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    CD13-LTDH-TOAN-Duong Thang Trong Mat Phang

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    Ngô अकेला

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    Bai giang s6 13 SU0NG THANG TRONG MAT PHANG Bai todn vé durimg thing la mot chi 48 chinh thung xuyén c6 mat trong cae 48 thi toan vio cae trumsng Dai hoc va Cao ding trong nhimg nam 2002 ~ 2009. Bai giing dé cép dén cae phuomg php chinh giai cic bai toan lién quan dén phuong trinh dudng thang cia hinh hoc gia tieh phing, §1. CAC BAI TOAN THIET LAP PHUONG TRINH DUONG THANG ‘Nuudi ta hay ding cae dang sau day hurong trinh duéng thing. Phuong trinh chinh tic cua dudng thang di qua diém M(xo: ys) voi vecto chi X=Nn_Y=¥o phuong u = (a; b) (a #0, b #0) la a b ~ Phuong trinh tham sé ciia duing thing qua diém M(xu.¥o) vai vecto chi phuong w= (a:b) (a+ b> 0) fa ft 5 tat yayy+bt = Phuong trinh dudng thing di qua digm M(xo: yo) va nhan vecto phap 1b) (a? + b'>0) la a(x — xs) + ly — yo) = 0. ~ Phuong trinh téng quit eda durdmg thang la ax + by +¢=0(6 day a’ + b> 0). Dudi dang nay dwdng thing nhgn n=(a:b)lam vecto phap tuyén, con = (-b.a) lim veeto chi phuong, Dung thing di qua Yo) 6 hé 56 gde k sé c6 phurong trinh (X~ Xo) + Ya = Phurong trinh theo doan chin: Durong thing edt hai true Ox, Oy tai hai digm A(a; 0), B(0; b) (a # 0, b # 0) c6 dang: phuong trinh dutmg thing biét vecto chi phuong u (a:b) va mot diém M(xo,yo) cla . Day 1a m@t trong nhimg phuong phap co ban nhat dé viét phyong trinh dudng. jing. Rat nhiéu bai todn quy duge vé trudng hgp nay (dac bigt 1a trudng hop during thing di qua hai diém M(xs; Ya) VaNNO&: Yi) 243 Nhur vay, hai yéu t6 ean xc dinh 1a: 1/ Vecto chi phurong u cia duéng thing. Neudi ta hay sir dung céc phuong phap sau dé xéc dinh —Tim hai diém M, N phan bigt thude duong thing. Khi dé = MN — Xée dinh xem dudng thing cdn tim c6 song song hode vuéng géc voi mot ‘duong thang cho truée nao hay khéng, 2/ Diém M thuge dung thing edn tim duge xée dinh 1a giao diém ca hai durémg thing biét truée nao day, hoac 1a cde diem c6 mot tinh chat nado dé (nhu ‘rung diém ciia m6t doan thing, hinh chiéu cua mét diém trén mot dung thang...) Xét cde thi dy minh hoa sau day: Thi dye 1: (Dé thi tayén sinh Bai hoc kudi D ~ 2009) Cho tam giée ABC. Diém M (2,0) la trung diém cua AB. Dudng trung tuyén vva durdmg cao ké tir A lan lugt e6 phusomg trinh ka: 7x ~ 2y ~3 =0 va. 6x —y~ 4 =0. Viét phuong trinh duréng thing AC. Gi A Toa d6 (x; y) cilia A la nghigm cia hé phurong trinh: 7x-2y-3=0 6x-y-4-0 7 vay A232) Vi M la trung diém cia AB, nén toa d6 B urge xe dinh nhur sau: 4 at fe fi KM XA of? ya=2ym-Ya [Ye c Vay B(-3;2) During thing BC vuéng gée véi duémg cao AH: 6x—y ~ 40, nén c6 dang: x +6y+m=0, Do qua B(3; -2) nén ta c6: 3-12 m=0 => m=9 Vay BC: x+ 6y+9=0. Toa d6 (x; y) ea trung diém N cia BC la nghigm eda hé phuong trinh: x+6y+9=0 (X=? ey 3 7x-2y-3=0 ly Vay N= (0; Tw do MN -(2 AC = 2MN = (-4;-3). Durdng thiing AC c6 vecto chi phuong u = (~4;~3) va qua A(1; 2) nén cé dang: dy +8 <> 3x-dy+5=0. 