Professional Documents
Culture Documents
parent species
daughter
species
time A time B time C time D
Reproductive Isolating
Mechanisms
Prezygotic isolation
Mating or zygote formation is prevented
Postzygotic isolation
Takes effect after hybrid zygotes form
Ecological Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Mechanical Isolation
Gametic Mortality
Ecological Isolation and Competitive Exclusion in
Two Crayfish (Orconectes Virilis and Orconectes
Immunis)
Richard V. Bovbjerg
Abstract. The two crayfish, Orconectes virlis and O.
immunis, have similar ranges but are ecologically
isolated within these ranges; the former species
inhabits streams and lake margins, the latter inhabits
ponds and sloughs. Field and experimental data
suggest that the stream species, O. virilis, is
excluded from ponds by summer drying and periodic
low oxygen periods of those ponds.
O. Virilis is not tolerant of low
oxygen levels and is more
aggressive…
“It (O. virilis) is not as competent a burrower as O.
immunis nor is its as tolerant of low oxygen levels.
Neither current nor substratum excludes the pond
species, O. immunis, from the stream. But both field
and laboratory observations strongly indicate a
competitive exclusion of O. immunis by O. virilis. The
latter was demonstrated to be intrinsically more
aggressive in interspecific contacts, and in other
experiments, evicted O. immunis from crevices in the
substratum. “
Sister Species
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-49883
Flowers Respond to the Same
Meteorological Stimuli…
Flowering occurs in response to
certain meteorological stimuli, such
as a sudden storm on a hot day. The
same stimulus acts on all three
species, but the lapse between the
stimulus and flowering is 8 days in
one species, 9 in another, and 10 or
11 in the third.
Dendrobiums are Epiphytes
Behavioral Isolation
“Behavioral isolation is another isolating
mechanism. This mechanism operates
through courtship behavioral patterns. If
one species displays a certain courtship
pattern, it won’t be recognized by those of
the other species. This is the mechanism
which separates wolfs from dogs, their
courtship patterns are different in the wild.”
Sonographs of Two Closely Related
Tree Frogs
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/speciation.htm
Mechanical Isolation
“Mechanical isolation deals with the
actual mechanics of the reproductive
organs. Mechanical isolation acts a
prezygotic barrier by preventing
sexual intercourse between two
different species. “
http://ohoh.essortment.com/reproductiveiso_rcgu.htm
Mechanical Isolation Between Two
Species of Sage
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/mechanical_
Gametic Mortality
Sperm are immobilized or destroyed
before fertilization can take place.
Postzygotic Mechanisms
Zygotic mortality
Hybrid inviability
Hybrid sterility
Zygote Mortality
Hybrid Inviability
Hybrid Sterility
Hybrid sterility: Horse + Donkey ->
mule!
Mechanisms of Speciation
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
Parapatric speciation
Allopatric Speciation
Speciation in geographically
isolated populations
Some sort of barrier arises and
prevents gene flow
Effectiveness of barrier varies with
species
Allopatric Speciation
in Wrasses
Texas
Aphelocoma coerulescens Aphelocoma californica
Common Ancestor
Extensive Divergence Prevents
Inbreeding
FOUNDER SPECIES
Speciation without a Barrier
Sympatric speciation
Species forms within the home range
of the parent species
Parapatric speciation
Neighboring populations become
distinct species while maintaining
contact along a common border
Sympatric Speciation in African
Cichlids
Figure 18.9
Page 299
cross-fertilization, followed by a
spontaneous chromosome doubling
Parapatric Speciation
Adjacent
populations
evolve into
distinct species BULLOCK’S
ORIOLE
BALTIMORE
ORIOLE
while
maintaining
contact along a
common border
HYBRID ZONE
Recall: Most products of
crossbreeding, such as the mule,
are sterile…
“New Mexico Whiptail, is an all-
female species that is actually a
mixture (hybrid) of … the Western
Whiptail, which lives in the desert,
and the Little Striped Whiptail, a
denizen of grasslands.”
speciation
We’re All Related
Cladogenesis
Branching pattern
Lineage splits, isolated populations
diverge
Stopped here 1/25
Anagenesis
No branching
Changes occur within single lineage
Gene flow throughout process
Evolutionary Trees
Mass Extinction
Who Survives?
Species survival is to some extent
random
Asteroids have repeatedly struck
Earth, destroying many lineages
Changes in global temperature favor
lineages that are widely distributed