Professional Documents
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BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Submitted by
VINOD V: 07402144
NOVEMBER 2010
SREE CHITRA THIRUNAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM - 695 018.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING.
CERTIFICATE
Certified that seminar work entitled “RF transmission based on Microwave UWB”
is a bonafide work carried out in the seventh semester by “VINOD V (07402144)” in
partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in “ELECTRONICS
AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING” from University of Kerala during the
academic year 2010-2011, who carried out the seminar work under the guidance and
no part of this work has been submitted or published any where earlier for the award
of any degree.
SUBHA V S.VAIDYANATHAN
Lecturer, Professor,
Department of ECE Department of ECE
SCT College of Engineering SCT College of Engineering
Thiruvananthapuram-18 Thiruvananthapuram-18
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported
us during the making of this seminar. My deepest thanks to Ms Subha.V, lecturer in
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sree Chitra Thirunal College of
Engineering, Trivandrum, the seminar co-ordinator for guiding and correcting various
documents with attention and care. They have taken pain to go through the seminar
and make necessary corrections as and when needed.
I would like to thank our institution and our faculty members without whom
this seminar would have been a distant reality. I also extend our heartfelt thanks to our
families and well wishers. Last but not the least I would like to express our gratitude
to God almighty.
Vinod V
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES i
LIST OF TABLES ii
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
11. CONCLUSION 34
REFERENCES 35
APPENDIX 36
LIST OF FIGURES
i
FIG. 7 UWB Antennas 23
FIG. 9 OPPN 26
LIST OF TABLES
ii
1. INTRODUCTION
Every radio technology allocates a specific part of the spectrum; for example,
the signals for TVs, radios, cell phones, and so on are sent on different frequencies to
avoid interference to each other. As a result, the constraints on the availability of the
RF spectrum become more and stricter with the introduction of new radio services.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology offers a promising solution to the RF spectrum
drought by allowing new services to coexist with current radio systems with minimal
or no interference. This coexistence brings the advantage of avoiding the expensive
spectrum licensing fees that providers of all other radio services must pay.
1
1.1 History and Background
From the 1960s to the 1990s, this technology was restricted to military and
Department of Defense (DoD) applications under classified programs such as highly
secure communications. However, the recent advancement in micro processing and
fast switching in semiconductor technology has made UWB ready for commercial
applications. Therefore, it is more appropriate to consider UWB as a new name for a
long-existing technology. As interest in the commercialization of UWB has increased
over the past several years, developers of UWB systems began pressuring the FCC to
approve UWB for commercial use. In February 2002, the FCC approved the First
Report and Order (R&O) for commercial use of UWB technology under strict power
emission limits for various devices.
2
1.2 Fcc Emission Limits
In order to protect existing radio services from UWB interference, the FCC
has assigned conservative emission masks between 3.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz for
commercial UWB devices. The maximum allowed power spectral density for these
devices—that is,–41.3 dBm/MHz, or 75 nW/MHz—places them at the same level as
un-intentional radiators (FCC Part 15 class) such as televisions and computer
monitors. The spectral mask for outdoor devices is 10 dB lower than that for indoor
devices, between 1.61 GHz and 3.1 GHz, as shown in above Figure 1.2. According to
FCC regulations, indoor UWB devices must consist of handheld equipment, and their
activities should be restricted to peer-to-peer operations inside buildings.
The FCC’s rule dictates that no fixed infrastructure can be used for UWB
communications in outdoor environments. Therefore, outdoor UWB communications
are restricted to handheld devices that can send information only to their associated
receivers.
3
1.3 Uwb Concepts
4
Low duty cycle offers a very low average transmission power in UWB
communications systems. The average transmission power of a UWB system is on the
order of microwatts, which is a thousand times less than the transmission power of a
cell phone! However, the peak or instantaneous power of individual UWB pulses can
be relatively large, but because they are transmitted for only a very short time, the
average power becomes considerably lower. Consequently, UWB devices require low
transmit power due to this control over the duty cycle, which directly translates to
longer battery life for handheld equipment. Since frequency is inversely related to
time, the short-duration UWB pulses spread their energy across a wide range of
frequencies—from near DC several gigahertz (GHz)—with very low power spectral
density (PSD). The wide instantaneous bandwidth results from the time-scaling
property of theoretical Fourier transforms.
Wavelet Generation
6
2. WHY UWB?
The nature of the short-duration pulses used in UWB technology offers several
advantages over narrowband communications systems. Next, we discuss some of the
key benefits that UWB brings to wireless communications.
UWB systems reside below the noise floor of a typical narrow-band receiver
and enables UWB signals to coexist with current radio services with minimal or no
interference as illustrated in FIG. 2.1.
One of the major advantages of the large bandwidth for UWB pulses is
improved channel capacity. Channel capacity, or data rate, is defined as the maximum
amount of data that can be transmitted per second over a communications channel.
7
The large channel capacity of UWB communications systems is evident from
Hartley-Shannon’s capacity formula. Where C represents the maximum channel
capacity, B is the bandwidth, and SNR is the signal-to-noise power ratio. As shown in
Equation, channel capacity C linearly increases with bandwidth B. Therefore, having
several gigahertz of bandwidth available for UWB signals, a data rate of gigabits per
second (Gbps) can be expected.