244 hin xét. Lai gidi néi trén minh hoa 10 nét cho phyong phép a trinh bay trong phn mé dau, Thi dy 2: (Bé thi tuyén sinh Dgi hgc khoi A - 2009) Cho hinh chit nhgt ABCD c6 1(6; 2) 18 giao cia hai duémg chéo AC vi BD. Diém M(1; 5) thude dung thing AB. Trung diém E cia canh CD nam trén duéng thing x + y - 5 =0. Viét phuong trinh canh AB. ai Goi N 1a diém d6i ximgcdaM qual 4 Do M € AB, nén N € CD. Toa 46 « dim N xac dink nhur sau: = 2x, - [ay = SX fis " bn yx =2y-yM Lyn =—l Vay N(Ls-D). Vi E nim tén during thing x+y+5=0,nén (Xo; 5X0). Tito: TE = (xp ~ 6:3 ~ xq);NE = (xp -1156- Xp). Do E la trung diém cia DC nén c6: TE 1 NE € (Xo 6)(o~ 11) + (3 = Xa)(6— Xo) <> X" — Ia 82-069 x + Néu xo = 6 thi NE = (5,0), Véy AB cé vecto chi phurong chinh la u = NE =(-5; 0). Do AB qua M(1;5) nén cé dang: =1-St 25 fists + Néu xo =7, thi NE = (-4;-1) Khi d6 AB //NE nén AB c6 vecto chi phuong u = (- 4; -1) Vay AB c6 phuong trinh: x 4y + 19 =0. Thi dy 3: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Cao diing Sue pham Ha N6i- 2008) Trong mat phing véi hé toa 4} Oxy, cho tam gide ABC c6 dinh A(I;2), duimg trung A tuyén BM va dudng phin gic trong CD co phuong trinh twong Ging li 2x + y +1 y 1 = 0, Hay viét phuong trinh dudng thing BC. M Gidi Qua A ké duong vubng gée véi CD elt BC tai E. Gia sir duéng vuéng goc nay oft CD tail. ViCD Ia phan gidc cia C => IA=IE.Do 8 & CD cé phuong trinh: x + y +1 = 0 nén, dung thing AE c6 phuong trinh x + y +m =0. Ma AE Iai qua A(1;2), néntacé: 1+2+m= Vay AE cé6 phuong trinh: x—y—1= 0. 245 Toa d6 (x; y) eda Ila nghigm cia hé phurong trinh: ae 7 af ae 1031). oo Tir dé suy ra: {XE = M1 Xa 1:0) lyr =20-ya Vi C nim trén dung phin gide xty+1=0 nén ta 06: C(x; I=) Tit €3 do M la trung diém cia AC, nén w-( 221 totes? Biém M nam trén trung tuyén BM: Durimg thing BC qua E (-1: 0) va (-7; 8) nén ¢6 phuong trinh: 4x + 3y +4= 0 Thi du 4: (D8 thi wyén sinh Cao diing Bén Tre — 2005) Trong mat phiang voi hé toa d6 Oxy, biét dinh A (4 ~1), phuromg trinh mot durong cao, mot durimg trang tuyén vé tr eng mot dinh lan hut la 2x — 3y + 12-=0 va 2x + 3y'= 0. Viet phuong trinh ede canh cia tam gide. ) tacé: ty tl o> Ny =-T => C=(-7: 8). Gi A Ro ring dinh A (4;-1) khong thuge hai k dudng thing 2x-3y+12=0 va 2x+3y=0, nén cée dubng cao vi trung tuyén dy khong di " qua A. Ta e6 thé gid sir ching la phurong, trinh eta céc duimg cao va trung tuyén vé tir B. Dé thay toa 46 (x; y) cia B la nghigm cia hg phurong trinh: 5 c frye lax+3y=0 Vay canh AB 6 phuong trinh: 3x + 7y — 5 = 0 (qua A(4:-1) va B(-3:2)).. Do AC 1 BH nén canh AC 6 phuong