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ﺃﲪﺪ ﺻﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ، ٢٠٠٧ ،ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻱ ؛ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧـﺔ
ﻭﺗﻘﻮﳝﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻟﲑﺑﻮﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻭﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻱ ﺑﺴﻮﻣﻨﺐ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ :ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻲ ،ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻱ ،
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﺮﻳﺔ.
ﻓﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﳚﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ،ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻳﺔ .ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﰲ
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ .ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﺮﻳﺔ
ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ،ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻼﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ .ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ،
ﻓ ﻴﻌﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻟﲑﺑﻮﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻭﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻱ ﺑﺴﻮﻣﻨﺐ .
ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ .ﰒ
ﻳﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺃﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ .
ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻓﻴﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ
ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﰲ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺘﺎﺟﺔ .ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﳉﻤﻊ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩﻩ ،ﰒ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻫـﺪﺍﻑ
ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ .ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﻴﺬ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﲔ ﻟﻺﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ .
ﳚﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺘﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ
ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ .ﻓﺎﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﻟﲑﺑﻮﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻲ ﻳﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻤﲔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻫﺪﻓﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ .ﻓﺎﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ
ﻣﻮﺍﺩﺍ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﻴﺬ ﻣﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ .ﻓﻴﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟـﺼﺮﻑ
ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ،ﺑﻞ ﺗﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻤـﻖ .ﻭﺃﻣـﺎ
ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ،ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ .
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻱ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻤﲔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻻﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ
ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻴﻬﺪﻑ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ .ﻓﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ
ﺣﻴﺚ ﲡﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﻴﺬ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ،ﻫﺬﻩ
ﰒ ،ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ،
ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﰲ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ .ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺟﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻧﺴﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﻟﲑﺑﻮﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻲ ﻭﺇﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ .
Abstract
Ahmad Sholihuddin, 2007, Arabic Teaching at Traditional and Modern Boarding
School, (Comparative and Evaluative Study between Lirboyo and al
Amien Boarding School), Thesis, Concentration of Arabic Language
Study, Postgraduate Program of State Islamic University of Malang,
Advisor : Dr. Muhammad Syuhadak, M. A
Keywords : Arabic Teaching, Traditional and Modern Boarding School, Traditional
and Modern Boarding School Method
There are two groups about Arabic teaching in Indonesia, traditional and
modern method. Traditional method is identified by stressing grammar (Syntax and
Morphology) in Arabic teaching. And modern method is identified by practicing
Arabic as communication everyday. So, this research is needed to explain both of two
methods.
The aims of this research were to explain Arabic teaching at Lirboyo and
alAmien boarding school where practiced Arabic teaching with different method. So
this research is based on several problems.
This research aims were describing Arabic teaching at Lirboyo and al
Amien boarding school. And the focuses were (1) the purposes of Arabic teaching,
materials, and using the method. And (2) Which one is more suitable according to
Arabic teaching theory.
Based on the aims above, this analysis used descriptive method includes
describing, recording, analyzing, and interpreting on data. The sources of data were
lecturers, students, and observation of teaching process. The instruments of data
collection were the researcher, interview guide, documents, and questioning. The
methods of data collection were interview, observation, documentary, and questioner.
We find that the purpose is center and base of teaching process. The
purpose of Arabic teaching at Lirboyo was directed to reading skill. As we know that
classical book in Traditional Boarding school has important role as main reference in
religion study. So, Lirboyo stressed the grammar (Syntax, morphology, and stylistic
as main materials in Arabic teaching. And then the method in Arabic teaching, we
find that Lirboyo use Grammar and Translation Method. The Teacher read the
classical book word by word with the meaning and his position in syntax. This
method is named by Grammar and Tranlation Method.
And the purpose of Arabic teaching at alAmien was directed to all skills,
they are listening, speaking, reading, and writing skill. Practicing Arabic in alAmien
boarding school caused the students must study all Arabic skills. So, the materials in
Arabic teaching must help student hold all language skills. The materials in alAmien
cover all kinds of Arabic language like listening, speaking, reading, writing, and
vocabularies. And AlAmien used the different method, it's direct and aural oral
methods. The teacher always used Arabic in his teaching and tried to avoid using
local/nation language.
Based on the data above, we understood that Arabic teaching process
started from the purpose. Lirboyo with bahtsul masa'il program need grammar more
and more than the other materials in Arabic teaching. So the purpose in Arabic
teaching was understanding grammar, no other. AlAmien with Language Milieu and
practicing language need more than grammar, event all of language skills : listening,
speaking, reading, and writing.
But according to Arabic teaching theory we take conclusion that Arabic
teaching in AlAmien where used modern method more suitable to it than Lirboyo
with traditional method.
Abstraksi
Ahmad Sholihuddin, 2007, Pengajaran Bahasa Arab di Pesantren Tradisional dan
Modern (Studi Komparatif dan Evaluatif Pengajaran Bahasa Arab di
Pesantren Lirboyo Kediri dan AlAmien Sumenep), Tesis, Konsentrasi
Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab, Program Pascasarjana, UIN Malang,
Pembimbing : Dr. Muhammad Syuhadak, M.A
Kata Kunci : Pengajaran Bahasa Arab, Pesantren Tradisional dan Modern,
Metode Pesantren Tradisional dan Modern