The Hartley-Shannon formula for maximum capacity also indicates that the
channel capacity is only logarithmically dependent on signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR).Therefore, UWB communications systems are capable of working in harsh
communication channels with low SNRs and still offer a large channel capacity as a
result of their large bandwidth.
8
secure, low probability of intercept and detection (LPI/D) communications that is a
critical need for military operations.
The effect of multipath is rather severe for narrowband signals; it can cause
signal degradation up to –40 dB due to the out-of-phase addition of LOS and NLOS
continuous waveforms. On the other hand, the very short duration of UWB pulses
makes them less sensitive to the multipath effect. Because the transmission duration
of a UWB pulse is shorter than a nanosecond in most cases, the reflected pulse has an
extremely short window of opportunity to collide with the LOS pulse and cause signal
degradation.
9
2.7 Superior penetration properties
10
3. BAND-PASS UWB
Low energy, short duration UWB pulses modulates Input data. Microwave
Spectrum controlled by impulse response of BPF in FIG. 3. Modulation scheme may
be among PPM, OOK, or BPSK.
11
However, since conventional filter theory is based on the narrowband
assumption and cannot be used to design UWB band pass filters, novel techniques and
technologies need to be developed for UWB band pass filter design.
12
Micro-strip Filter
Micro strip filters only become practical above 300MHz. It is a size issue. The
inductance and capacitance of the micro strip line PCB traces to form the filter, rather
than discrete inductors and capacitors.
13
4. MULTIBAND-OFDM APPROACH
The ability of UWB technology to provide very high data rates for short
ranges (less than 10 meters) has made it an excellent candidate for the physical layer
of the IEEE 802.15.3a standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs).
However, two opposing groups of UWB developers are battling over the IEEE
standard. The two competing technologies are single band and multiband. The
single-band technique, backed by Motorola/XtremeSpectrum, supports the idea of
impulse radio that is the original approach to UWB by using narrow pulses that
occupy a large portion of the spectrum. The multiband approach divides the available
UWB frequency spectrum (3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz) into multiple smaller and non
overlapping bands with bandwidths greater than 500 MHz to obey the FCC’s
definition of UWB signals. The multiband approach is supported by several
companies, including Staccato Communications, Intel, Texas Instruments, General
Atomics, and Time Domain Corporation.
To date, several proposals from both groups have been submitted to the IEEE
802.15.3a working group, and the decision is yet to be made because both
technologies are impressive and have technical credibility.
The following subsections discuss the two leading candidates for the
802.15.3a standard: direct-sequence UWB (DS-UWB) and multiband orthogonal
Frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
14
Direct-Sequence Uwb
Above figure 4(a) shows DS-UWB with 3.1-to 5-GHz range band plan. And
the below figure 4(b) shows DS-UWB with 6-to 10.6-GHz band plan
15
UWB is the propagation benefits of ultra-wideband pulses, which experience no
Rayleigh fading. In contrast, narrowband transmissions degrade significantly due to
fading.
Multiband OFDM
FIG. 4(c)-MB-OFDM
The multiband UWB approach uses the 7500 MHz of the RF spectrum
available to UWB communications in a way that differs from traditional UWB
techniques. The UWB frequency band is divided into multiple smaller bands with
bandwidths greater than 500 MHz (FIG. 4(c)). This approach is similar to the
narrowband frequency-hopping technique. Dividing the UWB spectrum into multiple
frequency bands offers the advantage of avoiding transmission over certain bands,
such as 802.11a at 5 GHz, to prevent potential interference. In the multiband
approach, UWB pulses are not as narrow as in traditional UWB techniques; therefore,
synchronization requirements are more relaxed.
PLL provides center frequencies for first three Groups “A” bands.
TABLE.4-MB-OFDM Generator
17
Integration of Multiband and Cognitive Radio (CR)
A CR terminal can sense its environment and location and then adapt some of
its features allowing to dynamically reusing valuable spectrum. This could lead to a
multidimensional reuse (dynamical usage) of spectrum in space, frequency and time,
exceeding the severe limitations in the spectrum and bandwidth allocations (FIG.
4(e)).
18
5. IR-UWB VS. MB-OFDM
19
6. LNA ARCHITECTURE
Due to the wide bandwidth, classical narrow band LNA design techniques
cannot be used. Feedback amplifier architecture, described in Figure 6(a), has been
considered as a good candidate for wideband amplification due to its relative
simplicity to provide flat gain and good 50 Ohms matching with respect to low noise.
20
NB interference suppression
21
7. UWB ANTENNAS
The best antennas for UWB are arrays of TEM horns. The higher the
frequency the antennas can be equally small (FIG. 7). In UWB systems, antenna
design is one of key technologies and has been widely investigated by both academia
and industry. The antenna design considerations are strongly dependent on the
modulation scheme, which the UWB systems are using, and applications.
