 ATM ATM CE-2
FR FR
PPP PPP
HDLC PE1 PE2 HDLC
Tunnel LSP
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 286
VPWS EoMPLS—
RFC 4448
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 287
VPWS FRoMPLS—
draft-ietf-pwe3-frame-relay-encap-xx.txt
Bits 4 1 1 1 1 8 16
Rsvd F B D C Length Sequence Number FR Control Word
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 288
VPWS CRoMPLS—
draft-ietf-pwe3-atm-encap-xx.txt
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 289
VPWS CPKoMPLS—Encapsulation
draft-ietf-pwe3-atm-encap-xx.txt
ATM Cell
<4 bits> <8 bits> <16 bits> <3 bits> <1 bit> <8 bits> " 48 Bytes #
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 290
VPWS CPKoMPLS—
draft-ietf-pwe3-atm-encap-xx.txt
CPKoMPLS = Cell Packing over MPLS
• Used to mitigate cell to MPLS packet MTU
inefficiencies
• Concatenated ATM cell (52 bytes); no HEC
• Maximum 28 cells per MPLS frame
(<1500 byte MTU)
• VC/VP/port mode support
• Cell Packing operation:
-Maximum Number of Cells to Pack (MNCP)
-Minimum Cell Packing Timer (MCPT)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 291
VPWS AAL5oMPLS—
draft-ietf-pwe3-atm-encap-xx.txt
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
AAL5 CPCS-SDU
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 293
Frame Format CE — LER
• C bit
• 12 bit VID TDP/LDP TDP/LDP
CE2
CE1
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 294
Frame Format LER—LSR
• 1 Byte TTL
TDP/LDP TDP/LDP
CE2
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
CE1 295
Frame Format LER—LSR (Cont.)
MPLS Labeled Packet
• VC Label
- Label 18 (12) TDP/LDP TDP/LDP
- Exp = 0
- S=1 CE2
CE1
- TTL = 02
Detaled packet header explanation at:
http://www-tac.cisco.com/Teams/NSA/MPLS/EOMPLS/pac1.htm
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 296
Frame Format LSR—LSR
• VC Label
TDP/LDP
- Label 18 (12) TDP/LDP
- Exp/S = 1
CE2
- TTL = 02
CE1
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 297
Frame Format LSR—LER
DA SA 8847 00012 1 01 DA SA …
•VC Label
- Label 18 (12)
- Exp/S = 1
11.10.128.204/32
- TTL = 01
PE2 11.10.128.201/32
Core-1 Core-3 PE4
GE2/1
TDP/LDP TDP/LDP
CE2
CE1
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 298
Example: VPWS
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 299
Point-to-Point
VLAN over MPLS
MPLS or IP Core
CE 1 PE 1 CE 2
PE 2
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 300
Point-to-Point
Cell Relay over MPLS
MPLS or IP Core
CE 1 PE 1 CE 2
PE 2
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 301
Virtual Private LAN Service
(VPLS)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 302
VPLS: Customer View
.2 Customer Router
.12
Customer Switch
192.168.1.0/24
.13
.1
Provider Edge .12
Customer Router .11
Customer Switch
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 303
VPLS—Overview
• Architecture
It is an end-to-end architecture that allows IP/MPLS networks to provide Layer 2
multipoint Ethernet services while using LDP as signaling protocol
• Bridge emulation
Emulates an Ethernet bridge
• Bridge functions
Operation is the same as for an Ethernet bridge, i.e. forwards using the destination
MAC address, learns source addresses and floods broad-/multicast and unknown
frames
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 304
VPLS Components
Attachment Circuit
n-PE n-PE
CE CE
PW
Tunnel LSP PW CE
CE
PW
CE CE
SP
Tu
L
nn
Red VSI
el
Red VSI
nn
el
L
Tu
SP
Blue VSI Directed LDP Blue VSI
Green VSI Session Between Green VSI
Participating PEs CE
LEGEND n-PE
Blue VSI
CE - Customer Edge Device
n-PE - network facing-Provider Edge Red VSI
VSI - Virtual Switch Instance
PW - Pseudo-Wire
Tunnel LSP - Tunnel Label Switch Path that
provides PW transport
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 305
VPLS Auto-Discovery and Signaling
Label Distribution
Signaling
Protocol
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 306
VPLS: Layer 2 Forwarding Instance
Requirements
A Virtual Switch Must Operate Like a
Conventional L2 Switch!