trinh: 3x + 2y +m =0. Do qua A(-4; 1) = 12-2+m=0 > m=-l0. Vay canh AC 6 phurong trinh dang: 3x + 2y~10=0. Toa d6 (x; y) etia M 18 nghigm cia hé phuong trinh: eee ofr* = M64) “4 2x+3y=0 Vi M la trung diém ciia AC => C=(8; ~7). Do dé duréng thing BC qua B (-3; 2) va C (8; ~7) nén phuong trinh cia né 18 9x lly +5=0. Thi du $: (Dé thi tayén sink Dai hoc Hai Phong ~ 2004) Trén mat phing véi hé tga 46 Oxy, cho hai duimg thing dis x—y + = 0, do: 2x +y~1 = Ova diém PQ; 1). 246 ‘Viét phuong trinh dudng thing qua P va cit d,,d; tuong tmg tai A, B sao cho P la trung diém cua AB. ViA ed) > AR(xnxi+ 1) Bed => Tacé: PA wa (82!) va doa. ($4) aa ($2 Vi thé dung thing AB c6 phuong trinh: 4x — y-7= 0. Thi du 6: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Cao diing Sue pham Vinh Long ~ 2005) Trong mat phing voi hé toa d§ Oxy, cho tam giée ABC véi A(1:3) va hai duing trung tuyén xuét phat tir B va C lan lugt 6 phuong trinh la x-2y+1-0 va y-1=0. Lép phurong trinh cde canh cia tam gide ABC. Toa dé (x:y) eda trong tm G la nghigm A cia hg phusong trink: ppg ea ftr| = G(hn, nT M y~ y=! _ Vé hinh binh hanh BGCE. Theo tinh chit cia cée duémg trung tuyén trong tam - gic ta c6: GE = GA. B Tir d6 suy-ra ngay: E (15-1) Do EC // BG, nén EC c6 dang x ~ 2y + m= 0. NO lai qua E (1;=1) nén ta cd: 1+2+m=0 => m =-3 => EC 66 phuong trinh: x ~ 2y -3=0. Vi thé toa d6 cua C la nghiém eda hé phuong trinh: poppet 3 C(5; 1). y-1=0 Lp lun hoain toan tuong ty, ta 06: B(-3; -1). Biet ba dinh ciia tam gidc nén dé thay céc canh AB, BC, CA lin lugt 06 phuong trinh: x—y+2=0;x—4y+1=0;x+2y-7=0. ‘Loai 2: Viét phuong trinh dudng thing di qua diém M(x; yo) va c6 6 36 g6e k. _ Phuong phap nay thug ding céc bai toan viét phuong trinh dung thing di qua mét diém M(xo; yo) va thoa man mt yéu cdu ndo 46 (thudng 1a yéu cu lién quan dén khoang cach). Chi y ring duéng thing di qua diém M(x; yo) cd hai dang x = xo va y = k(x-x9)+yo. Khi lam bai, tri trang hop cho sin dang: ‘yHK(x-xo), néu khOng phai xét du hai dang nei trén. 247 Thtdel: Trong mat phing toa 46 cho hai diém M(1;4) va N(6:2). Lip phuong trinh dung thing qua M sao cho khodng céch tir N t6i no bing 5. ‘Duong thing 4 qua M(1;4) nén cé hai dang sau: Ix = 1. Khido d(N, A) = 5, vay la m@t dudng thing cén tim. 21 Ac6 dang y= K(x 1) +4 > kx-y+4—Kk=0. Khi do d(N, A) = 5 16k 24 5 <> (5k +2) =25(k? +1) ook 0° he Khi d6 4 c6 phuong trink: 21x ~20y + 59= 0. Nhu thé M ¢6 hai dung thang can tim: x =I va 21x ~ 20y + 59 = 0. Thidu2: Trong mat phing toa 49 cho hai diém A(1;2) va B(S;-1) Viét phuong trinh during thing qua (3:5) va cach déu A, B. Gia During thang A qua PG;5) ¢6 hai dang: Wx =3. Khi a6 d(A, 4) = 3-1 =2; d(B,a)= 5-3 =2. Vay x= 3 la durdng thing can tim. 2/ A.c6 dang: y=k{x—3)+5 <> kx—y+5~3k=0 Khi dé ta cé: (A.A) =d(B, A) 9 HE=2+5=3K) 15K +14 5—3k VP +d Vk? +1 [3 ~2k|=|6- 2k} Khi d6 4 c6 phurong trinh: 3x + 4y -29 = 0, Vay 06 hai dudng thang x = 3 va 3x + 4y — 29 = 0 théa man yéu clu dau bai. ‘Nhdin xét: Qua cée thi du trén ta da thay 10 néu khong xét trudng hgp x = xo thi c6 thé s8 dn dén kha nang lim mét nghigm cia bai toan. Loai 3: Sir dung phuong trinh tng quat dé viét phuong trinh during thing. ‘Nhu da biét: Ax + By + C= 0, voi A?