22
TABLE.7-UWB Antenna design
23
8. Uwb Vs Spread Spectrum
The trade-off between data rate and range in UWB systems holds great
promise for a wide variety of applications in military, civilian, and commercial
sectors. The FCC categorizes UWB applications as radar, imaging, or
communications devices. Radar is considered one of the most powerful applications
of UWB technology. The fine positioning characteristics of narrow UWB pulses
enables them to offer high-resolution radar (within centimeters) for military and
civilian applications. Also, because of the very wide frequency spectrum band, UWB
signals can easily penetrate various obstacles. This property makes UWB-based
ground-penetrating radar (GPR) a useful asset for rescue and disaster recovery teams
for detecting survivors buried under rubble in disaster situations.
In the commercial sector, such radar systems can be used on construction sites
to locate pipes, studs, and electrical wiring. The same technology under different
regulations can be used for various types of medical imaging, such as remote heart
monitoring systems. In addition, UWB radar is used in the automotive industry for
collision avoidance systems. Moreover, the low transmission power of UWB pulses
makes them ideal candidates for covert military communications.
Small and inexpensive UWB transceivers are excellent candidates for wireless
sensor network applications for both military and civilian use. Such sensor networks
are used to detect a physical phenomenon in an inaccessible area and transfer the
information to a destination. A military application could be the detection of
biological agents or enemy tracking on the battlefield. Civilian applications might
include habitat monitoring, environment observation, health monitoring, and home
automation.
25
The precise location-finding ability of UWB systems can be used in inventory
control and asset management applications, such as tagging and identification
systems—for example, RFID tags. Also, the good performance of UWB devices in
multipath channels can provide accurate geo-location capability for indoor and
obscured environments where GPS receivers won’t work.
26
9.1 Uwb Radar (Short-Range Radar (SRR))
The wide bandwidth of UWB signals implies a fine time resolution that gives
them a potential for high-resolution positioning applications /Localization and
tracking (LT)/ranging, provided that the multipath are dealt with. As of Short Pulse
Width we can Resolve Multipath Components. Above Figure 9.1 demonstrates
external views of this UWB radar model.
• Operation range 8 m;
27
9.1.1 The Measuring Method of Uwb Radar
The radars work in conditions of high level of passive noise - the signals,
reflected from walls and stationary objects, which will have large amplitude and will
disguise useful signals. Time slots, opening the receiver at the moment of input of
signal reflected from object at distance defined are formed in receiving path to
eliminate interfering pulses. This task in radar design is executed by a time
discriminator, being gated. It consists of fast-acting electronic switches. The
switching time is on the order of 200-300 picoseconds. The switches connect the
receiving antenna to the UWB amplifier at the moment of signal input. These
moments are defined by a delay magnitude of the control signal at a software-
controlled delay line. All of the rest of the time, the receiver is closed. The signals
received at time slots are detected and amplified in integrating amplifier and the
signal, carrying data of target motion is selected at its output.
28
The selected and amplified low-frequency signal enters the analog-digital
converter (ADC). The microprocessor-controlled unit directs the work of the radar on
given algorithms, monitors the state of major units and modules, and provides data
output for further digital processing in the computer. The selection of moving targets,
fast Fourier transform, and digital filtration are software-programmable at the
computer.
29
9.1.3 Position Estimation Techniques
In the below set-up FIG. 9.1.3(b) Short-pulse RF emissions from the tags are
subsequently received by either all, or a subset, of these sensors and processed by the
central hub CPU.
30
FIG. 9.1.3(b)-UWB position estimation
A set of three or more receivers (four receivers are typically used) are
positioned at known coordinates within, or about the periphery of, the area to be
monitored as in FIG 9.1.3(a).
31
strength (RSS) are estimated. Short-pulse RF emissions from the tags are
subsequently received by receivers and processed by the central hub CPU. A typical
tag emission consists of a short burst, which includes synchronization preamble, tag
identification (ID), optional data field (e.g., tag battery indicator), and FEC bits. Time
differences of arrival (TDOA) of the tag burst at the various receiver sites are
measured and sent back to the central processing hub for processing. Calibration is
performed at system startup by monitoring data from a reference tag, which has been
placed at a known location.
32
10. CHALLENGES TO UWB
33
11. CONCLUSION
With the recent advances in semiconductor device technology and the FCC’s
approval of the unlicensed use of ultra-wideband systems, UWB development has
moved from research labs and classified military projects to the commercial sector.
UWB technology brings many opportunities as well as challenges to the world of
wireless communications. UWB is a promising technology for the Next Generation
Wireless Systems!
Home audio systems and PCs without the confusing and messy cables, and
even more tech savvy cell phones are the promise of UWB. Some people question
whether UWB really will impact consumer life. A better question is when? There is
a definite demand for the applications that can be developed using UWB. UWB also
has a unique edge over competing technologies in its low cost and low power model.
Unfortunately early regulatory division has split UWB implementers down the
middle. Countries around the world have been reluctant to release radio spectrum for
UWB use. The consequential lack of a universal standard must be addressed so
consumers can reap the benefits of UWB.
34
REFERENCES
35
APPENDIX
36