Flooding/Forwarding:
• MAC table instances per customer and per customer VLAN (L2-VRF idea) for each PE
• VSI will participate in learning, forwarding process
• Uses Ethernet VC-Type defined in pwe3-control-protocol-xx
Address Learning/Aging:
• Self-learn source MAC to port associations
• Refresh MAC timers with incoming frames
• New additional MAC TLV to LDP
Loop Prevention:
• Create partial or full-mesh of EoMPLS VCs per VPLS
• Use “split horizon” concepts to prevent loops
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 307
VPLS Overview:
Flooding and Forwarding
Data SA ?
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 308
VPLS Overview:
MAC Address Learning
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 309
VPLS Overview:
VPLS Loop Prevention
CEs
PEs
MPLS Network
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 310
VPLS Overview:
MAC Address Withdrawal
LDP Address Withdrawal
MPLS Network
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 312
VPLS: Configuration Example
PE # CE
PE-1 PE-2
CE1 FE0/0 FE0/0 CE1
MPLS Network
VPLS 192.168.11.11/24
• VPLS
192.168.11.1/24
192.168.11.2/24
H-VPLS
• H-VPLS u-PE
PE-CLE n-PE n-PE
u-PE
PE-CLE
MTU-s
MTU-s PE-POP PE-POP
Two Tier Hierarchy GE PE-rs PE-rs
PW
MPLS or
Ethernet Edge
MPLS Core
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 315
Prerequisites
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 316
Agenda
• Technology Overview
• Backbone Infrastructure
• IP Services
• Layer-2 Services
• Interprovider QoS
• Management
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 317
MPLS QOS
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
RST-1101
11134_05_2005_c2 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 318
MPLS QoS Architectures
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 319
Differentiated Services Architecture
DiffServ Domain
Ingress Interior Egress
Node Node Node
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 320
What’s Unchanged in MPLS Support
of DiffServ
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 321
What’s New in MPLS Support of DiffServ
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 322
EXP-Inferred-PSC* LSP (E-LSP)
Frame Encapsulation MPLS Shim Header
0 1 2 3
Layer-2 Header 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 323
Label-Only-Inferred-PSC* LSP (L-LSP)
Frame Encapsulation
MPLS Shim Header
Layer-2 Header 0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
Cell Encapsulation
GFC VPI
VPI VCI Label CLP
Label
VCI
VCI PTI CLP Class Drop Precedence
HEC
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 324
E-LSP vs. L-LSP
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 325
MPLS Support of DiffServ: All Done with
Modular QoS CLI (MQC)
class-map match-all REAL-TIME
class-map [match-any | match-all] class-name match mpls experimental topmost 5
class-map match-all PREMIUM
Enters Configuration Sub-mode for Class Definition match mpls experimental topmost 1 2
!
!
policy-map policy-name policy-map OUT-POLICY
class REAL-TIME
Enters Configuration Sub-Mode for Policy priority percent 25
class PREMIUM
Definition (Marking, Policing, Shaping, bandwidth remaining percent 50
Queuing, Etc.) random-detect
class class-default
service-policy {input | output} policy-name random-detect
!
interface POS1/0
Command in Interface Configuration Sub-Mode ip address 10.150.1.1 255.255.255.0
fo Apply QoS Policy for Input or Output Traffic service-policy output OUT-POLICY
!