+ B’> 0, 1a phuong trinh quat cia during thing, Khi sir dung phuong trinh duéi dang nay bai toan quy ve ti cs ‘Théng thudng tir cdc diéu kign ban dau ta sé c6 m@t hoic hai phuong trinh dé tim ba an A, B, C. Vi thé ta phai sir dyng digu kign A? + B?> 0, dé tir mét hé thite gitta ‘A, B sé cho A (hoc B) ld mét gid tr) cy th, tir d6 sé tim duge B (hose A). Luu ¥ ring, 46 chinh la quy téc chung 8 gidi mt hé phuong trinh ma s6 phwong trinh it hon sé dn. Sir dung phuong phap nay sé thich hop cho vige gidi cdc bai todn thuge logi 2, ma khéng can xét hai trumg hp x= x va y= k(x ~ Xo) + Yo Th du: Trong mat phing toa'd6, cho hai diém M(1; 4) va. N(; 2). Lap phuong trinh b(2Tb + 20a) = 0. —Néu b= 0, Doa’+ b> 0, nén chon Sc} = Axel Tacé: d(N. A)=5e>: = Néu21b + 20a = 0. Do a’+ b> 0, nén clign a=21 => b=-20 => = 59 = A= 21x -20y +59=0. ‘Ta thu Iai két qua cia thi dy 1, logi 2 é trén. Thi dy 2: | Trong mat phing toa d9, cho hai diem A(1; 2) va B(5; -1). Viét phuong trinh, sg thing qua (3; 5) va céch déu A, B. ‘Duong thing A qua P co dang: ax + by + ¢ = 0, voi a+ b’> 0. Do qua P(3;5) nén tacé 3a+ 5b+c=0 ¢=-3a~Sb. Vithé A 66 dang: ax + by ~ 3a Sb [a+2b—3a—5b] _{5a-b~3a-Sb] Taled: d(A. A) =d(B, A) <>! #22 OPI _ [bab Sah eee ee ea > (2a 3b)" = (2a ~ 6b)? <> b(3b~ 4a) = 0 =0, Doa’+b?> 0, nén chon a= A:x=3. b= 4 ¢=-29 -Né ~Néu 3b ~ 4a = 0. Do a°+ b> 0, nén chon a= A: 3x +4y-29=0, qua cia thi du 2, loai 2 6 trén, ogi 4: Phuong trinh duéng thing theo doan chin: Nguoi ta sir dung cach viét phuong trinh theo doan chén trong nhiing bai todn ma céc you bai di hoi tinh toan che giao diém (a;0) cing nhu (0:b) cia duéng thing vai tryc hoanh, tryc tung, Chi can lu y ring: néu A = (a; 0), = (0: b) thi OA = jal, OB = [bj Xét cée thi dy sa Thi du L: ‘Trén mat phiing xOy, cho diém M(1;2). Viét phuong trinh duong thing qua M sao cho OAB 1a tam giéc vudng edn, 6 day A, B Jan lugt [a giao diém cua dudng thing d6 voi truc hoanh va truc tung, Gia sir d 18 durimg thing qua M. Ggi A (a; 0), B(O; b) lan ligt 18 giao diém cia véi true hodnh va true tung. Liic nay theo phuong trinh doan chin, d cé dang: Bix y eter ’ 249 Vid qua M(1:2), nén tacé: 1+ a 1a) Do OAB [8 tam gide vudng cdn dinh O, nén ta c6: OA = OB ¢ [al =[b1 (2) Vay tac6 he: Ja” b a/b) Nhu vy c6 hai duimg thing can tim: Thi dy 2: . . Cho diém M(4; 3). Viét phuong trinh, duéng thang d qua M sao cho né tao véi hai truc toa do m6t tam gide ¢6 dign tich bing 3. d