Part Two

E.
Seismic data processing - Section Outline
Generic processing flow
Preconditioning the data

deconvolution
getting to zero phase
amplitude balancing
The velocity model and migration loop
Pre-stack migration
Depth migration
E-1
E. Seismic data processing - Generic processing flow
Deconvolution for wavelet stabilization and conversion to zero phase
Correction for spherical spreading
Amplitude balancing
Velocity analysis for multiple attenuation
NMO velocity analysis for migration
Test migration
Re-do velocity analysis
Test migration
Migration
Stack
Amplitude balancing
E-2
E. Seismic data processing - Deconvolution
The land problem The marine problem
Before
deconvolution
After
deconvolution
E-3
Reflection coefficients
Minimum phase wavelet
Wavelet inverse (decon operator)
Trace with a minimum phase wavelet
Deconvolved trace
E-4
Before Deconvolution After Deconvolution
Deconvolution Example for a Land Line

(Un-NMO Corrected Common Midpoint Gathers)
E-5
Definitions
Spike deconvolution
The process of completely removing the wavelet and leaving the
reflection coefficient which is a “spike” in time. This can be viewed
as a destructive interference filter that “interferes” with the wavelet
when it is encountered.
* =
Gap deconvolution
This is a variant on the process of spike deconvolution but, it leaves
the wavelet alone within the width of the “gap” and destructively
interferes with unwanted noise that comes after the wavelet ie.
reverberations.
* =
Gap
E – 5a
The problem with spike deconvolution is that it is notorious for boosting the noise
Wavelet
Noise Noise
Amplitude
Amplitude
Signal Signal
Frequency Frequency
Spectrum of the wavelet in Spectrum after spike

the data deconvolution
E – 5b
Definitions
Surface consistent deconvolution
With the trace to trace process of deconvolution as it is normally
applied, it is also adaptive to the noise on the trace giving the
possibility that the statistically derived wavelet is not the “true” signal
in the data. Surface consistent deconvolution derives a single
operator for each shot record and then one for each receiver record
to statistically average out the effect of trace to trace randomness.
Model based deconvolution

The wavelet generated by the source is derived from a computer
modeling program and so is not statistically estimated from every
trace. An deconvolution operator is based on the model and
therefore is a stable inverse operator. For marine data, the model is
based on the number of guns, the gun size, the pressure, the gun
spacing and the water depth.
E – 5c
E. Seismic data processing - Spherical divergence
Before spherical spreading compensation After spherical spreading compensation
E-6
Spherical spreading Transmission loss
Absorption - dispersion Mode conversion
E-7
Spherical spreading
Assuming a velocity model that is

increasing linearly with time:
V(t) = V0 + A t
The travel distance is given by:

1 2
Dist = V0 t + At
2
So to compensate for this, the
samples are multiplied by:
1 2
V0 t + At
2
E -8
Transmission loss
One way transmission coefficient
T=1-R
Since each layer is encountered twice, the

loss is a two way transmission coefficient
T = (1 – R)(1 + R) = 1 – R 2
In general
T(total) = Rn (1 – Rn-1 )(1 – Rn-2 ) ------ (1 – R1)
E-9
Absorption - dispersion The model is that the amplitude loss per

cycle is constant.
The measure of the loss per cycle is “Q”
If the loss per cycle is constant then the
higher frequencies are losing amplitude
faster than the low frequencies.
Shallow section
Wavelet
at 1.0 Sec.
Deep section
Amplitude
Wavelet
at 4.0 Sec.
Frequency
E - 10
Mode conversion
Near Far
offset offset
Gather
Corrected for moveout
E -11
E. Seismic data processing - Gain balancing
AGC (Automatic Gain Control)
Original trace
15 sample AGC
Gain curve
E - 12
PGC (Programmed Gain Control)
Original trace
Trace with PGC
Gain curve
E - 13
E - 14
E - 15
E. Seismic data processing - Datum statics
Before After
E - 16
E. Seismic data processing - Eliminate direct arrivals
Trace mute
Before After
E - 17
E. Seismic data processing - Multiple attenuation
Midpoint NMO corrected