policy-map policy-name
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 327
MPLS TE Overview
TE LSP
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 328
How MPLS TE Works
• Information distribution
ISIS-TE
IP/MPLS OSPF-TE
• Path calculation (CSPF)
• Path setup (RSVP-TE)
• Forwarding traffic down tunnel
Auto-route
Static
Policy-Based routing
Class-Based tunnel selection
Forwarding adjacency
Mid-Point Tail End
Tunnel select
Head End
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 329
DiffServ-Aware Traffic Engineering
(DS-TE)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 330
DiffServ-Aware Traffic Engineering
(DS-TE)
Control Plane
• Link BW distributed in
pools or Bandwidth
Constrains (BC)
DS-TE BW Maximum
Allocation Reservable • Up to eight BW pools
Bandwidth
• Different BW pool models
• Unreserved BW per TE class
computed using BW pools
and existing reservations
Forwarding Plane
• Unreserved BW per TE class
advertised via IGP
DiffServ Link/Shaper
BW Rate
Allocation
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 331
DS-TE Bandwidth Pools: Maximum
Allocation Model (MAM)
• BW pool applies to
one class
BC0
• Sum of BW pools may Class1
exceed MRB
Maximum
BC1 Class2 All Reservable
• Sum of total reserved BW Classes Bandwidth
may not exceed MRB (MRB)
BC2 Class3
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 332
DS-TE Bandiwdth Pools: Russian Dolls
Model (RDM)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 333
DS-TE Bandiwdth Pools: Why Russian
Dolls Model?
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 334
Class-Based Tunnel Selection: CBTS
T1
Dst1
T2 • EXP-based selection
between multiple tunnels to
T3 same destination
T4 Dst2
T5 • Local mechanism to
head-end
T6 • Tunnels configured with
Dst3
T7
EXP values to carry
FIB • Tunnels may be configured
Dst1, exp 4 Tunnel1 as default
Dst1, * Tunnel2
• No IGP extensions
Dst2, exp 4 Tunnel3
Dst2, exp 2 Tunnel4 • Supports VRF traffic
Dst2, * Tunnel5 • Simplifies use of DS-TE
Dst3, exp 4 Tunnel6 tunnels
Dst3, * Tunnel7
• Similar operation to ATM/FR
*Wildcard EXP Value
VC bundles
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 335
Dealing with Failure Scenarios
Load Capacity
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 336
MPLS TE Fast Re-Route (FRR)
Primary TE LSP
Backup TE LSP
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 337
How MPLS TE FRR Works
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 338
MPLS QOS
BACKBONE INFRASTRUCTURE
RST-1101
11134_05_2005_c2 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 339
Backbone Requirements
Ethernet
• Architecture must be flexible
Internet
and scalable
VoIP
PSTN
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 340
Selecting Utilization Level (x%)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 341
Enforcing Utilization Level (x%)
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 342
What Should I Use in My Backbone?
• Nothing
• MPLS TE
• MPLS DiffServ
• MPLS DiffServ +
MPLS TE
• MPLS DiffServ + MPLS DS-TE
• Any of the above + MPLS TE FRR
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 343
Backbone with Nothing: No MPLS DiffServ
and No MPLS TE
Service
Differentiation
• A solution when:
No differentiation required
No optimization required
• Capacity planning as
QoS tool
• Link over-provisioning to
Nothing meet all SLAs
Resource • Adjust link capacity to
Optimization expected link load
Load Capacity
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 344
Backbone with MPLS TE
Service
Differentiation
• A solution when:
No differentiation required
Optimization required
Load Capacity
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 345
Backbone with MPLS DiffServ
Service
Differentiation
• A solution when:
Differentiation required
Optimization required
Class2
Load Capacity
Class3 Load Capacity
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 346
Backbone with MPLS DiffServ and MPLS TE
Service
Differentiation
• A solution when:
Differentiation required
Optimization required
DiffServ
+
TE • Adjust class capacity to
expected class load
• Adjust class load to actual
class capacity for one class
Resource • Alternatively, adjust link
Optimization load to actual link capacity
Class2
Class1
Load Capacity
Load Capacity
Class3 Load Capacity
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 347
Backbone with MPLS DiffServ and
MPLS DS-TE
Service
Differentiation
• A solution when:
DiffServ
+
Strong differentiation required
DS-TE
Fine optimization required
Class2
Class1 Load Capacity
Load Capacity
Class3 Load Capacity
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 348
Bringing MPLS TE FRR into the Mix
Service
Differentiation
• Increases resiliency
DiffServ
FRR
regardless of backbone
+
DS-TE QoS design
DiffServ FRR
+ • Stronger SLAs during
TE
single failure conditions
FRR
DiffServ (link, node, shared-risk
link group)
FRR FRR
Nothing TE
• Optimization of backup
Resource resources
Optimization
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 349
What Model to Use?