A Oy = BO: b). hi d6 theo phuong teinh doan chin th de6 dang: * + F=1 a y 4,3 Do d qua M (3:1), nén ta e6: a ab ay a Tacé: Sony =40aon = !21.181 ‘Theo gia thiét suy ra: [a |o| = 6 (2) i Giai hé (1) (2) ta co: (ban doe ty lam) a= 2:b=-3 a=-4b= 2 Vay co hai dung thang can tim: x 29, a3 . i 5: Sir dung phuong trinh “chim dudng thin sit di: AK + By 6+ CG = Ov dy: Agx + Bry + C;= 0 1 hai dudng thang cat nhau tai I. Khi dé moi duéng thing d qua I c6 dang : a(A,x+Biy+C\) +B(Axx + Bay + C2) =0 (1), voi a’ +B°>0. (1) goi [a phuong trinh chim dutng thang sinh bai d;, d: ‘Ngudi ta sit dung phuong trinh “chim dung thing” dang sau: ~ Vidt phuong trinh dudng thing di qua mt diém I li giao diém cia hai img thang dj va d» cho truée va thda man mot diéu kign nao 46. Phuong phap giai nh sau: ~ Viét phuzong trinh (1). = Dya vao dieu kign dau bai lap duge mét hé thite gita a va B. 8 gidi cde bai ton c6 250 ~ Tir hé thite tim dutge, dua vao diéu kign a? + B7>0, chon gia tri thich hop ciiaa, B. Thi dy 1: (Bé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc Hai Phong ~ 2004) Trong mat phiing Oxy cho hai duimg thing dy: x—y + 1 = 0 vads: 2x + y-1=0 va diém P(2:1). Viét phurong trinh dudng thing di qua P va giao diém ciia dy, ds. Dudng thing d qua giao diém cia d), dz, nén né thuge chim a(x~y+1)+ BAxty~1)=0 o Do d qua P(2:1), nén thay x = 2, y = 1 vao (1) va e6: a(2-1+1) + BQ@+I-1)=0 a+2B=0 (2) Do a’+ B70 nén tir (2) chon a = 2, B =—I thay Igi vao (1) va cd: y = I Thi du 2: . Cho tam gide ABC. Ba canh AB, BC,CA lin lugt c6 phuong trinh la 4x ty~ 12 = 0,4x + Sy-20=0 vixn-y~3=0. Viét phuong trinh ba dudng cao cia tam gid. _ Chigu cao AA’ di qua A la giao diém cia AB, AC, nén thude “chim duréng thing” sau: a(4x + y- 12) + B(x-y=3)=0 (4a +B) x+ (a +B)y— 12a -3B= 001) a+ Bea B). Vecto php ciia BC la 4:5). Do AA* LBC néntacé n,n, =0 (4a + B)+5(a~ B) <2 2a B=0() Do a+ ?>0, nén chon a= 1 => B = 21. Thay lai vao (1) 66: AA’= 25x ~ 20y-75 = 0 €2 5x dy ~ 15 = 0. Hoan todn tuong ty. hai chigu cao BB' va CC’ 6 phurong trinh la 2x + 2y-9=0 va 2x - 12y~1=0. Vecta phip cia AA: li g2. CAC BAI TOAN XAC DINH DIEM NHO PHUONG TRINH DUONG THANG Cac bai todn xde dinh diém nha phuong trinh dung thing ki mot trong hai ni dung chinh ciia chuyén myc dung thing trong hinh hoc giai tich phang. Hon thé nifa, trong cde cau héi thi e6 ndi dung vé duémg thing trong céc dé thi tu sinh vao Dai hoc trong nhang nam 2002-2009, thi cée bai toan thude loai nay chigm ti Ig 161 85%. 