gather midpoint gather
Multiple
Depth
reflection
Time
Primary
reflections
E - 18
E. Seismic data processing - Multiple attenuation
Midpoint Radon transform Data filtered for “Un NMOed”

gather filter multiples gather
Time
Migration
E - 19
E. Seismic data processing - Velocity model feedback loop
Velocity spectra from NMO correction at specific locations
3D velocity model
Migrate the whole data set
Flat image gathers
No Yes Stack
Un-NMO the velocity analysis locations
E - 20
Near Far Vrms “fit”matrix

trace trace Vrms
Time
Time
Windows defined
by the moveout
equation
2
2 2
Tx = To + X
Vrms
E - 21
Velocity Spectrum of Pre-

stack Migrated Data E - 22
2D profile of a 3D 2D section of a 3D
velocity model migrated data cube
Velocity Model P. Schultz SEG Course, Velocity Models
Cox and Perkins / DDD Energy E - 23
E. Seismic data processing - Prestack migration
Source Receiver
Location Location
Single Seismic Trace

Pre-stack Migrated
E - 24
E. Seismic data processing - Pre-stack migration
Migration noise
End effect from

the model
Migrated Model
E - 25
Un-migrated Model
E - 26
Decimated Model
(Every fifth trace)
E - 27
Migrated Model
(Single offset - 600 feet)
E - 28
E. Seismic data processing - Depth migration
Source Receiver
Low Velocity
High Velocity
Velocity Model Distorted Ellipse Sweep
Depth Migration
E - 29
Poststack Time Migration by

Kirchhoff Summation
(Time Display)
Pre-stack Depth Migration by

Kirchhoff Summation
(Time Display)
E - 30
Time Migration Depth Migration

(Displayed in Time) (Displayed in Time)
Geophysics Vol. 59, No 10
Whitcomebe et. al. BP E - 31
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Section Outline
The four migration options
Migration geometry
Kirchhoff summation as an ellipse sweep
The idea of pre-stack imaging to solve the stacking problem
Depth migration
The migration decision tree
Four migration options review
Footnote on DMO
Recent Developments
F-1
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Four migration options
Pre-stack Post-stack
Time time time
migration migration
Depth depth depth
migration migration
F-2
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Migration geometry
F-3
F-4
SR SR
Reflector surface
Normal incidence Un-migrated record surface

travel path
Stacked (ZSR) traces
F-5
SR
Normal
incidence
travel path
Stacked (ZSR) trace

F-6
SR SR
Normal
incidence
travel path
Reflector surface
Un-migrated record surface
F-7
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Kirchhoff summation
SR
Trajectory of possible
reflection locations
Stacked (ZSR) trace
F-8
Un-migrated trace
Migrated trace
F-9
Reflector surface
Migration of stacked (ZSR) trace

by Kirchhoff summation
F - 10
SR SR
Diffraction hyperbola
F - 11
F - 12
Migration of a diffraction
by Kirchhoff summation
F - 13
Un-migrated stack
Migrated stack
F - 14
Un-migrated stack
Migrated stack
F - 15
F. Imaging by seismic migration - The problem with stacking
Common Moveout
mid-point Stacked
Common mid-point corrected
gather trace
traces
Moveout in the presence of dip
F - 16
F. Imaging by seismic migration - The problem with stacking
Traces Migrated
in time traces
Common mid Common image Stacked
Common mid-point trace
point point
Image point
window
3D bin size
Image point gather

F - 17
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Depth migration
SR SR
Low velocity layer
High velocity layer

Hyperbola
apex
(location of the
time migrated image)
F - 18
Low velocity layer
Time migrated
image
(over migrated) High velocity layer
Depth migrated
image
Over migration caused by

the time migration algorithm
F - 19
Image ray
Low velocity layer
Time migrated
image
(over migrated) High velocity layer
Depth migrated
image
Over migration caused by

the time migration algorithm
F - 20
6,000’/sec.
6,500’/sec.
12,000’/sec.
7,500’/sec.
8,000’/sec.
Image ray model