Resource PSTN
Optimization
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 350
MPLS QOS
IP SERVICES
RST-1101
11134_05_2005_c2 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 351
QoS for IP Services
CE
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 352
Site IP SLA
Business Z NA NA Low
Best Effort NA NA NA NA
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 353
IP SLA Between Sites
• Site-to-network (point-to-
cloud) guarantees for CE
conforming traffic
CE
• Each site may send x% of PE
PE
class n to network per SLA
• Each site may receive x% of IP/MPLS
class n from network per PE
SLA PE
• No site-to-site (point-to-
point) guarantees
CE
CE
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 354
IP SLA Enforcement
Site 1
Site 2
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 355
Let’s See How SLA enforcement Is Done
IP QoS: Managed Service
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 356
IP QoS: Unmanaged Service
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 357
Sample PE Input Policy:
Unmanaged Service
Classifier Policing
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 358
Sample CE Output Policy: Managed Service
Best
WRED
Effort
Link
Fragmentation
Congestion Management and Interleaving
Classifier Congestion Avoidance Shaping (LFI)
• LFI used in slow links to reduce delay and jitter for real-time traffic
• WRED used for TCP-friendly packet dropping
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 359
How DiffServ Markings Interact:
DiffServ Tunneling Modes
What Is Their
Relationship?
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 360
MPLS DiffServ Tunneling Modes
Uniform
Pipe
Short
Pipe
IP/MPLS
IP IP
CE1 PE1 PE2 CE2
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 361
Uniform Mode
LSP DiffServ
Marking
IP/MPLS
IP IP
CE1 PE1 PE2 CE2
IP or MPLS
Packet
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 362
Pipe Mode
LSP DiffServ
Marking
Tunneled
DiffServ Marking
IP/MPLS
IP IP
CE1 PE1 PE2 CE2
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 363
Short Pipe Mode
LSP DiffServ
Marking
Tunneled
DiffServ Marking
IP/MPLS
IP IP
CE1 PE1 PE2 CE2
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 364
Local Packet Marking
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 365
DiffServ Tunneling Modes: Keep in Mind...
What Is Their
Relationship?
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 366
Some Advanced Configurations:
QoS Policy Propagation via BGP (QPPB)
Set
Community
• Despite the name, no policies 65172:1
are really propagated AS65000
IP/MPLS
PE PE CE
• Input packet marking (IP CE
precedence, QoS Group Id)
based on PE
Community PE
CE
AS path RR
AS65001
IP prefix
Mark EF if: CE
• Packet marking happens before eBGP Community 65172:1
input QoS policy iBGP or AS65000
RST-1101
11134_05_2005_c2 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 368
QoS for Layer-2 Services
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 369
Layer-2 SLA Enforcement
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 370
Let’s See How SLA Enforcement Is Done
Layer-2 QoS: User Interface
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 371
Layer-2 QoS: Network Interface
Network
• SP enforces SLA on access
Interface
network
• PE may only need simple
CE
aggregate policies
PE
Access Network PE
Input Policy Input Policy
Policing [Marking]
[Marking]
Access Network PE
Output Policy Output Policy
Queuing (LLQ) <optional>
Dropping (WRED)
[Shaping]
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 372
Encapsulation Details
Layer-2 QoS: Frame Relay
PE CIR+EIR
CIR=EIR=0
Discard
Class
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 373
Layer-2 QoS: ATM
Input Output
EXP Policy POP Policy CLP
Discard
Class
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 374
Layer-2 QoS: Ethernet
Discard
Class
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 375
Layer-2 QoS: PPP/HDLC
MPLS PPP/HDLC
QoS Group Id
Input Output
EXP Policy POP Policy
Discard
Class
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 376
Coupling Layer-2 Services with MPLS TE
Tunnel Selection
TE LSP
Layer 2 Circuit
Layer 2 Circuit
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 377
INTERPROVIDER QOS
RST-1101