251 Phuong phap giai cdc bai toan thuéc loai nay ngoai vige sir dung cdc kién thi vé duong thing trong hinh hoc gidi tich, cén sir dung nhiéu dén céc phép tinh vé toa d6 vector trén mat phiing. . Logi 1: X4c dinh diém nho tuong giao cia hai dudng than, ‘Dy 1a mét trong nhitng phuong phap chinh dé xéc dinh diém trén mat phiing. Nguoi ta dya vao diéu kign dau bai quy diém can tim li gia diém ciia hai during thang xéc dinh no 46. Céc duémg thing niy ho§e 4a cé sin, hogc phai tim phuong trinh cia diving thing 46 (ma ta 4a biét rit nhiéu céch gidi dA trinh bay trong §1). Thi du 1: (Dé thi tuyén sink Dai gc khéi B— 2008) Cho tam gide ABC, biét hinh chiéu vuéng géc cia C trén AB la H(-1; 1). Dung phan gic trong ctia A e6 phuong trink x—y +2 = 0, du’mg cao ke tir B c6 phusong trinh 4x + 3y = 1 . Tim toa 46 dinh C, Gia Goi K li diém 461 ximg cia H qua phan gidc ciia géc A. Gia sir HK: edt duimg phan giac nay tai diém M(x; yo). Do M thuge dudmg thing x — y + 2 = 0 nén M(%o; x0 + 2). Ta 66 HM = (xp +15» +3) Butng phan gide géc A la 1 x—y +2= 0, nén e6 vecto chi phuong G=(Is1).Vithé FM Li @ HM a <0 erat 1+ not 3=0e x= -2 > M(-2; 0) Do M la trung diém cia HK, : ma H(-1;-1) nén K(3; 1). } ‘Dudng cao BP cé phurong trinh << a 4x +3y-1 2 Mat khac AC qua K(-3; 1) nén ta cé: 3(-3) 4.1 + m=0 > m= 13. Vi thé AC c6 phuong trin: 3x—dy + 13=0. Toa 46 giao diém A la nghigm cia hé phuong trinh: 10 feree 0 3x-4y+1 Thi dy 2: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Cao ding khéi A - 2009) Cho tam gide ABC e6 C(-1; -2). Dudng trung tuyén ké tir A va dutbng cao ké tirB lan lugt cd phuong trinh li: 5x + y-9=0 vax +3y-5=0. Tim toa d6 cdc dinh A, B. 252 Vi AC 1 BH ma BH cé phuong trinh x+3y—5=0, nén AC c6 phurong trinh: 3x-y+m=0. Do AC qua C(-1; ~2), nén 66: 342+ =>m=1 Vay AC c6 phuong trinh: 3x—y + 1=0, Do dé toa d6 (x; y) cia A la nghigm 5 cca hé phuong trink: B M Sxty-9=0 [x (ees of = AU) Goi toa d6 ciia B la (xo: ys). Do B €BH => xo 3yy~5=0(1). Taco = (6-1 2-2) 22 Vi M nam trén duréng trung tuyén AM: 5x + y—9 = 0, nén ta co: o ic ‘}-( 52) 50 @ Tirhé (1) (2) suy ra: x= 5; yo= 0 B(S; 0). Thi du 3: (Bé thi tuyén sink Dai hoc khdi A - 2004) Trong mat phng Oxy cho A(0;2) va B( V3 :-1). Tim toa 46 tryc tam va toa 9 tam durong tron ngoai tiép tam gide OA! * Toa do tam dung tron ngoai tiép tam giac: ‘uig thing OB cé he s6 g6c la k, Ble 5-0-5 Do d6 during trung trye cla OB c6 hg sé goc ky = ~ V3. Trung diém M cia OB cd wa u-2--4) viv, 2 ‘uring trung try iia OB c6 phurong trinh: (es y A(x B) toy vie-2 Trung trye OA c6 phuong trinh y = 1. Goi | la tam duémg tron ngoai tiép AQAB, thi I la giao diém eda hai du’ng trung truc néi trén. Tir a6 suy ra toa 6 diém 114 nghigm cia he: ~V3x. ao SICV35N. *Toa dé tryc tim ciia tam gide: 253 ‘Duong thing qua B vudng géc véi OA c6 phuong trinh y = ~1; duémg thing qua A va vuéng gée voi OB c6 phwong trinh y=—V3(x-0)+2 hay y=-V3x+2. Giao cia y= 1 va y=—V3x+2 chinh [a tre tim H cia tam gide. Vi vay, toa d6 H la (V3 :-1) Logi 2: Xéc dinh diém nhis eéc phép tinh vector Trong myc nay xét cae bai toan xéc dinh diém xéc din cée phép tinh vecto thu ede edng thire vé khoang cach, tich v6 hugmg