F - 21
3D depth velocity model 3D ray tracing
V1
V2
Depth
Depth
V3
V4
Depth
Time
Iso-time
contours
3D time (stacked) data cube 3D “sweep” ray tracing F - 22

Profile of a 3D sweep cube
F - 23
3D Post-stack Time Migration
3D Pre-ststack Depth Migration
Data Courtesy of
CGG
F - 24
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Four migration options
S R
Time
S R
Depth
F - 25
F. Imaging by seismic migration - The Old Migration decision tree
Migrate
the data
?
Yes
Image ray AVO

No analysis No
bending
? ?
Yes Yes
Does the
data stack Yes
?
PSDM
No
Pre-stack Post-stack Pre-stack Post-stack

depth depth time time
migration migration migration migration
F - 26
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Footnote on DMO
Common
mid-point
Common mid-point
gather
Moveout
for the dipping
Event
False high
velocity
Moveout curve
for a flat lying
event
F - 27
Common Correct common

mid-point mid-point
F - 28

mid-point mid-point
Stack point
F - 29

mid-point mid-point
Stack point
F - 30

mid-point mid-point
DMO sweep curves
F - 31
Post-stack Migration no DMO Post-stack Migration with DMO
F - 32
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Recent Developments
Pre-stack Kirchhoff Migration Pre-stack Wave Equation Migration
TLE 06//05
S.Pharez et al CGG F - 33
Pre-stack Kirchhoff Migration Pre-stack Wave Equation Migration

TLE 06//05
S.Pharez et al CGG F - 34
Anisotropic Wave Equation Isotropic Wave Equation

Pre-stack Depth migration Pre-stack Depth Migration
TLE 06//05
J. Ren et al PGS F - 35
Anisotropic Kirchhoff Isotropic Kirchhoff

Pre-stack Depth migration Pre-stack Depth Migration
TLE 06//05
J. Ren et al PGS F - 36

Part Two

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Part Two

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

E.

Seismic data processing - Section Outline

Generic processing flow

Preconditioning the data

The velocity model and migration loop

Deconvolution for wavelet stabilization and conversion to zero phase

Correction for spherical spreading

Velocity analysis for multiple attenuation

NMO velocity analysis for migration

Re-do velocity analysis

The land problem The marine problem

Minimum phase wavelet

Wavelet inverse (decon operator)

Trace with a minimum phase wavelet

Before Deconvolution After Deconvolution

Deconvolution Example for a Land Line

Spectrum of the wavelet in Spectrum after spike

Model based deconvolution

Before spherical spreading compensation After spherical spreading compensation

Spherical spreading Transmission loss

Absorption - dispersion Mode conversion

Assuming a velocity model that is

The travel distance is given by:

One way transmission coefficient

Since each layer is encountered twice, the

Absorption - dispersion The model is that the amplitude loss per

AGC (Automatic Gain Control)

PGC (Programmed Gain Control)

Trace with PGC

Midpoint NMO corrected

Midpoint Radon transform Data filtered for “Un NMOed”

Velocity spectra from NMO correction at specific locations

Migrate the whole data set

Flat image gathers

Un-NMO the velocity analysis locations

Near Far Vrms “fit”matrix

Velocity Spectrum of Pre-

Single Seismic Trace

End effect from

Velocity Model Distorted Ellipse Sweep

Poststack Time Migration by

Pre-stack Depth Migration by

Time Migration Depth Migration

The four migration options

Kirchhoff summation as an ellipse sweep

The idea of pre-stack imaging to solve the stacking problem

The migration decision tree

Four migration options review

Normal incidence Un-migrated record surface

Stacked (ZSR) traces

Stacked (ZSR) trace

Stacked (ZSR) traces

Stacked (ZSR) trace

Migration of stacked (ZSR) trace

Stacked (ZSR) traces

Stacked (ZSR) traces

Moveout in the presence of dip

Image point gather

Low velocity layer

High velocity layer

Stacked (ZSR) traces

Low velocity layer

Over migration caused by

Low velocity layer