11134_05_2005_c2 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 378
Interprovider QoS
SP 5
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 379
Interprovider Service Class Definition
SP 1 SP 2
? • Standard service class
definition to facilitate
interconnection
• Standardization and
differentiation are
ASBR 1 ASBR 2 opposite goals
• MIT QoSWQ focusing on small
Class1 Class1 number of classes
Class2 Class2
Class5 • draft-baker-diffserv-basic-
Class2 classes-04.txt proposes three
control/mgmt classes and ten
Class Delay Jitter Loss Class Delay Jitter Loss application/ subscriber classes
Class 1 Low Low Low Class 1 Low Low Low
Class 2 Low NA Low Class 2 NA NA Low
Class 3 NA NA Low
Class 4 NA NA NA
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 380
Signaling/Protocol QoS Extensions
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 381
SLA Budgets and Monitoring
Issues:
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 382
Interprovider QoS Capabilities Today
Carrier Supporting Carriers (CsC)
IP VPN Customer Backbone Customer IP VPN • Supports MPLS DiffServ tunnel
Customer Carrier Carrier Carrier Customer modes
• No need to remark customer carrier
A-PE1 A-PE2 traffic
B-PE2 IP/MPLS C-PE2
B-CE2 B-CE2
IP/MPLS IP/MPLS
B-PE1 C-PE1
B-CE1 B-CE1
• Option A exposes customer
markings, but provides
IP VPN Carrier A Carrier B IP VPN granular control
Customer Customer
• Option B/C provides aggregate QoS
and may require EXP remarking
A-PE1 B-PE1
A-CE1 B-CE1
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 383
Interprovider QoS Capabilities
Today (Cont.)
Inter-AS TE
AS 1 AS 2 • Bandwidth reservation across
autonomous systems
• Signaled protection requirements
IP/MPLS IP/MPLS
ASBR1 ASBR2 • Support for DS-TE
PE1 PE2
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 384
MPLS QOS
MANAGEMENT
RST-1101
11134_05_2005_c2 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 385
Some Monitoring Tools: Monitoring
Utilization Level (x%)
Egress/Output NetFlow PE PE
• BGP policy accounting
Communities PE P P PE
AS path
POP POP
IP prefix
Server Server
Farm Farm
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 386
Cisco Class-Based QoS MIB
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 387
NetFlow MPLS Features Overview
MPLS-Aware NetFlow
Traditional NetFlow (MPLS to MPLS) Egress MPLS NetFlow
(IP to MPLS) (MPLS to IP)
IP/MPLS
PE P PE
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 388
NetFlow Partners
Traffic Analysis
Flow-Tools
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 389
BGP Policy Accounting
Set
Community
• Assign counters (traffic-index) 65172:1
to IP traffic based on: AS65000
PE IP/MPLS PE CE
Community
CE
AS path
IP prefix PE
PE
• Up to 64 counters CE
(traffic-index) AS65001
RR
Applications
Multiprotocol
Network Service Level
VoIP Network Label Trouble
Agreement
Availability Performance Switching
Monitoring (SLA) Assessment (MPLS) Shooting
Monitoring Monitoring
Monitoring
Measurement Metrics
Packet Network Dist. of
Latency Connectivity
Loss Jitter Stats
Operations
Jitter FTP DNS DHCP DLSW ICMP UDP TCP HTTP LDP H.323 SIP RTP Radius Video
Cisco IOS® IP
Software
Server
Source IP SLAs
MIB Data Active Generated Traffic to Destination
Cisco IOS
Software
Measure the Network Cisco IOS IP SLAs
Software
IP SLAs
Responder
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 391
UDP Jitter Operation
Packet Stream
IP Core
IP SLAs Responder
100ms
50ms
Threshold
Violation Resolution
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 393
Cisco IOS IP SLAs Partners
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 394
Provisioning: Cisco IP Solution Center
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 395
ISC QoS Management Features
CE
• QoS provisioning on access
link (both CE and PE) CE
PE
PE
• Internal constrain matrix
check software and IP/MPLS
hardware dependencies PE
• Support for pre-MQC QoS PE
functionality
• QoS provisioning on
backbone links using Smart CE Classification
Template utility Marking
Policing CE
Shaping
Congestion Management
Congestion Avoidance
LFI
cRTP
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 396
ISC TE Management Features
Primary TE LSP
Backup TE LSP
MPLS Overview © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 397