cia hai vecto Thi du 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi B — 2004) Trong mat phing Oxy cho A(1;1), B(4; ~3). Tim toa d6 diém C thude duong thing d: x-2y-1=0 sao cho khodng cdch tir C dén dung thing AB bang 6. G Dudng thing AB e6 phuong trink: xX-1_ yn A(x 1)=3(y-1) 4xt+3y-7=0. Goi C(xo:yo) la diém trén d, khi do ta c6: Xo~ 2yo~ 1 = 0 => Xo= 2yy+ 1 =>CQ2yotlsyo): ‘Khoing cach tC dén AB bing 6 tre li |A(2y, +1) #3y =71_ 6 sao cho tam gif ABC la tam giéc vudng can tai A c & sir B(xisy,) ed), thi B(x; 2 = x1); CO; Y2) Edo, thi xp = 2yy —2)= (1 - 2i-m) AC = (x2 - 256-2, Do ABC la tam gide vudng edn tai A, nén trde hét ta phai cd: AB LAC <> AB. AC © (81 = 2MX2= 2) = x1(6 = m2) = 09 XIN2— (XI +H) 12 By 2 xiny— Ax +4 = De (81-124) = 2. a Mit khae, ta cin 66: (xx; 8 x). Ta 06 254 AB=AC ¢> (x) 2)?+x12= (X2— 2) + (6 = xx)? © xj — 2x, +2 =x} -8xq +20 > (x1~ I= (0-423. @ oA. Khi d6, tr (1) va (2) ta 06 he: [x1 =3ixp =5 Datu=xi-1; Vay c6 hai cap diém B, C théa man yéu céu ByA(-1; 3), (3; 9), Thi dy 3: (Bé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khoi A - 2006) ‘Trong mat phing v6i hé toa d9 Oxy cho céc dug thing dy: x + y +3 =0.va dy x-y-4=0,ds Tim toa d9 cae diém M nim trén dy sao cho khoding cach tir M dén d, bing 2 lan khodng edch tir M dén d;, CUS; 3) va Vay trén ds 06 hai M,(-22;-11) va Ma Thi du 4: (Bé thi tayén sinh Dai hoc khéi Trong mit phing cho hai dung thing dex vad: 2x+y—1=0. Tim toa d6 cde) inh hinh vudng ABCD, biét A thuge dy; C thude 4,, con B. D thude true hoanh. 2005) Giai Gia sir hoanh 49 cia A la x, Do A € dy nén A(Xo; Xa). Vi B, D nim trén Ox nén A va C 46i xing v6i_nhau qua true hodnh; do dé C(xo;=X0). Mat khée, Ce ds, nén ta 66: 2xy Xp -1 = 0 €9 mo=1. TH AS A (151), cas), Goi li trung diém cia AC, thi 1(1;0) Do ABCD fa hinh vudng, néi = IB = IC = ID. Tir 66, suy ra duge toa 9 cia B va D la: B(0; 0), D(2; 0) hode BQ: 0), | DEO; 0) . Thi du S: (Bé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi B- 2009) Cho tam giée ABC dinh A(1:4), hai dinh C nam trén dudng thing A: x — y - 4 = 0. Bi ring dign tich cla AABC bang 18. Tim tga d6 cdc inh B,C. 4S Khoang cach tir A toi dudng thang A la: 255 “by > ra, % 4 bs, b> sav -~ ea e Ta cé (0, 6) = -10 va f(2, 5) =-6 nén suy ra (0, 6).f(2, 5) > 0 vay A, Bo cing mét phia cia d. Goi A’ la diém di ximg cua A qua d; H la hinh chiéu cia A trén d, vecto phap tuyén cua d la n = (1; -2). Gia sir toa 46 cia H La H(%o; yo) thé thi: x0~ 2yo+ =>X0 = 2yo~ 2. Suy ra: H(2yo~2:yo) va AH = (yo - 2: yo - 6). Vi AH cing, phuong véi n, nén ta co: 2y9=2 _ Yo 1 © yor? = HQ). <> ~Ayg +4= yo — 2 A(4-2). = 2xy =4 Vi vay, toa d6 A” la fe au w($-3). Duong thing ndi A(2;-3) va 22 2) d8 thiy 66 phuog trinh: x ~y~$=0. ViG latrong tim AABC It B c nén Sano =

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